Symplocaceae of the Old World

Unless indicated otherwise, the following attributes are implicit throughout the descriptions, except where the characters concerned are inapplicable.

Habit: Evergreen. Twigs glabrous; terete or slightly ridged. Terminal buds inconspicuous, growth continuous. Leaves evenly distributed, spirally arranged, not papillate, not glaucous, adaxially glabrous, less than 6 glands per cm; not strongly recurved or revolute; not ciliate, not cartilaginous, midvein adaxially impressed, not close to the margin, secondary veins not clearly transverse to nerves. Petiole without glands or with few glands. Inflorescence axillar. Bracts one; glabrous at the adaxial side. Flowers: Flowers bisexual, 5-lobed, not symmetrically cleft, rounded, petals connate only at the very base, glabrous or ciliolate, 5 lobed, stamens only connate at the base, in 5 bundles, filaments glabrous. Mesocarp fleshy, shrunk when dry.

Symplocos adenophylla Wall. var. adenophylla

Symplocos adenophylla Wall. var. adenophylla Noot. Rev. Sympl. (1975) 121; Noot. & Vidal, Fl. Cambodge, Laos & Vietnam 16 (1977) 18; Wu & Noot, Fl. China 15 (1996) 245.

Habit: Shrub or tree. Twigs hairy at least when young, tomentellous or puberulous. Terminal buds finely short pubescent. Leaf blade abaxially hairy beneath at least when young (handlens!), minutely (scattered) hairy or pulverulent puberulous, often also adaxially, adaxially glabrous or hairy at least when young, elliptic or narrowly elliptic or ovate or narrowly ovate, 2.5–16 cm by, 0.8–5 cm, base cuneate or attenuate-cuneate, base angle 20–50 degrees, margin glandular dentate, denticulate, or crenate, 6–12 glands per cm, apex long acuminate or caudate, acumen 7–35 mm, pairs of lateral veins 4–12. Petiole 6–30 mm, with 2 rows of glands. Inflorescence a (branched) spike, sometimes much reduced or a (branched) raceme, sometimes much reduced, axis 2–6 cm, hairy (sometimes glabrescent in fruit), tomentellous (puberulous). Bracts 1–1.5 mm long, with bracteoles hairy outside, persistent. Flowers: Ovary hairy, 1–2 mm high, calyx hairy, calyx lobes 0.3–0.5 mm (clearly visible), corolla 3 mm, disk glabrous, stamens 20–50. Fruits cylindrical or ellipsoid or oblong, 6–12 mm by, 3–5 mm.

Distribution — Outside Malesia: China, Thailand, Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodja; —In Malesia: Sumatra, Malay Peninsula, Borneo, Philippines, Sulawesi, Moluccas.

Uses — The wood is used for light construction. The Besisi (Mal. Pen.) believe that the leaves, if carried in the quiver with their darts, act as charms bringing them succes in hunting.

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•adenophyllaleaf.jpg. Observe closely spaced glands in margin.
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Symplocos adenophylla Wall. var. touranensis (Guillaumin) Noot.

Symplocos adenophylla Wall. var. touranensis (Guillaumin) Noot.Noot. Rev. Sympl. (1975) 124; Noot. & Vidal, Fl. Cambodge, Laos & Vietnam 16 (1977) 13. — Symplocos touranensis Guillaumin, Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr.71 (1974) 285; Noot. Rev. Sympl. (1975) 124.

Habit: Shrub or tree. Twigs hairy at least when young, tomentellous. Terminal buds finely short pubescent. Leaf blade abaxially hairy beneath at least when young (handlens!), tomentellous, adaxially glabrous or hairy at least when young, elliptic or narrowly elliptic, 6–11 cm by, 1.8–3 cm, base cuneate, base angle 20–50 degrees, margin glandular dentate, denticulate, or crenate, 6–12 glands per cm, apex long acuminate or caudate, acumen 4–15 mm, midvein adaxially impressed, pairs of lateral veins 4–12. Petiole 5–10 mm. Inflorescence a (branched) spike, sometimes much reduced or a (branched) raceme, sometimes much reduced, axis 2–6 cm, hairy (sometimes glabrescent in fruit), tomentose. Bracts 1–1.5 mm long, with bracteoles hairy outside, persistent. Flowers: Ovary hairy, 1–2 mm high, calyx hairy, calyx lobes 0.3–0.5 mm (clearly visible), corolla 3 mm, disk glabrous, stamens 20–50. Fruits cylindrical or ellipsoid or oblong, 6–12 mm by, 3–5 mm.

Distribution — Outside Malesia: Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodja.

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•habit. the whole plant woolly.

Symplocos adenopus Hance

Symplocos adenopus Hance, J. Bot. (1883) 322.-- Symplocos glomerata var. adenopus (Hance) Noot, Noot. Rev. Sympl. (1975) 202; Noot. & Vidal, Fl. Cambodge, Laos & Vietnam 16 (1977) 39; Wu & Noot, Fl. China 15 (1996) 250.

Habit: Shrub or tree. Twigs hairy at least when young, tomentose or tomentellous. Leaf blade abaxially glabrous (sometimes the midrib hairy) or hairy beneath at least when young (handlens!), tomentellous, elliptic or ovate, 5–16 cm by, 2–6 cm, base broadly cuneate or rounded, base angle 30–80 degrees, margin glandular dentate, denticulate, or crenate, 6–12 glands per cm, apex acuminate, pairs of lateral veins 6–14. Petiole 5–18 mm, with 2 rows of glands. Inflorescence a glomerule or fascicle, axillar or axillar but many from wood beneath the leaves, axis 1 cm. Bracts 1.5–3 mm long, with bracteoles hairy outside, persistent. Flowers: Ovary glabrous, 0.5–1 mm high, calyx glabrous or with only a few hairs, calyx lobes 1–2 mm, corolla 3–5 mm, disk glabrous, stamens 25–50. Fruits cylindrical, 8–13 mm by, 2.5–3 mm.

Distribution — Outside Malesia: China, Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodja.

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•adenopusfruit.JPG. watch glands on petiole!.
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Symplocos ambangensis Noot.

Symplocos ambangensis Noot., Blumea 33 (1988) 263. — Type: De Vogel & Vermeulen 7199 (L), Sulawesi Utara.

Habit: Tree, 25 m tall, by 25 cm diam. Twigs glabrous. Leaf blade abaxially glabrous (sometimes the midrib hairy), elliptic, 3–6 cm by, 1.5–2.5 cm, base cuneate to rounded, margin glandular dentate, denticulate, or crenate, apex rounded or acuminate, tip obtuse, pairs of lateral veins 5–10, intramarginal vein present (faintly prominent), coarse. Petiole 2–5 mm, without glands or with few glands. Inflorescence a (branched) raceme, sometimes much reduced or flowers solitary or up to 3 from the axil of a leave (if flowers solitary often several to many bracts), glabrous or hairy (sometimes glabrescent in fruit). Bracts 10–20 mm long (or longer); leafy; bracteoles 2.5–3 mm, with bracteoles glabrous outside (sometimes ciliate or ciliolate), caducous under fruit (sometimes already under flower). Pedicels 0–1 mm (-20). Flowers: Ovary glabrous, 2.5 mm high, calyx ciliate or ciliolate, 1–1.5 mm, calyx lobes 1–1.5 mm, disk hairy or with some hairs, 5-glandular or 5-stellate, stamens 100–150, style with hairy base.

Distribution — In Malesia: Sulawesi (North).

Ecology — Elphin forest in the mountains.

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Symplocos anamallayana Bedd.

Symplocos anamallayana Bedd., For. Man. (1872) 150; Noot., Rev. Sympl. (1975) 124.

Habit: Twigs glabrous, slender or normal. Terminal buds inconspicuous, growth continuous, glabrous. Leaf blade abaxially glabrous (sometimes the midrib hairy), not glaucous, adaxially glabrous, elliptic, 2.5–5.3 cm by, 1.7–2.6 cm, base cuneate or attenuate-cuneate or rounded, base angle 50–80 degrees, margin glandular dentate, denticulate, or crenate; strongly recurved or revolute; apex rounded or acute, pairs of lateral veins 5–7, intramarginal vein present, coarse. Petiole 2–3 mm. Inflorescence flowers solitary or up to 3 from the axil of a leave (if flowers solitary often several to many bracts). Bracteoles 1.5–2.5 mm, bracts with bracteoles glabrous outside (sometimes ciliate or ciliolate), glabrous at the adaxial side, caducous under fruit (sometimes already under flower). Pedicels 5–12 mm. Flowers: Ovary glabrous, calyx glabrous or with only a few hairs, calyx lobes 0.8–1.2 mm, semi-elliptic, petals connate only at the very base, corolla 5–6 mm, glabrous or ciliolate, disk hairy, flat, low cylindrical, or annular or inconspicuous, stamens 40–50.

