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Malesian Euphorbiaceae Descriptions |
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van Welzen, P.C. & Winkel, E. 2015. A revision of Ostodes (Euphorbiaceae) in Malesia. Blumea 59: 185–190.
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Nomenclature of other varieties
Ostodes Blume, Bijdr. 12 (1825) 619; Baill., Étude Euphorb. (1858) 391; Miq., Fl. Ned. Ind. 1, 2 (1859) 383; Müll.Arg. in DC., Prodr. 15, 2 (1866) 1114; Kurz, Forest Fl. Burma 2 (1877) 403; Benth. in Benth. & Hook.f., Gen. Pl. 3 (1880) 299; Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 5 (1887) 400; Pax & K.Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenr. IV.147.iii (1911) 17; Gagnep. in Lecomte, Fl. Indo-Chine 5 (1925) 322; Pax & K.Hoffm. in Engl. & Harms, Nat. Pflanzenfam ed. 2, 19C (1931) 157; Backer & Bakh.f., Fl. Java 1 (1963) 493; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 20 (1967) 411; Kew Bull. 26 (1972) 311; Kew Bull. 36 (1981) 334; Chakrab. & N.P.Balakr., Bull. Bot. Surv. India 26 (1985, publ. 1987) 259; Grierson & D.G.Long, Fl. Bhutan 1, 3 (1987) 795; G.L.Webster, Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 81 (1994) 105; Radcl.-Sm., Gen. Euphorbiacearum (2001) 296; Phattar. & Chayam. in Welzen & Chayam., Fl. Thailand 8, 2 (2007) 460; G.L.Webster in Kubitzki, Fam. Gen. Vasc. Pl. 11 (2014) 173; Welzen & E.Winkel, Blumea 59 (2015) 185. — Ostodes Blume sect. Euostodes Müll.Arg., Linnaea 34 (1865) 214, nom. inval.; in DC., Prodr. 15, 2 (1866) 1114. — Ostodes Blume sect. Desmostemon (Thwaites) Pax in Pax & Hoffmann in Engl., Pflanzenr. IV.147.iii (1911) 18, nom. inval.; in Engl. & Harms, Nat. Pflanzenfam ed. 2, 19C (1931) 157. — Type: Ostodes paniculata Blume.
Shrubs to trees, dioecious (see note); branchlets with many leaf scars; red latex present. Indumentum of simple hairs, white, especially on young parts, caducous. Stipules small, very coriaceous, very early caducous, only present at end of branchlets. Leaves simple, alternate, mainly at end of branchlets; petiole indistinctly to distinctly pulvinate at both ends, apically often (especially on Java) with 2 glands (additional to those on blade base); blade symmetric, papery, base with two elevated (northern specimens) to shortly pedicellate (W Malesian specimens) glands near the midrib, these sometimes indistinct, midrib thickened basally, margin serrulate (northern specimens) to coarsely serrate (W Malesian specimens), teeth abaxially glandular, lower surface with hair tuft domatia between midrib and secondary nerves and in the main bifurcations of the secondary nerves in the basal part of the blade on Java (absent in northern specimens); venation basally triplinerved, otherwise penninerved, secondary nerves convex near margin, not looped and connecting, third order veins ± scalariform, higher order veinlets coarsely reticulate. Inflorescences axillary to ramiflorous, paniculate but with short branches in northern specimens when staminate, shorter when pistillate, sometimes a few together, subglabrous to very hairy, staminate ones often flattened; staminate flowers in unorderly cymes per node, pistillate ones single per node; bracts and bracteoles free or basally united, hairy on both sides. Flowers scented; pedicels with subbasal abscission zone, round in transverse section, (sub)- glabrous to hairy; calyx 5-lobed, basally united, lobes imbricate, often asymmetric, apices rounded, light green in bud to whitish cream, outside (sub)glabrous to densely shortly hairy, outer lobes smallest and more sepal-like, inner larger, often petallike (especially on Java) but glabrous on inside (compared with petals), upper margin membranous; petals 5, smaller to larger than inner sepals, free, but often adnate to each other, white (to pink), glabrous except hairy basally on inside, apex round. Staminate flowers: disc glands c. 10, paired, low, thick ridges, radiating from heightened part of receptacle, glabrous; stamens 20–41, white, between disc lobes and inner ones on heightened part of receptacle, outer ones almost or completely free, inner at most basally united, filaments narrowly trapezoid to winged, flat, strongly hairy, white, anthers basi-dorsifixed, elliptic to sagittate, whitish, opening introrse via lengthwise slits, usually bending backward to a horizontal position (then slits pointing upwards), thecae 2, connective dark brown; pistillode absent. Pistillate flowers: disc circular, flat, locally thickened, glabrous; ovary 3-locular, one ovule per locule, densely hairy with short hairs, interspaced with much longer ones, style short, strigose, stigmas basally strigose underneath, above papillate, becoming flatter towards the apex, once or twice bifid. Infructescences pendulous. Fruits usually only one per inflorescence, capsular, yellow greenish to brownish green to brown when fresh, with 6 longitudinal furrows, tardily partly to completely septicidally and partly to completely loculicidally dehiscent into 3 bivalved or 6 cocci, wall drying to a rough surface, with few long hairs, glabrescent, outer wall detaching, inner woody; pedicel thickened and increasing in thickness towards apex; columella basally and apically widened, easily fraying into 2–3 strands. Seeds flattened ovoid to ellipsoid, longitudinally ridged on outside, somewhat triangular on inside, glabrous, smooth, without caruncle. Seedling (text from Gardner s186b1): primary root dull brownish yellow, secondary roots creamy brown, inner tissue pale cream; stem dark creamy brown with darker brown striations and paler brownish cream lenticels near base, otherwise medium green; petioles pale green with creamy brown pulvinae near base in older leaves; blades medium green above, slightly greyish green or yellowish green below, veins on upper surface as lamina, midrib and secondary veins on lower surface pale greenish yellow, tertiary veins dark yellow-green; new leaves pale greenish brown with medium green veins covered with white hairs.
Distribution — Two species, one in China, the other with two varieties, one variety in N Thailand and China, the other in India (Maharashtra, Sikkim, Assam), Myanmar, S China (Yunnan, Hainan), Laos, Thailand, Vietnam, Sumatra, Java.
Note — The plant is always noted as dioecious (e.g., Radcliffe-Smith, 2001) and generally there are only flowers of one sex present in a specimen. However, specimens are found with two branches, one with staminate flowers and another, separate branch with fruits. These may come from different plants, but it is also possible that the different sexes appear on the same plant, but separated in time (dichogamous), whereby the staminate and fruit stage overlap. Another indication for this idea is that in O. paniculata var. katharinae the staminate flowers are always present among the new leaves, and the pistillate flowers among the older leaves. Field observations are needed to clarify the matter.
Ostodes paniculata Blume, Bijdr. 12 (1825) 620; Baill., Étude Euphorb. (1858) 391; Miq., Fl. Ned. Ind. 1, 2 (1859) 384; Müll.Arg. in DC., Prodr. 15, 2 (1866) 1115; Kurz, Forest Fl. Burma 2 (1877) 404; Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 5 (1887) 400; Pax in Pax & Hoffmann in Engl., Pflanzenr. IV.147.iii (1911) 20; Gagnep. in Lecomte, Fl. Indo-Chine 5 (1925) 322; Backer & Bakh.f., Fl. Java 1 (1963) 493; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 20 (1967) 411; Kew Bull. 26 (1972) 311; Kew Bull. 36 (1981) 335; Y.T.Chang, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 20 (1982) 224; Phattar. & Chayam. in Welzen & Chayam., Fl. Thailand 8, 2 (2007) 461, Pl. XXIII: 3. — Ostodes paniculata Blume var. paniculata: Phattar. & Chayam. in Welzen & Chayam., Fl. Thailand 8, 2 (2007) 461, f. 49; Welzen & E.Winkel, Blumea 59 (2015) 187, fig. 1, map 1. — Lectotype (designated by Welzen & E.Winkel, 2015): Blume s.n., s.d., barcode L0158580 (L), [Indonesia,] Java, Mt Salak.
Ostodes corniculata Zoll. & Moritzi ex Baill., Étude Euphorb. (1858) 391. — Type: Cat. Zoll. & Mor. 471 = Zollinger 471? (n.v.).
Ostodes kerrii Craib, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew (1911) 464; Pax & K.Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenr. IV.147.vi (1912) 126; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 20 (1967) 411. — Syntypes: Kerr 1091 (K, 2 sheets), Kerr 1432 (K, 2 sheets), Kerr 1719 (K, 2 sheets), Siam (= Thailand), Chiang Mai, Doi Sootep.
Ostodes prainii Gand., Bull. Soc. Bot. France 66 (1919) 287. —Type: Prain & Hock 933 (holo K, n.v.), India, Assam, Jaboocka.