Distribution — Outside Malesia: India incl. Himalayan States and Ceylon (Anamalay Hills).

Ecology — Alt. 1800–2200 m.

Note — Fruits not seen.

Symplocos annamensis Noot.

Symplocos annamensis Noot. Rev. Sympl. (1975) 125; Noot. & Vidal, Fl. Cambodge, Laos & Vietnam 16 (1977) 19.

Habit: Twigs glabrous. Terminal buds finely short pubescent. Leaf blade abaxially glabrous (sometimes the midrib hairy), narrowly elliptic, 14–24 cm by, 4.5–9 cm, base cuneate or truncate, base angle 30–90 degrees, margin glandular dentate, denticulate, or crenate, apex shortly acuminate, acumen 3–10 mm, pairs of lateral veins 10–15, intramarginal vein present, not close to the margin, reticulation on lower surface distinct, coarse or fine (fine with translucent light). Petiole 5–15 mm. Inflorescence a (branched) spike, sometimes much reduced, axis 0–2 cm (becoming longer in fruit), hairy (sometimes glabrescent in fruit), puberulous (glabrescent). Bracteoles 2 mm, bracts with bracteoles hairy outside, puberulous, caducous under fruit (sometimes already under flower). Flowers: Ovary hairy, puberulous (appressedly), 1.5 mm high, calyx hairy, 3 mm, symmetrically cleft, calyx lobes 3 mm, corolla 5 mm, disk glabrous, cylindrical, 0.5–1 mm high, stamens 80–120, style glabrous. Fruits 15 mm by, 7 mm, (irregularly, shallowly) length-wise grooved. Seeds per locule 1; seed and/or embryo curved.

Distribution — Outside Malesia: Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodja (Annam).

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Symplocos anomala Brand

Symplocos anomala Brand, Noot. Rev. Sympl. (1975) 126; Noot. & Vidal, Fl. Cambodge, Laos & Vietnam 16 (1977) 20; Wu & Noot., Fl. China 15 (1996) 242. — Symplocos doii Hayata, Ix. Pl. Formos. 5 (1915) 96. f. 25h; Li, Woody Pl. Taiwan (1963) 743. -- Bobua doii Kaneh. & Sasaki, List Pl. Form (1928) 330.

Habit: Shrub or tree. Twigs hairy at least when young, pubescent or tomentose or tomentellous or puberulous. Terminal buds finely short pubescent. Leaf blade abaxially glabrous (sometimes the midrib hairy) or hairy beneath at least when young (handlens!), elliptic or ovate or narrowly elliptic, 1.5–12 cm by, 1.2–3 cm, base attenuate-cuneate, base angle 15–60 degrees, margin glandular dentate, denticulate, or crenate or entire, apex acuminate, midvein adaxially prominent or flat, pairs of lateral veins 5–11. Petiole 2–7 mm. Inflorescence a (branched) raceme, sometimes much reduced or a glomerule or fascicle, axis 0.8–3.5 cm, hairy (sometimes glabrescent in fruit), pubescent or tomentose. Bracts 1–2 mm long, with bracteoles hairy outside, persistent. Flowers: Ovary glabrous or hairy (rarely), pubescent, 0.8–1.2 mm high, calyx hairy to glabrous or with only a few hairs (rarely), appressedly pubescent, 1–2.5 mm, calyx lobes 0.5–2 mm, corolla 4–6 mm, disk hairy, stamens 20–120. Fruits subglobose or ellipsoid or oblong, 7–13 mm by, 5–8 mm, locules 1–3. Seed and/or embryo straight, or curved; slightly curved.

Distribution — Outside Malesia: China (Taiwan).

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Symplocos anomala Brand var. morrisonicola (Hayata) Symplocos Symplocos Ying

Symplocos anomala Brand var. morrisonicola (Hayata) Symplocos Symplocos Ying, Colour. Illustr. FI. Taiwan 2 (1987) 593.. — Symplocos morrisonicola Hayata, J. Coll. Sci. Imp. Univ. Tokyo (Fl. Mont. Formos.) 25 (19) (1908) 190, pl. 27.; Wu, Fl. Reipubl. Populo Sin. 60(2) 1987) 15, Pl 46, Photo 78, 79; Nagamasu, Fl. Taiwan IId ed., 4 (1998) 119. — Bobua morrisonicola (Hayata) Kaneh. & Sasaki, List PI. Formosa (1928) 331. — Symplocos anomala Brand, Noot. Rev. Sympl. (1975) 126, p.p.; Wu & Noot., Fl. China 15 (1996) 242, p.p.— Syntypes: Symplocos Nagasawa 737, Oct. 1905 Suizan; G. Nakahara Oct. 1906, Tozan, and T. kawakami & U. Mori 1702 Oct. 1906, Mt. Morrison, all in Taiwan.

Symplocos doii Hayata, Icon. PI. Formosan. 5 (1915) 96, fig. 25h. — Bobua doi (Hayata) Kaneh. & Sasaki, List Pl. Formosa (1928) 330. — Symplocos cuspidata Brand var. doii (Hayata) Symplocos Symplocos Ying, Bull. Exp. For. Natl. Taiwan Univ. 116 (1975) 565. — Type: T. Doi 1912, Rinpiho, Taiwan.

Symplocos kiraishiensis Hayata, Icon. PI. Formosan. 9 (1920) 68, pl. 4. — Symplocos morrisonicola var. kiraishiensis (Hayata) Mori, Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Formosa. 24 (1934) 195; Sylvia 5 (1934) 240. — Symp/ocos anomala var. morrisonicola f. kiraishiensis (Hayata) Symplocos Symplocos Ying, Colour. IIIustr. FI. Taiwan 2 (1987) 595. — Type: Y. Shimada Maert. 1918, Kiraishi, Taiwan.

Bobua morrisonicola var. matudai Hatus., Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 4 (1935) 211. — Symplocos anomala var. morrisonicola f. matudai (Hatus.) Symplocos Symplocos Ying, Colour. Illustr. FI. Taiwan 2 (1987) 595. — Symplocos morrisonicola var. matudai (Hatus.) Symplocos Symplocos Ying, Bull. Exp. For. Natl. Taiwan Univ. 116 (1975) 567. — Type: H. Matuda 31 Dec. 1918, Mt Buisan, Taiwan.

Habit: Tree. Twigs hairy at least when young, pubescent to tomentellous. Terminal buds finely short pubescent. Leaf blade abaxially glabrous (sometimes the midrib hairy), narrowly elliptic or ovate or narrowly ovate, 1.5–10 cm by, 1–3 cm, base attenuate-cuneate or rounded, base angle 30–90 degrees, margin glandular dentate, denticulate, or crenate or entire, apex acute to acuminate or long acuminate, tip acute, midvein adaxially prominent or flat, pairs of lateral veins 4–8. Petiole 1–5 mm. Inflorescence a (branched) raceme, sometimes much reduced or a glomerule or fascicle, axis 0–2 cm, hairy (sometimes glabrescent in fruit), pubescent or tomentose. Bracts 0.8–1.5 mm long; ovate to (narrowly) triangular; with bracteoles hairy outside, persistent. Pedicels 0–4 mm. Flowers: Ovary glabrous or hairy, pubescent (appressedly), 1–1.5 mm high, calyx hairy to glabrous or with only a few hairs (rarely), appressedly puberulous, 2–2.5 mm, calyx lobes 1–2 mm, ovate or semi-elliptic, corolla 4–6 mm, disk hairy, flat, low cylindrical, or annular, stamens 25–60, style glabrous or hairy. Fruits subglobose or ellipsoid or oblong, 11–12 mm by, 6–7 mm, calyx lobes persistent, stone ellipsoid, (irregularly, shallowly) length-wise grooved, locules 3. Seeds per locule 1–2; seed and/or embryo straight.

Distribution — Outside Malesia: China, Japan, Burma, Thailand, Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodja; — In Malesia: Sumatra, Malay Peninsula, Borneo.

Symplocos arborea (Vieill.) Brongn. et Gris

Symplocos arborea (Vieill.) Brongn. et Gris, Bull, Soc. Bot. France 13 (1866) 418; Noot., Fl. Nouv. Caled. 9 (1980) 138; Blumea 26 (1980) 413; Bull. Mus. Natn. Hist. sér. IV, 2(1989) sect. B Adansonia 3: 302.

Habit: Shrub or tree, 3–20 m tall, by 0–50 cm diam. Twigs hairy at least when young, tomentellous (soon glabrescent), thick. Leaf blade abaxially glabrous (sometimes the midrib hairy), elliptic, 7–20 cm by, 4–10 cm, base cuneate or broadly cuneate or rounded; strongly recurved or revolute; apex rounded or shortly acuminate, pairs of lateral veins 5–9, intramarginal vein present, not close to the margin, reticulation on lower surface distinct, coarse. Petiole 15–40 mm. Inflorescence a (branched) spike, sometimes much reduced or a (branched) raceme, sometimes much reduced, axillar or axillar but many from wood beneath the leaves, axis 2–12 cm, hairy (sometimes glabrescent in fruit), tomentellous. Bracts 1 mm long, bracteoles 0.5 mm, with bracteoles hairy outside, tomentellous, caducous under fruit (sometimes already under flower). Pedicels 0–1 mm. Flowers: Ovary hairy, tomentellous, 1.5 mm high, calyx hairy, tomentellous, 1.6–2 mm, calyx lobes 1.6–2 mm, corolla 4–6 mm, disk hairy, flat, low cylindrical, or annular, stamens 50–70, style glabrous. Fruits 7–10 mm by, 4–7 mm.

Distribution — Outside Malesia: New Caledonia.

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Symplocos atjehensis Noot.

Symplocos atjehensis Noot., Rev. Sympl. (1975) 128.

Habit: Tree, 0–8 m tall, by 10 cm diam. Twigs glabrous or hairy at least when young, tomentose. Terminal buds glabrous or pubescent. Leaf blade abaxially glabrous (sometimes the midrib hairy) or hairy beneath at least when young (handlens!), finely appressedly pilose, elliptic, 8–21 cm by, 3.5–6 cm, base cuneate or rounded, base angle 40–80 degrees, margin glandular dentate, denticulate, or crenate, apex shortly acuminate, acumen 2–7 mm, pairs of lateral veins 8–12, intramarginal vein present, reticulation on lower surface distinct, coarse or fine. Petiole 12–17 mm. Inflorescence a glomerule or fascicle. Bracts 2 mm long; ovate, bracteoles ovate; bracteoles 2 mm, with bracteoles hairy outside, pubescent or tomentose, persistent. Flowers: Ovary glabrous, 1 mm high, calyx glabrous or with only a few hairs, 2 mm, calyx lobes 1–1.5 mm, corolla 5 mm, disk glabrous, cylindrical, 0.5–1 mm high, stamens 40–60, style glabrous. Fruits ellipsoid or oblong, 10–12 mm by, 5–6 mm, (irregularly, shallowly) length-wise grooved, locules 3. Seeds per locule 1; seed and/or embryo straight.

Distribution — In Malesia: Sumatra.

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Symplocos atriolivacea Merr. & Chun ex Li

Symplocos atriolivacea Merr. & Chun ex Li, Noot. Rev. Sympl. (1975) 129; Noot. & Vidal, Fl. Cambodge, Laos & Vietnam 16 (1977) 21; Wu & Noot, Fl. China 15 (1996) 246.

Habit: Shrub. Twigs hairy at least when young, puberulous. Leaf blade abaxially glabrous (sometimes the midrib hairy) or hairy beneath at least when young (handlens!), minutely (scattered) hairy, elliptic or ovate, 8–22 cm by, 3–5 cm, base cuneate or rounded, base angle 45–80 degrees, apex acuminate, pairs of lateral veins 5–15. Petiole 3–5 mm. Inflorescence a (branched) spike, sometimes much reduced or a glomerule or fascicle, axis 0.5–1 cm, hairy (sometimes glabrescent in fruit), pubescent (appressedly, whitish). Bracts 2 mm long, with bracteoles hairy outside. Flowers: Ovary hairy, 1.5 mm high, calyx hairy, calyx lobes 1 mm, corolla 3–4 mm, disk hairy, stamens 30–40. Fruits ovoid or flask-shaped, ampulliform or ellipsoid ampulliform, 7 mm by, 3–4 mm.

Distribution — Outside Malesia: China (Hainan), Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodja (Annam).

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Symplocos austrosinensis Hand.-Mazz.

Symplocos austrosinensis Hand.-Mazz., Noot. Rev. Sympl. (1975) 129; Wu & Noot, Fl. China 15 (1996) 251.

Habit: Shrub or tree. Twigs hairy at least when young, puberulous. Leaf blade abaxially glabrous (sometimes the midrib hairy), narrowly elliptic, 4–14 cm by, 1.5–3.5 cm, base cuneate or broadly cuneate, base angle 30–40 degrees, margin glandular dentate, denticulate, or crenate or entire, apex acuminate or caudate, pairs of lateral veins 5–10. Petiole 8–15 mm. Inflorescence a glomerule or fascicle, axis 0 cm, hairy (sometimes glabrescent in fruit), pubescent. Bracts 1 mm long, with bracteoles hairy outside, persistent. Flowers: Ovary glabrous, 1 mm high, calyx glabrous or with only a few hairs, calyx lobes 1 mm, corolla 3–4 mm, disk glabrous, stamens 20–30. Fruits cylindrical, 6–8 mm by, 3 mm.

Distribution — Outside Malesia: China.

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Symplocos banaensis Guillaumin

Symplocos banaensis Guillaumin, Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. 79 (1932) 169;Noot. Rev. Sympl. (1975) 130; Noot. & Vidal, Fl. Cambodge, Laos & Vietnam 16 (1977) 22.

Habit: Shrub or tree, 0–10 m tall. Twigs glabrous. Terminal buds glabrous or appressedly puberulous. Leaf blade abaxially glabrous (sometimes the midrib hairy), elliptic, 6.5–12 cm by, 2.8–5 cm, base cuneate, base angle 30–60 degrees, apex acuminate, tip obtuse, acumen 5–15 mm, pairs of lateral veins 3–8, intramarginal vein present, secondary veins transverse to nerves, reticulation on lower surface distinct, fine. Petiole 5–15 mm. Inflorescence a (branched) raceme, sometimes much reduced or a raceme, forming a pseudocone in bud. Bracts 3–5 mm long; boat-shaped or semi-circular; bracteoles 1 mm, with bracteoles glabrous outside (sometimes ciliate or ciliolate) or hairy outside, pubescent, caducous under fruit (sometimes already under flower). Pedicels 0.5 mm. Flowers: Ovary glabrous, 1.5 mm high, calyx glabrous or with only a few hairs, 2 mm, calyx lobes 1.5 mm, broadly triangular, corolla 5–6 mm, disk hairy, flat, low cylindrical, or annular, stamens 60–80, style glabrous. Fruits ovoid or flask-shaped, ampulliform or ellipsoid ampulliform, 18 mm by, 8 mm, stone ovoid or flask-shaped, (irregularly, shallowly) length-wise grooved, locules 1. Seeds per locule 1; seed and/or embryo straight.

Distribution — Outside Malesia: Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodja (Annam).

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Symplocos barisanica Noot.

Symplocos barisanica Noot. Rev. Sympl. (1975) 131.

Habit: Twigs glabrous (rather thick). Terminal buds glabrous. Leaf blade abaxially glabrous (sometimes the midrib hairy), broadly elliptic, 12–20 cm by, 5–12 cm, base cuneate or rounded, base angle 40–80 degrees, margin glandular dentate, denticulate, or crenate, apex rounded to acuminate, acumen 0–10 mm, pairs of lateral veins 8–12, intramarginal vein present or absent, coarse. Petiole 10–30 mm. Inflorescence a (branched) spike, sometimes much reduced, axis 0–5 cm, hairy (sometimes glabrescent in fruit), minutely pilose (appressedly). Bracts 2–3 mm long, with bracteoles hairy outside, puberulous, persistent. Flowers: Ovary glabrous, 1 mm high, calyx glabrous or with only a few hairs (ciliolate), 1.5–2 mm, calyx lobes 1.5–2 mm, corolla 6 mm, disk glabrous, cylindrical, 0.5–1 mm high, stamens 40–60, style glabrous. Fruits ovoid to subglobose, 10 mm by, 9 mm, stone globose-ampulliform (neck c. 2 mm), (irregularly, shallowly) length-wise grooved. Seed and/or embryo curved.

Distribution — In Malesia: Sumatra.

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Symplocos barringtoniifolia Brand

Symplocos barringtoniifolia Brand, Noot. Rev. Sympl. (1975) 131; Noot. & Vidal, Fl. Cambodge, Laos & Vietnam 16 (1977) 24.