Shrubs to trees, to 16 m high, dbh to 40 cm; flowering branches 4–13 mm thick, bark whitish to greyish brown to brown. Outer bark thin, rough to very finely roughened to pustular lenticellate to smooth, grey to brown; inner bark light to dirty yellow, c. 1 cm thick; latex thin, red (to yellowish red); sapwood yellow-white. Stipules ovate to ovate-elliptic, 1–1.6 by 0.5–1 mm, outside somewhat sericeous, otherwise glabrous. Leaves: petiole 1.5– 25 cm long, ± round in transverse section, near apex with adaxial furrow to slightly channelled, (sub)glabrous; blade ovate to ovate-elliptic, 4.5–29.5 by 2.2–12.5 cm, 1.5–3(–4) times as long as wide, base slightly emarginate to rounded to widely acute, margin flat to somewhat recurved, teeth 7–14 mm apart, apex acuminate to cuspidate, both surfaces smooth, upper surface dull dark green, glabrous, lower surface light green, hairy when young, glabrescent; venation slightly raised on both sides (no domatia) to flat above and raised below (domatia present), nerves 8–10 per side. Inflorescences up to 33 cm long, subglabrous, green; bracts ovate to long triangular, up to 3.7 by 1 mm, margins sometimes basally with a gland-like structure, bracteoles broadly triangular, up to 1 by 1.3 mm. Staminate flowers 8.3–17.5 mm diam; pedicel 4.8–13 mm long from abscission zone; calyx: outer lobes ovate, 3.3–7.3 by 2.5–6 mm, inner lobes ovate to obovate, petal-like in W Malesia, 4.2–6 by 3.2–6 mm; petals 5, elliptic to oblong, 4.3–10 by 3.8–6 mm; filaments 3.3–4.7 mm long, anthers 0.6–1.2 by 0.6–1 mm. Pistillate flowers 11.2–13 mm diam; pedicel 7–14 mm long from abscission zone; calyx: outer lobes smaller, triangular, c. 2–4.5 by 5.5–7.5 mm, inner larger, more obovoid or apically split, c. 4.5–8 by 6–8 mm (see note 2); petals 5, ovate to elliptic, 5–8.5 by 5–7.5 mm; ovary ovoid, 2–4 by 2–4 mm, yellowish green to red, hairs (especially long ones) caducous, style 0.5–1(–5 in fruit) mm long, stigmas 2.5–4(–5 in fruit) mm long, apex 1–2 mm long. Fruits ellipsoid to obovoid, 3-lobed, 2.2–3.5 cm high by 1.9–2.8 cm wide, inner wall 2(–4.5) mm thick; pedicel up to 16 mm long; columella 1.6–2.9 cm long. Seeds 1.1–1.7 by 1.1–1.5 by 0.9–1.4 cm, not marbled in N Thailand to marbled in Java.
Distribution — India (Maharashtra, Sikkim, Assam), Myanmar, S China (Yunnan, Hainan), Laos, Thailand, Vietnam, Sumatra, Java; seemingly absent from Cambodia and Peninsular Malaysia.
Habitat & Ecology — Shaded understorey of primary rainforest, evergreen forest to secondary forest, often with much bamboo, along rivulets, 330–2500 m. Bedrock: granite, limestone. Flowering: February to April, July, October, November; fruiting: January, April to December.
Vernacular names — Sumatra: Medang pergam. Java: Gintung, Kaliki moengkim, Kamatakkiang, Kei djahe, Kidjarak, Ki krantunnang, Ki-momuntjangan, Kirendang, Kirendong (Blume, 1825), Kitanglan, Kitoengkoe, Krantunnang, Tankoroh, Walang.
Notes — 1. There is quite some variation, Table 1 shows the major geoclines in characters between N Thailand and Java.
2. There are several disjunctions (Map 1), the species is unknown for the Malay Peninsula and for the greater part of Thailand (mainly present in N Thailand and a few specimens from S and SW Thailand). However, these disjunctions do not provide a real gap in the variation that can be used to discern different entities. The disjunctions in Map 1 for Indochina is due to specimens that could not be georeferenced and the status of the W Indian (Maharashtra) specimen is unclear, the label could be incorrect.
3. Radcliffe-Smith (2001) regarded the inner sepals of the pistillate flowers as petals. They appear indeed petal-like, but unlike the petals they lack basal hairs on the inside.