Habit: Tree (up to 25 m). Twigs glabrous (stout, dark brown, often marked with raised scars). Terminal buds with conspicuous leathery scales, growth discontinuous, more or less appressedly pilose. Leaf blade abaxially glabrous (sometimes the midrib hairy), elliptic or obovate or narrowly elliptic, 15–35 cm by, 6–11 cm, base cuneate, base angle 15–40 degrees, margin glandular dentate, denticulate, or crenate or entire, apex acuminate, acumen 5–10 mm, pairs of lateral veins 10–16, intramarginal vein present (towards the apex of the leaf), reticulation on lower surface distinct, coarse or fine. Petiole 20–50 mm. Inflorescence a spike, forming a pseudo cone in bud (from the axils of the laeves or from wood beneath them), axis 5.5–8 cm, hairy (sometimes glabrescent in fruit), tomentose. Bracts 6–10 mm long (broadly ovate), bracteoles 6–10 mm, with bracteoles hairy outside, pubescent or tomentellous, caducous under fruit (sometimes already under flower). Flowers: Ovary glabrous, 1–1.5 mm high, calyx hairy, 3-lobed, 3–3.5 mm, calyx lobes 1 mm (becoming as long as limb by tearing), corolla 4–6 mm, disk glabrous, flat, low cylindrical, or annular, 5-glandular or 5-stellate, stamens 60–100 (or more), style hairy (conical base). Fruits ovoid or ellipsoid or oblong (crowned by the usually persistent calyx rim), 25–40 mm by, 12.5–20 mm, mesocarp thick, chartaceous, with high ridges or ribs. Seed and/or embryo straight.

Distribution — Outside Malesia: Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodja; — In Malesia: Malay Peninsula, Borneo.

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Symplocos batakensis Noot.

Symplocos batakensis Noot., Rev. Sympl. (1975) 132.

Habit: Twigs glabrous. Terminal buds glabrous. Leaf blade abaxially glabrous (sometimes the midrib hairy), elliptic or ovate or narrowly elliptic or narrowly obovate, 6–10 cm by, 2.1–4 cm, base cuneate or narrowly cuneate, base angle 30–50 degrees, margin entire (recurved to revolute), apex acuminate, acumen 3–15 mm (often tip blunt), pairs of lateral veins 7–10, intramarginal vein present, reticulation on lower surface rather obscure, coarse (in thinner leaves a fine reticulation visible with translucent light). Inflorescence a (branched) raceme, sometimes much reduced, axis 0–8 cm, glabrous or hairy (sometimes glabrescent in fruit), minutely pilose. Bracts 1.5 mm long, with bracteoles glabrous outside (sometimes ciliate or ciliolate) or hairy outside (sparsely minutely pilose), caducous under fruit (sometimes already under flower). Flowers: Ovary glabrous, 0.5 mm high, calyx glabrous or with only a few hairs, 1.5 mm, calyx lobes 1–1.25 mm, corolla 5–7 mm, disk hairy, flat, low cylindrical, or annular (5-glandular), stamens 90–110. Fruits subglobose or flask-shaped, ampulliform or ellipsoid ampulliform, 10 mm by, 5–8 mm. Seed and/or embryo straight.

Distribution — In Malesia: Sumatra.

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•batakensisleaf.jpg.
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Symplocos borneensis Brand

Symplocos borneensis Brand, Noot. Rev. Sympl. (1975) 134.

Habit: Twigs glabrous. Terminal buds glabrous. Leaf blade abaxially glabrous (sometimes the midrib hairy), narrowly elliptic, 4.7–8 cm by, 1.7–2.6 cm, base cuneate, base angle 30–50 degrees, margin entire, apex rounded or shortly acuminate (with a broad rounded tip), pairs of lateral veins 6–9 (faintly prominent), intramarginal vein present, reticulation on lower surface rather obscure, coarse. Inflorescence a (branched) raceme, sometimes much reduced, axis 0–5 cm, glabrous or hairy (sometimes glabrescent in fruit), minutely pilose. Bracts 1 mm long, bracteoles 0.5 mm, with bracteoles glabrous outside (sometimes ciliate or ciliolate), caducous under fruit (sometimes already under flower). Pedicels 0–2 mm. Flowers: Ovary glabrous, 1–1.25 mm high, calyx glabrous or with only a few hairs, 0.75–1 mm, calyx lobes 0.75–1 mm, corolla 5 mm, disk hairy, 5-glandular or 5-stellate, stamens 60–80, style with hairy base.

Distribution — In Malesia: Borneo, Sulawesi.

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•borneensisflower.jpg.
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Symplocos brachybotrys Merr.

Symplocos brachybotrys Merr., Noot. Rev. Sympl. (1975) 134.

Habit: Twigs hairy at least when young or glabrous but base of young twigs hairy between scars of bud scales, pubescent. Terminal buds pubescent. Leaf blade abaxially hairy beneath at least when young (handlens!), finely appressedly pilose, elliptic or ovate, 4–6 cm by, 2–3.3 cm, base cuneate or rounded, base angle 40–90 degrees, margin glandular dentate, denticulate, or crenate, apex acuminate or acute, acumen 0–9 mm, pairs of lateral veins 6–9, intramarginal vein present, reticulation on lower surface distinct, fine. Petiole 3–4 mm. Inflorescence flowers solitary or up to 3 from the axil of a leave (if flowers solitary often several to many bracts), axis 0–0.7 cm, hairy (sometimes glabrescent in fruit), pubescent. Bracts 2–4 mm long, with bracteoles hairy outside, pubescent, caducous under fruit (sometimes already under flower). Flowers: Ovary hairy, pubescent, 1 mm high, calyx hairy, appressedly pubescent, 3 mm, calyx lobes 3 mm, corolla 6 mm, inconspicuous, stamens 80–120, style with hairy base. Fruits ovoid or ellipsoid or oblong, 10 mm by, 5 mm, (irregularly, shallowly) length-wise grooved. Seeds per locule 1; seed and/or embryo curved.

Distribution — In Malesia: Borneo.

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Symplocos bractealis Thw.

Symplocos bractealis Thwaites, Enum. Pl. Zeyl. (1860) 185, Noot., Rev. Handb. Fl Ceylon 3 (1981) 467; Clarke in Hook. f. Fl. Br. Ind. 3 (1882) 584, inc. var. revoluta. — Symplocos macrophylla Wall. ex DC var. revoluta (Wight & Gardner) Noot., Noot. Rev. Sympl. (1975) 228.

Habit: Shrub or tree, 0–12 m tall. Twigs glabrous. Leaf blade abaxially glabrous (sometimes the midrib hairy), elliptic, 1.8–10 cm by, 1.2–5 cm, base cuneate or cordate (sometimes obliquely), apex rounded or shortly acuminate, acumen 0–5 mm, pairs of lateral veins 7–11, intramarginal vein present, reticulation on lower surface distinct, fine. Petiole 5–7 mm. Inflorescence a (branched) spike, sometimes much reduced, axis 0–5 cm, glabrous or hairy (sometimes glabrescent in fruit), sparsely fine short hairy. Bracts 4–10 mm long; broadly semi-elliptic or semi-circular; bracteoles 2–3 mm, with bracteoles glabrous outside (sometimes ciliate or ciliolate). Flowers: Ovary glabrous, 1.5 mm high, calyx glabrous or with only a few hairs, 2–4 mm, calyx lobes 1.5–3 mm, corolla 5–7 mm, disk hairy, 5-glandular or 5-stellate, stamens 80–120, style with hairy base. Fruits ovoid to ellipsoid or oblong, 12.5 mm by, 6.5 mm, lengthwise ribbed or smooth.

Distribution — Outside Malesia: Ceylon.

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•bractealisleaf.jpg.
•bractealisfruit.jpg.
•bractealisflower.jpg.

Symplocos brandisii K. & V. var. brandisii

Symplocos brandisii K. & V. var. brandisii, Noot. Rev. Sympl. (1975) 135.

Habit: 0–30 m tall. Twigs glabrous or hairy at least when young. Terminal buds glabrous or more or less appressedly pilose or outer scales glabrous, the inner scales often hairy on midrib and apex. Leaf blade abaxially glabrous (sometimes the midrib hairy), elliptic or narrowly elliptic, 5.5–16 cm by, 2.5–6.5 cm, base attenuate-cuneate or rounded, base angle 50–110 degrees, margin glandular dentate, denticulate, or crenate, apex acuminate or acute, acumen 0–15 mm, pairs of lateral veins 7–18, intramarginal vein present, close to the margin, secondary veins transverse to nerves, reticulation on lower surface distinct, fine. Petiole 6–15 mm. Inflorescence a (branched) raceme, sometimes much reduced, psedoterminal, axis 0–10 cm, hairy (sometimes glabrescent in fruit), pubescent. Bracts 1–3 mm long; obovate, bracteoles ovate or narrowly elliptic; bracteoles 1–2.5 mm, with bracteoles hairy outside, pubescent, caducous under fruit (sometimes already under flower). Pedicels 0–6 mm. Flowers: Ovary glabrous, 1–1.5 mm high, calyx glabrous or with only a few hairs, 1.5–2.5 mm, calyx lobes 1.25–2.25 mm, corolla 4–5 mm, disk glabrous, 5-glandular or 5-stellate, stamens 40–80, style with hairy base. Fruits ovoid or ellipsoid or oblong, 6–16 mm by, 3–7 mm, lengthwise ribbed or smooth.