4. Junghuhn s.n. (L 0158629) has an inflorescence that turned into a witches’ broom.
Table 1 Major clines in characters between northern specimens (e.g. IndiaIndochina) and W Malesian specimens
|
Character |
Northern collections | W Malesian collections |
|
Glands on apex of pedicel |
usually absent, sessile | present, usually pedicelled |
| Basal leaf blade glands | sessile | usually pedicelled |
| Leaf blade margin | serrulate | coarsely serrate |
| Leaf blades | slender | broader |
| Leaf venation | hardly raised | raised |
| Domatia | absent | hair domatia |
| Panicles | more racemiform (short branches) | more paniculate (longer branches) |
| Inner sepals | sepal-like | petal-like |
| Sepal hairiness | dense | far less dense |
| Seeds | not marbled | marbled |
Ostodes kuangii Y.T.Chang, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 20 (1982) 224; Welzen & E.Winkel, Blumea 59 (2015) 188. — Type: C.W. Wang 78509 (FJSI, n.v.), China, Yunnan, Menghai (paratypes: C.W. Wang 77391, idem; P.Y. Mao 7198, idem; n.v.).
Note — Described as a new species by Chang (1982) because of the dense indumentum. It may be a distinct species, but it may also be part of a geocline, starting in N Thailand (O. paniculata var. katharinae) with more hairy specimens and then it may better be regarded as a variety or a synonym.
Ostodes paniculata Blume var. katharinae (Pax) Chakrab. & N.P.Balakr., Bull. Bot. Surv. India 26 (1985, publ. 1987) 260; Phattar. & Chayam. in Welzen & Chayam., Fl. Thailand 8, 2 (2007) 463; Welzen & E.Winkel, Blumea 59 (2015) 188. — Ostodes katharinae Pax in Pax & Hoffmann in Engl., Pflanzenr. IV.147.iii (1911) 19; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 20 (1967) 411; Kew Bull. 26 (1972) 311; Y.T.Chang, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 20 (1982) 224. — Syntypes: Henry 13003, 13062, 13549 (K), China, Yunnan, Szemao.
Ostodes thyrsantha Pax in Pax & Hoffmann in Engl., Pflanzenr. IV.147.iii (1911) 18 (‘thyrsanthus’); Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 20 (1967) 412. — Ostodes paniculata Blume var. thyrsantha (Pax) Chakarb. & N.P.Balakr., Bull. Bot. Surv. India 26 (1985, publ. 1987) 260. — Type: Henry 11762D (K), China, Yunnan, Szemao (synonymy according to Chang, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 20, 1982: 224).
Note — See note under O. kuangii.
Fahrenheitia collina Rchb.f. & Zoll. in Zoll., Linnaea 28 (1856) 599; Baill., Étude Euphorb. (1858) 652 (‘Fareinhetia’); Müll.Arg. in DC., Prodr. 15, 2 (1866) 1256. — Ostodes collina (Rchb.f. & Zoll.) Pax in Pax & Hoffmann in Engl., Pflanzenr. IV.147.iii (1911) 21 (‘collinus’). — Type: Zollinger s.n., Oct. 1856 (n.v.), [Indonesia,] Babi Island, near Djembrana = Paracroton pendulus (Hassk.) Miq.
Croton pendulus Hassk., Pl. Jav. Rar. (1848)266. — Ostodes pendula (Hassk.) A.Meeuse in Backer, Bekn. Fl. Java 4b3, fam. 112 (1943) 109. — Fahrenheitia pendula (Hassk.) Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 20 (1967) 410. — Type: Unknown (?), Java, Prov. Bandung = Paracroton pendulus (Hassk.) Miq.
Desmostemon zeylanicus Thwaites, Enum. Pl. Zeyl. (1861) 278. — Ostodes zeylanica (Thwaites) Müll.Arg., Linnaea 34 (1865) 214. — Fahrenheitia zeylanica (Thwaites) Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 20 (1967) 410. — Type: Thwaites CP 2160 (CAL, G-DC, K), Ceylon (= Sri Lanka), Central Prov. = Paracroton pendulus (Hassk.) Miq. subsp. zeylanicus (Thwaites) N.P.Balakr. & Chakrab.
Desmostemon zeylanicus Thwaites var. minor Thwaites, Enum. Pl. Zeyl. (1861) 278. — Ostodes minor (Thwaites) Müll.Arg., Linnaea 34 (1865) 214. — Ostodes zeylanica (Thwaites) Müll.Arg. var. minor (Thwaites) Bedd., Fl. Sylv. S. India (1872) t. 274. — Type: Thwaites CP 2158 (CAL, MH), Ceylon [= Sri Lanka], Central Prov. = Paracroton zeylanicus (Müll.Arg.) N.P.Balakr. & Chakrab.