Distribution — Outside Malesia: Thailand; — In Malesia: Java, Lesser Sunda Is.

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Symplocos brandisii var. pseudoclethra (Hall. f.) Noot.

Symplocos brandisii var. pseudoclethra (Hall. f.) Noot. Rev. Sympl. (1975) 136.

Habit: 0–30 m tall. Twigs glabrous. Terminal buds glabrous or more or less appressedly pilose or outer scales glabrous, the inner scales often hairy on midrib and apex. Leaf blade abaxially glabrous (sometimes the midrib hairy), elliptic or narrowly elliptic, 11–22 cm by, 2.5–6.5 cm, base attenuate-cuneate or rounded, base angle 50–110 degrees, margin glandular dentate, denticulate, or crenate, apex acuminate or acute, acumen 0–15 mm, pairs of lateral veins 7–18, intramarginal vein present, close to the margin, secondary veins transverse to nerves, reticulation on lower surface distinct, fine. Petiole 6–15 mm. Inflorescence a (branched) raceme, sometimes much reduced, axis 0–10 cm, hairy (sometimes glabrescent in fruit), pubescent. Bracts 3–4 mm long; semi-elliptic, bracteoles ovate or narrowly elliptic; bracteoles 1–2.5 mm, with bracteoles hairy outside, pubescent, caducous under fruit (sometimes already under flower). Pedicels 0–6 mm. Flowers: Ovary glabrous, 1–1.5 mm high, calyx glabrous or with only a few hairs, 1.5–2.5 mm, calyx lobes 1.25–2.25 mm, corolla 4–5 mm, disk glabrous, 5-glandular or 5-stellate, stamens 100–120, style with hairy base. Fruits ovoid or ellipsoid or oblong, 10–16 mm by, 5–7 mm, lengthwise ribbed or smooth.

Distribution — In Malesia: Lesser Sunda Is. (Lombok, G. Rindjani).

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•brandi-pseudo2.jpg.
•brandi-pseudo.jpg.

Symplocos buxifolia Stapf

Symplocos buxifolia Stapf, Noot. Rev. Sympl. (1975) 136.

Habit: Shrub or tree, 0–10 m tall (with dense, fastigiate crown). Twigs glabrous. Terminal buds glabrous. Leaf blade abaxially glabrous (sometimes the midrib hairy), elliptic or circular, 1.5–5 cm by, 0.7–2.5 cm, base attenuate-cuneate, base angle 30–60 degrees, margin glandular dentate, denticulate, or crenate, apex rounded or shortly acuminate or acute, tip obtuse, acumen 0–5 mm, pairs of lateral veins 4–6, intramarginal vein present, reticulation on lower surface distinct, fine. Petiole 3–7 mm. Inflorescence a (branched) raceme, sometimes much reduced or flowers solitary or up to 3 from the axil of a leave (if flowers solitary often several to many bracts) (often a few-flowered shoot with several miniature spaersely pubesent to glabrous bract-like leaves of 3 by 1 to 10 by 5 mm), glabrous or hairy (sometimes glabrescent in fruit), minutely pilose. Bracts one or several. Flowers: Ovary glabrous or hairy, sparsely appressedly fine hairy, 2–3 mm high, calyx glabrous or with only a few hairs, 2–5 mm, calyx lobes 1–3 mm, corolla 5–8 mm, disk glabrous, flat, low cylindrical, or annular, stamens 70–120. Fruits ovoid or ellipsoid or oblong, 10–15 mm by, 5–8 mm, lengthwise ribbed. Seeds per locule 1.

Distribution — In Malesia: Borneo (Sabah, Mt Kinabalu).

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•buxifolia.jpg.
•buxifolia-habit.jpg.
•buxifolia-leaf.jpg. leaf.
•buxifolia-fruit.jpg. fruit.
•buxifolia-flower.jpg. flower.

Symplocos caerulescens (Vieill.) Brongn. et Gris

Symplocos caerulescens (Vieill.) Brongn. et Gris, Noot., Fl. Nouv. Caled. 9 (1980) 144; Blumea 26 (1980) 413; Bull. Mus. Natn. Hist. sér. IV, 2(1989) sect. B Adansonia 3: 302.

Habit: Shrub or tree, 0–7 m tall. Twigs glabrous or hairy at least when young, tomentose, slender or normal or thick. Leaves crowded at the end of the branchlets or of the flushes in false whorls or in whorls, leaf blade abaxially glabrous (sometimes the midrib hairy), elliptic to obovate, 4–19 cm by, 3–8 cm, base cordate (sometimes obliquely), pairs of lateral veins 8–10. Petiole 1.5–3 mm. Inflorescence a (branched) spike, sometimes much reduced or a (branched) raceme, sometimes much reduced, axillar but many from wood beneath the leaves, axis 2–10 cm, glabrous or hairy (sometimes glabrescent in fruit), minutely pilose. Bracts 1 mm long; ovate, bracteoles narrowly ovate; bracteoles 0.5 mm, with bracteoles glabrous outside (sometimes ciliate or ciliolate), persistent. Pedicels 0–5 mm. Flowers: Ovary glabrous, 1–1.5 mm high, calyx glabrous or with only a few hairs, 0.5–1 mm, calyx lobes 0.5–1 mm, corolla 3–4 mm, pulvinate or globose, stamens 15–60, style hairy halfway up.

Distribution — Outside Malesia: New Caledonia.

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Symplocos calycodactylos Brand

Symplocos calycodactylos Brand, Noot. Rev. Sympl. (1975) 137.

Habit: Twigs hairy at least when young, patently long hairy. Leaf blade abaxially hairy beneath at least when young (handlens!), pilose, adaxially hairy at least when young, elliptic to ovate, 6–14 cm by, 2.5–5 cm, base cordate (sometimes obliquely) or rounded, base angle 90–100 degrees, margin glandular dentate, denticulate, or crenate (long ciliate), apex acuminate, acumen 5–18 mm, pairs of lateral veins 7–8, intramarginal vein present, reticulation on lower surface distinct, fine. Petiole 3–5 mm. Inflorescence flowers solitary or up to 3 from the axil of a leave (if flowers solitary often several to many bracts) or a glomerule or fascicle, hairy (sometimes glabrescent in fruit), patently long hairy. Bracts 0–7 mm long; narrowly semi-elliptic; bracteoles 0–7 mm, with bracteoles hairy outside, long pilose. Pedicels 5–13 mm. Flowers: Ovary hairy, densely appressedly long hairy, 1.5 mm high, calyx hairy, appressedly pubescent, 4–6 mm, calyx lobes 4–6 mm, narrowly semi-elliptic or linear, not becoming longer by tearing, corolla 6 mm, disk hairy, stamens 80–120, style glabrous. Fruits cylindrical.

Distribution — In Malesia: Malay Peninsula.

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•calycodactylos.jpg.
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Symplocos cambodiana (Pierre) Hallier

Symplocos cambodiana (Pierre) Hallier, Noot. Rev. Sympl. (1975) 138; Noot. & Vidal, Fl. Cambodge, Laos & Vietnam 16 (1977) 25.

Habit: Tree, 3–10 m tall. Twigs hairy at least when young, tomentose or woolly pilose. Terminal buds densely woolly tomentose. Leaf blade abaxially glabrous (sometimes the midrib hairy) or hairy beneath at least when young (handlens!), woolly, elliptic or obovate or narrowly elliptic or narrowly obovate, 16–33 cm by, 4–9 cm, base cuneate or cordate (sometimes obliquely), base angle 20–40–90 degrees, apex acuminate, acumen 3–15 mm, pairs of lateral veins 10–17, intramarginal vein present, close to the margin, secondary veins transverse to nerves, reticulation on lower surface rather obscure, coarse. Petiole 0–10 mm. Inflorescence a glomerule or fascicle. Bracts 3–5 mm long; semi-circular, bracteoles elliptic or narrowly elliptic; with bracteoles hairy outside, tomentose or woolly, persistent. Flowers: Ovary glabrous, 1–1.5 mm high, calyx glabrous or with only a few hairs or hairy, woolly towards apex, 2–2.5 mm, calyx lobes 1.5–2 mm, corolla 5 mm, disk glabrous, cylindrical, 0.5–1 mm high, stamens 30–70, style glabrous. Fruits cylindrical or ellipsoid or oblong, 8–12 mm by, 5 mm, lengthwise ribbed. Seeds per locule 1; seed and/or embryo straight.

Distribution — Outside Malesia: Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodja.

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•cambodiana.jpg. (Poilane 680).
•cambodiana-habit.jpg.
•cambodiana-leaf.jpg. leaf.
•cambodiana-flowers.jpg. Inflorescence: fascicle.
•cambodiana-fruit.jpg. fruit.

Symplocos celastrifolia Griff. ex Clarke

Symplocos celastrifolia Griff. ex Clarke, Noot. Rev. Sympl. (1975) 138.

Habit: Shrub or tree (to 30 m high and 40 cm diam). Twigs glabrous. Terminal buds glabrous or pubescent. Leaf blade abaxially glabrous (sometimes the midrib hairy) (rarely sparsely fine hairy on midrib and nerves, often olive brown), adaxially often dark coloured to nearly black, elliptic, 4–15 cm by, 2.2–6 cm, base cuneate or attenuate-cuneate, base angle 35–55 degrees, margin glandular dentate, denticulate, or crenate, apex acuminate, acumen 0- 5–15 mm, pairs of lateral veins 4–9, intramarginal vein present or absent, close to the margin or not close to the margin, reticulation on lower surface distinct or rather obscure, coarse or fine. Petiole 3–15 mm (winged by the decurrent leaf base). Inflorescence a (branched) raceme, sometimes much reduced, axis 3–12 cm, hairy (sometimes glabrescent in fruit), pubescent or sparsely fine short hairy. Bracts 2–3 mm long (-4 in Morotai), bracteoles 1.5 mm (2–2.5 in Morotai), with bracteoles glabrous outside (sometimes ciliate or ciliolate) or hairy outside, puberulous or pubescent, caducous under fruit (sometimes already under flower). Pedicels 1–5 mm. Flowers: Ovary glabrous, 1 mm high, calyx glabrous or with only a few hairs or ciliate or ciliolate, 1.5–2.5 mm (-3 in Morotai), calyx lobes 1–1.5 mm, becoming longer by tearing, corolla 4–6 mm, disk glabrous or hairy, flat, low cylindrical, or annular, 5-glandular or 5-stellate, stamens 40–65, style glabrous. Fruits ovoid or subglobose, 4–10 mm by (-20), 3–8 mm (-15), smooth, locules 3 (usually only one fertile). Seeds per locule 1–2; seed and/or embryo curved.

Distribution — Outside Malesia: Thailand; — In Malesia: Sumatra, Malay Peninsula, Borneo, Philippines, Sulawesi, Moluccas, New Guinea.

Ecology — Usually in coastal forests, especially in the transition between mangrove and fresh water swamp. The fruits are obviously buoyant.

Uses — Leaves used for medicinal purposes, wood for firewood.

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•celastrifolia-habit.jpg.
•celastrif-leaf.jpg. leaf.
•celastrif-inflorescence.jpg. inflorescence.
•celastrif-flwer.jpg. flowers.
•celastrif-fruit.jpg. fruits.

Symplocos cerasifolia Wall. ex DC var. cerasifolia

Symplocos cerasifolia Wall. ex DC var. cerasifolia, Noot. Rev. Sympl. (1975) 141.

Habit: Tree, 0–25 m tall. Twigs hairy at least when young, pilose. Terminal buds with conspicuous leathery scales, growth discontinuous, glabrous or more or less appressedly pilose. Leaf blade abaxially glabrous (sometimes the midrib hairy) or hairy beneath at least when young (handlens!), pilose, 7–22 cm by, 2–7 cm, base attenuate-cuneate, base angle 20–50 degrees, margin glandular dentate, denticulate, or crenate, apex acuminate, acumen 5–22 mm, pairs of lateral veins 6–11, intramarginal vein present, secondary veins transverse to nerves, reticulation on lower surface distinct, fine. Petiole 12–25 mm. Inflorescence a (branched) raceme, sometimes much reduced or a spike, forming a pseudo cone in bud, axis 0–3 cm, hairy (sometimes glabrescent in fruit), pubescent or villous. Bracts 5 mm long; boat-shaped or broadly ovate or semi-circular, bracteoles narrowly elliptic; bracteoles 3 mm, with bracteoles hairy outside, pubescent or sericeous, caducous under fruit (sometimes already under flower). Flowers: Ovary glabrous, 1–1.5 mm high, calyx glabrous or with only a few hairs or hairy or thinly appressedly pubescent or glabrous but the lobes hairy, appressedly pubescent, 2.5–4 mm, calyx lobes 1–1.5 mm, becoming longer by tearing, corolla 5 mm, disk glabrous, 5-glandular or 5-stellate, stamens 30–120, style glabrous or with hairy base. Fruits ellipsoid or oblong, 22–50 mm by, 8–18 mm, with high ridges or ribs, locules 3.

Distribution — Outside Malesia: Thailand; — In Malesia: Sumatra, Malay Peninsula, Borneo, New Guinea.

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•cerasifoliacerasif.jpg. Habit.
•cerasifolcerasif2.jpg.
•cerasifolcerasfruit.jpg.
•cerasifolcerasinflorescence.jpg. Old inflorescence.
•cerasifolceraleaf.jpg. Leaf.

Symplocos cerasifolia Wall. ex. DC var. grandifolia Noot.

Symplocos cerasifolia Wall. ex. DC var. grandifolia Noot. Rev. Sympl. (1975) 141.

Habit: Tree, 0–25 m tall. Twigs hairy at least when young, pilose. Terminal buds with conspicuous leathery scales, growth discontinuous, glabrous or more or less appressedly pilose. Leaves crowded at the end of the branchlets or of the flushes in false whorls or evenly distributed, leaf blade abaxially hairy beneath at least when young (handlens!), pilose, 25–35 cm by, 7–12 cm, base attenuate-cuneate, base angle 20–50 degrees, margin glandular dentate, denticulate, or crenate, apex acuminate, acumen 12–22 mm, pairs of lateral veins 10–14, intramarginal vein present, secondary veins transverse to nerves, reticulation on lower surface distinct, fine. Petiole 15–25 mm. Inflorescence a spike, forming a pseudo cone in bud, axis 0–3 cm, hairy (sometimes glabrescent in fruit), pubescent or villous. Bracts 5 mm long; boat-shaped or broadly ovate or semi-circular, bracteoles narrowly elliptic; bracteoles 3 mm, with bracteoles hairy outside, pubescent or sericeous, caducous under fruit (sometimes already under flower). Flowers: Ovary glabrous, 1–1.5 mm high, calyx glabrous or with only a few hairs or hairy, appressedly pubescent, 2.5–4 mm, calyx lobes 1–1.5 mm, becoming longer by tearing, corolla 5 mm, disk glabrous, 5-glandular or 5-stellate, stamens 30–120, style glabrous or with hairy base. Fruits ellipsoid or oblong, 22–40 mm by, 8–18 mm, with high ridges or ribs, locules 3.

Distribution — In Malesia: Sumatra.

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•cerasifgrandi_habit.jpg.
•cerasifgrand_leaf.jpg.
•cerasifgrandi_fruit.jpg.

Symplocos chaoanensis F.G. Wang & H.G. Ye

Symplocos chaoanensis F.G. Wang & H.G. Ye, J. Tropic. Subtrop. Botany 10 (2002) 35.

Habit: Shrub, 2–3 m tall. Leaf blade abaxially glabrous (sometimes the midrib hairy), elliptic or narrowly elliptic to obovate or narrowly obovate, 1.5–3.4 cm by, 0.7–1.5 cm, base cuneate, margin glandular dentate, denticulate, or crenate, apex shortly acuminate or acute, pairs of lateral veins 4–6, intramarginal vein present or at least towards the apex, close to the margin. Petiole 2–4 mm. Inflorescence a (branched) raceme, sometimes much reduced, axis 1–2 cm. Pedicels 2–4 mm. Flowers: Ovary glabrous, 1.5–2.5 mm high, calyx glabrous or with only a few hairs, 0.8–1.2 mm, calyx lobes 0.8–1.2 mm, corolla 4–5 mm, disk glabrous, flat, low cylindrical, or annular, stamens 9–15, style glabrous. Fruits flask-shaped, ampulliform or ellipsoid ampulliform, 4.5–6 mm by, 4–5 mm, calyx lobes persistent, locules 3.

Distribution — Outside Malesia: China (Guangdong, Caoan Xian, Femghuan Mnt.).

Ecology — F. Apr., fr. Aug.-Oct.; alt. 1000--1200 m.

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•chaoanensis.jpg.

Symplocos cochinchinensis (Lour.) Symplocos Moore ssp. cochinchinensis var. cochinchinensis

Symplocos cochinchinensis (Lour.) Symplocos Moore var. cochinchinensis, Noot. Rev. Sympl. (1975) 151; Noot. & Vidal, Fl. Cambodge, Laos & Vietnam 16 (1977) 27; Wu & Noot, Fl. China 15 (1996) 248.