Ostodes angustifolia Merr., Philipp. J. Sci. 7 (1912) 403. — Type: FB (Whitford & Hutchinson) 9343 (n.v.), Philippines, Mindanao, district of Zamboanga, Port Banga. = Dimorphocalyx angustifolius (Merr.) Airy Shaw.
Ostodes appendiculata Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 5 (1887) 401; Pax in Pax & Hoffmann in Engl., Pflanzenr. IV.147.iii (1911) 21. — Lepisanthes kunstleri King, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal 65, 2 (1896) 427, nom. illeg. superfl. — Lepisanthes appendiculata (Hook.f.) Symington, Bull. Misc. Inf. Kew (1937) 320; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 20 (1967) 411. —Type: King’s collector 4634 (K), [Malaysia,] Perak, Laru = Lepisanthes tetraphylla (Vahl) Radlk. (Sapindaceae) (see Leenhouts in Adema, Leenh & Welzen, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 11, 3,1994: 632).
Ostodes helferi Müll.Arg., Linnaea 34 (1865) 215; in DC., Prodr. 15, 2 (1866) 1115; Kurz, Forest Fl. Burma 2 (1877) 404. — Type: Helfer 132 (holo G-DC), Indiae orientalis [Myanmar], prope Maulmain [Moulmein] = Popowia sp. (aff. P. pauciflorae Hook.f. & Thomson, Annonaceae) (see Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 20, 1967: 411).
Ostodes integrifolia Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 16 (1963) 362 (‘integrifolius’). — Fahrenheitia integrifolia (Airy Shaw) Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 20 (1967) 410. — Type: Lawson 65 (holo K; iso MH), India, Tamil Nadu, Nilgiri Dist., Devala = Paracroton integrifolius (Airy Shaw) N.P.Balakr. & Chakrab.
Ostodes ixoroides C.B.Rob., Philipp. J. Sci. 6, Bot. (1911) 332. — Type: FB (Klemme) 13426 (iso US), Philippines, Luzon, Province of Ilocos Norte, Bangui = Dimorphocalyx ixoroides (C.B.Rob.) Airy Shaw.
Ostodes muricata Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 5 (1887) 401. — Ostodes muricata Hook.f. var. genuina Pax in Pax & Hoffmann in Engl., Pflanzenr. IV.147.iii (1911) 21, nom. inval. — Type: King’s collector s.n. (holo K; iso P? King’s collector 6612), [Malaysia,] Perak, Larut = Dimorphocalyx muricatus (Hook.f.) Airy Shaw.
Ostodes muricata Hook.f. var. ?minor Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 5 (1887) 401. — Lectotype (see Van Welzen & Van Oostrum, Blumea 59, 2015: 198): Lobb 304 (holo ; iso E, GH, 2 sheets), Singapore = Dimorphocalyx muricatus (Hook.f.) Airy Shaw.
Ostodes pauciflora Merr., Philipp. J. Sci. 11 (1916) 72 (‘pauciflorus’). — Type: Hose 244 (iso A, L, P), Malaysia, Sarawak, Baram District, Baram = Dimorphocalyx pauciflorus (Merr.) Airy Shaw.
Ostodes serratocrenata Merr., Philipp. J. Sci. 4, Bot. (1909) 283. — Syntypes: FB (Klemme) 7078 (n.v.), Philippines, Luzon, Cagayan Prov., San Vicente; FB 11271 (n.v.), Philippines, Luzon, Cagayan Prov., Aparre = Paracroton pendulus (Hassk.) Miq.
Ostodes villamilii Merr., J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 76 (1917) 92. — Type: Villamil 164 (PNH, burnt; K?, US?), [Malaysia, Sabah,] British North Borneo, Sandakan = Tapoides villamilii (Merr.) Airy Shaw.
Tritaxis macrophylla Müll.Arg., Flora 47 (1864) 482. — Trigonostemon macrophyllus (Müll.Arg.) Müll.Arg., Linnaea 34 (1865) 213. — Ostodes macrophylla (Müll.Arg.) Benth. ex Pax & K.Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenr. IV.147.iii (1911) 18 (‘macrophyllus’); Merr., Philipp. J. Sci. 7 (1912) 404. — Type: Griffith KD 4788 (K), [Malaysia,] Malacca = Paracroton pendulus (Hassk.) Miq.