Habit: Shrub or tree. Twigs hairy at least when young, tomentose. Leaf blade abaxially hairy beneath at least when young (handlens!), (young) leaves with long hairs, elliptic or obovate or narrowly elliptic or narrowly obovate, 9–27 cm by, 3–10 cm, base cuneate or broadly cuneate or cordate (sometimes obliquely) or rounded, margin glandular dentate, denticulate, or crenate, apex acuminate or acute, pairs of lateral veins 7–14. Petiole 5–20 mm. Inflorescence a (branched) spike, sometimes much reduced, axis 3–11 cm, hairy (sometimes glabrescent in fruit), pubescent or tomentose. Bracts 2–10 mm long, with bracteoles hairy outside, pubescent or tomentose, persistent, forming a calycle hiding the ovary. Flowers: Ovary glabrous, 0.5–1 mm high, calyx hairy, appressedly pubescent, calyx lobes 2 mm (-3), not becoming longer by tearing, corolla 3–5 mm, disk glabrous, stamens 10- 30–70 (100). Fruits subglobose or flask-shaped, ampulliform or ellipsoid ampulliform, 5–7 mm by, 4–5 mm.

Distribution — Outside Malesia: China, Japan, India incl. Himalayan States and Ceylon, Burma, Thailand, Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodja; — In Malesia: Sumatra, Malay Peninsula, Java, Borneo, Philippines, New Guinea.

Image
•coch-cochhabit.jpg.
•coch-cochleaf.jpg.
•coch-cochleafdetail.jpg.
•coch-cochinfl.jpg.
•coch-cochflo.jpg.
•coch-cochfl2.jpg.
•coch-cochfr.jpg.

Symplocos cochinchinensis var. cochinchinensis x var. laurina

Habit: Shrub or tree. Twigs glabrous or hairy at least when young, tomentose or tomentellous or puberulous. Leaf blade abaxially glabrous (sometimes the midrib hairy), elliptic or narrowly elliptic or obovate or narrowly obovate, 9–27 cm by, 3–10 cm, base cuneate or broadly cuneate, base angle 20–50 degrees, margin glandular dentate, denticulate, or crenate, apex acuminate or long acuminate, pairs of lateral veins 7–14. Petiole 5–20 mm. Inflorescence a (branched) spike, sometimes much reduced, axis 3–11 cm, hairy (sometimes glabrescent in fruit), pubescent or tomentose or puberulous or tomentellous. Bracts with bracteoles hairy outside, persistent, forming a calycle hiding the ovary. Flowers: Ovary glabrous, 0.5–1 mm high, calyx hairy or thinly appressedly pubescent, appressedly pubescent, 1.2–2.5 mm, calyx lobes 2 mm, not becoming longer by tearing, corolla 3–5 mm, disk glabrous. Fruits subglobose or flask-shaped, ampulliform or ellipsoid ampulliform, 4–7 mm by, 4–5 mm.

Distribution — Outside Malesia: China, India incl. Himalayan States and Ceylon, Burma, Thailand, Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodja; — In Malesia: Java, Lesser Sunda Is.

Symplocos cochinchinensis topodeme morobeensis

Symplocos cochinchinensis topodeme morobeensis Noot. Rev. Sympl. (1975) 153.

Habit: Shrub or tree. Twigs hairy at least when young, tomentose. Leaf blade abaxially hairy beneath at least when young (handlens!), (young) leaves with long hairs, elliptic or narrowly elliptic or ovate or obovate or narrowly obovate, 9–27 cm by, 3–10 cm, base broadly cuneate or rounded, margin glandular dentate, denticulate, or crenate, apex acuminate or acute, pairs of lateral veins 7–14. Petiole 15–35 mm. Inflorescence a (branched) spike, sometimes much reduced, axis 0–9 cm, hairy (sometimes glabrescent in fruit), pubescent or tomentose. Bracts 3 mm long, with bracteoles hairy outside, persistent, forming a calycle hiding the ovary. Flowers: Ovary glabrous, 0.5–1 mm high, calyx hairy or hairy towards the margin, pubescent only towards the apex, calyx lobes 2 mm (-3), corolla 3–5 mm, disk glabrous, stamens 10–100. Fruits subglobose or flask-shaped, ampulliform or ellipsoid ampulliform, 5–7 mm by, 4–5 mm.

Distribution — In Malesia: New Guinea.

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•coch-morobhabit1.jpg.
•coch-morobhabit2.jpg.
•coch-morobleaf.jpg.
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Symplocos cochinchinensis var. philippinensis (Brand) Noot.

Symplocos cochinchinensis var. philippinensis (Brand) Noot. Rev. Sympl. (1975) 154; Wu & Noot, Fl. China 15 (1996) 248.

Habit: Shrub or tree. Twigs glabrous or hairy at least when young, pubescent. Leaf blade abaxially glabrous (sometimes the midrib hairy), elliptic, 5–18 cm by, 2.5–9 cm, base broadly cuneate or rounded, margin glandular dentate, denticulate, or crenate, apex shortly acuminate or acuminate or acute, pairs of lateral veins 5–12. Petiole 5–25 mm. Inflorescence a (branched) spike, sometimes much reduced or a (branched) raceme, sometimes much reduced, axis 5–11 cm, hairy (sometimes glabrescent in fruit), pubescent or puberulous or tomentellous. Bracts 1–2 mm long, with bracteoles hairy outside, persistent, forming a calycle hiding the ovary. Flowers: Ovary glabrous, 0.5–1 mm high, calyx hairy, 5-lobed, 0.8–1.2 mm, calyx lobes 1 mm, corolla 3–6 mm, disk glabrous, stamens 35–70. Fruits subglobose or flask-shaped, ampulliform or ellipsoid ampulliform, 4–7 mm by, 3–5 mm, calyx lobes persistent.

Distribution — In Malesia: Java, Lesser Sunda Is., Philippines, Sulawesi, Moluccas.

Ecology — In Central Java from 700--2000 m, in East Jave from 700--2600 m, in the Lesser Sunda Is. from 500--2400 m, in the Philippines from ?low altitudes to 2000m, in the Moluccas from 0--1400 m.

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Symplocos cochinchinensis var. sessifolia (Bl.) Noot.

Symplocos cochinchinensis var. sessifolia (Bl.) Noot. Rev. Sympl. (1975) 153.

Habit: Shrub or tree. Twigs glabrous. Leaf blade abaxially glabrous (sometimes the midrib hairy) (coriaceous), elliptic or broadly elliptic or ovate or broadly ovate or obovate or broadly obovate, 3–12 cm by, 1.5–6 cm, base cuneate or rounded, base angle 30–60 degrees, apex acuminate, acumen 2–10 mm, pairs of lateral veins 4–8, intramarginal vein present, not close to the margin, reticulation on lower surface distinct, coarse. Petiole 0–3 mm. Inflorescence a (branched) spike, sometimes much reduced, axis 0–6 cm, hairy (sometimes glabrescent in fruit), pubescent. Bracts 2–10 mm long, with bracteoles hairy outside, pubescent or tomentose, persistent, forming a calycle hiding the ovary. Flowers: Ovary glabrous, 0.5–1 mm high, calyx hairy, pubescent only towards the apex, 5-lobed, calyx lobes 2 mm (-3), corolla 3–5 mm, disk glabrous, stamens 30–70. Fruits subglobose or flask-shaped, ampulliform or ellipsoid ampulliform, 5–7 mm by, 4–5 mm.

Distribution — In Malesia: Java.

Ecology — Only at high altitude, often in shrubbery on muntain tops and ridges.

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Symplocos cochinchinensis var. imbricata (Brand) Noot.

Symplocos cochinchinensis var. imbricata (Brand) Noot. Rev. Sympl. (1975) 155.

Habit: Shrub or tree, 3–9 m tall. Twigs glabrous. Leaf blade abaxially glabrous (sometimes the midrib hairy), elliptic or broadly elliptic or ovate or broadly ovate, 2.5–9 cm by, 2–5.5 cm, base attenuate-cuneate or cordate (sometimes obliquely) or rounded, margin glandular dentate, denticulate, or crenate, apex shortly acuminate or acuminate or long acuminate, acumen 2–12 mm, pairs of lateral veins 5–7, intramarginal vein present or absent. Petiole 4–7 mm. Inflorescence a (branched) spike, sometimes much reduced, axillar or terminal. Flowers: Ovary glabrous, 1 mm high, calyx hairy, appressedly pubescent, 2 mm, corolla 6 mm, stamens 50–70. Fruits ovoid or ellipsoid or oblong, 7–12 mm by, 5–9 mm, calyx lobes persistent.

Distribution — In Malesia: Philippines.

Ecology — Alt. 2100–2600 m, in forest.

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Symplocos cochinchinensis var. puberula Huang & Y.F.Wu

Symplocos cochinchinensis var. puberula Huang & Y.F.Wu, Acta Phytotax. Sin., 24(3) (1986) 202.

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Habit: Shrub or tree. Twigs hairy at least when young, puberulous. Leaf blade abaxially hairy beneath at least when young (handlens!), minutely (scattered) hairy, elliptic or obovate or narrowly elliptic or narrowly obovate, 9–27 cm by, 3–10 cm, base broadly cuneate or rounded, margin glandular dentate, denticulate, or crenate, apex acuminate or acute, pairs of lateral veins 7–14. Petiole 10–20 mm. Inflorescence a (branched) spike, sometimes much reduced, axis 6–11 cm. Bracts 3 mm long, with bracteoles hairy outside, persistent, forming a calycle hiding the ovary. Flowers: Ovary glabrous, 0.5–1 mm high, calyx hairy, calyx lobes 2 mm (-3), corolla 3–5 mm, disk glabrous. Fruits subglobose or flask-shaped, ampulliform or ellipsoid ampulliform, 5–7 mm by, 4–5 mm.

Distribution — Outside Malesia: China.

Symplocos cochinchinensis (Lour) Symplocos Moore ssp. laurina (Retz.) Noot var. laurina

Symplocos cochinchinsis (Lour) Symplocos Moore ssp. laurina (Retz.) Noot var. laurina, Noot. Rev. Sympl. (1975) 155; Noot. & Vidal, Fl. Cambodge, Laos & Vietnam 16 (1977) 29; Rev. Handb. Flora Ceylon 3 (1981) 458; Wu & Noot, Fl. China 15 (1996) 248. — Symplocos acuminata (Blume) Miq., Fl. Ind. Bat. 1, 2 (1859) 467; Nagamasu, Fl. Taiwan ed. II, 4 (1998) 103. — Dicalys acuminatus Blume, Bijdr. (1826) 1119. — Type: Blume s.n. (L.) W. Java, G. Salak.

Symplocos theophrastifolia Sieb. & Zucc.

Symplocos theophrastifolia Sieb. & Zucc., Fam. Nat. 2 (1846) 134; Nagamasu, Fl. Taiwan IId ed., 4 (1998) 125.

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Habit: Tree. Twigs glabrous or hairy at least when young. Terminal buds finely short pubescent or glabrous. Leaf blade abaxially glabrous (sometimes the midrib hairy) or hairy beneath at least when young (handlens!) (very rarely), sparsely appressedly pilose (sometimes nearly glabrous), elliptic or ovate or narrowly elliptic or narrowly obovate, 6–21 cm by, 2–8 cm, base cuneate or broadly cuneate, base angle 20–65 degrees, margin glandular dentate, denticulate, or crenate, apex acuminate or acute, pairs of lateral veins 5–11. Petiole 5–20 mm. Inflorescence a (branched) spike, sometimes much reduced, axis 3–14 cm, glabrous or hairy (sometimes glabrescent in fruit), pubescent or puberulous (appressedly). Bracts 0.8–2 mm long, bracteoles 0.8–2 mm, with bracteoles hairy outside, persistent, ovary visible. Flowers: Ovary glabrous, 0.5–1 mm high (-2), calyx glabrous or with only a few hairs, 0.5–2 mm, calyx lobes 0.5–2 mm, corolla 3–5 mm, disk glabrous, stamens 30–70, style glabrous. Fruits subglobose or flask-shaped, ampulliform or ellipsoid ampulliform, 4–6 mm by, 3–5 mm.

Distribution — Outside Malesia: China, Japan, India incl. Himalayan States and Ceylon, Ceylon, Burma, Thailand, Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodja; — In Malesia: Sumatra, Malay Peninsula, Java, Borneo, Sulawesi.

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Symplocos cochinchinensis var. angustifolia (Guillaumin) Noot.

Symplocos cochinchinensis var. angustifolia (Guillaumin) Noot. Rev. Sympl. (1975) 155; Noot. & Vidal, Fl. Cambodge, Laos & Vietnam 16 (1977) 30; Wu & Noot, Fl. China 15 (1996) 248.

Habit: Shrub. Twigs glabrous. Terminal buds finely short pubescent. Leaf blade abaxially glabrous (sometimes the midrib hairy), narrowly elliptic, 7–15 cm by, 0.9–2 cm, margin glandular dentate, denticulate, or crenate, apex acuminate or acute, pairs of lateral veins 5–9. Petiole 3–15 mm. Inflorescence a (branched) spike, sometimes much reduced, axis 3–14 cm, glabrous or hairy (sometimes glabrescent in fruit), pubescent or puberulous. Bracts 1–2 mm long, bracteoles 0.5–1.5 mm, with bracteoles hairy outside, persistent, ovary visible. Flowers: Ovary glabrous, 0.5–1 mm high, calyx glabrous or with only a few hairs, calyx lobes 1–2 mm, corolla 3–5 mm, disk glabrous, stamens 30–70. Fruits subglobose or flask-shaped, ampulliform or ellipsoid ampulliform, 4–6 mm by, 3–5 mm.

Distribution — Outside Malesia: China, Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodja (Annam, Hainan).

Ecology — Rheophyte, predominantly on borders of streams or on rocks in streambeds. Alt. up to 600 m.

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Symplocos cochinchinensis ssp. leptophylla (Brand) Noot. var. leptophylla

Symplocos cochinchinensis var. leptophylla (Brand) Noot. Rev. Sympl. (1975) 165.

Habit: Shrub or tree (to 20 m high and 45 cm diam). Twigs glabrous or hairy at least when young, pubescent, slender or normal. Terminal buds finely short pubescent or glabrous. Leaf blade abaxially glabrous (sometimes the midrib hairy) or hairy beneath at least when young (handlens!), pubescent or finely appressedly pilose or sparsely appressedly pilose (sometimes nearly glabrous), 5–23 cm by, 2–12 cm, base angle 30–110 degrees, margin glandular dentate, denticulate, or crenate or entire, apex shortly acuminate or acuminate, acumen 0–17 mm, pairs of lateral veins 4- 6–12, intramarginal vein present, reticulation on lower surface distinct, coarse or fine. Petiole 5–40 mm. Inflorescence a (branched) spike, sometimes much reduced or a (branched) raceme, sometimes much reduced or a glomerule or fascicle, axis 0–5 cm, hairy (sometimes glabrescent in fruit), pubescent or puberulous or sericeous (appressedly). Bracts 1–10 mm long, bracteoles 1–4 mm, with bracteoles glabrous outside (sometimes ciliate or ciliolate) or hairy outside, pubescent or sericeous (appressedly), persistent, ovary visible. Pedicels 0–2 mm. Flowers: Flowers bisexual or functionally unisexual, ovary glabrous or hairy, pubescent to sericeous, 1–2.5 mm high, calyx glabrous or with only a few hairs or hairy, 0.75–3 mm, calyx lobes 0.75–3 mm, corolla 2–5 mm, disk glabrous or hairy (glabrous or with only few hairs in Fiji and Solomon Is.), flat, low cylindrical, or annular, 5-glandular or 5-stellate or not obviously 5-glandular, stamens 10–110, style glabrous or with a few hairs towards base (without stigma in male flowers). Fruits ovoid or subglobose or ellipsoid or oblong or flask-shaped, ampulliform or ellipsoid ampulliform, 6–15 mm by.

Distribution — Outside Malesia: Pacific Islands; — In Malesia: Moluccas, New Guinea, Bismarck Archipelago.

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Symplocos cochinchinensis var.aneityensis (Brand) Noot.

Symplocos cochinchinensis var.aneityensis (Brand) Noot. Rev. Sympl. (1975) 168.

Habit: Tree (to 20 m). Twigs glabrous. Leaf blade abaxially glabrous (sometimes the midrib hairy), elliptic or ovate, 4.5–9 cm by, 2.5–5.5 cm, base cuneate or attenuate-cuneate, base angle 40–70 degrees, apex acuminate (faintly), acumen 5–15 mm, pairs of lateral veins 4–7. Petiole 7–20 mm. Inflorescence a (branched) spike, sometimes much reduced or a (branched) raceme, sometimes much reduced, hairy (sometimes glabrescent in fruit). Caducous under fruit (sometimes already under flower). Pedicels 0.5–2 mm. Flowers: Ovary glabrous, 1 mm high, calyx glabrous or with only a few hairs, 1.5 mm, calyx lobes 1.5 mm (ciliate), disk hairy, 5-glandular or 5-stellate, style with hairy base. Fruits ovoid to ellipsoid or oblong, 6 mm by, 4 mm, calyx lobes persistent.

Distribution — Outside Malesia: Pacific Islands.

Ecology — Common in rain forest up to 300 m.

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Symplocos cochinchinensis var. floresana Noot.

Symplocos cochinchinensis var. floresana Noot. Rev. Sympl. (1975) 172.

Habit: Tree (small). Twigs glabrous. Terminal buds glabrous. Leaf blade abaxially glabrous (sometimes the midrib hairy), broadly elliptic or elliptic, 9–16 cm by, 5–10 cm, base angle 60–90 degrees, apex acuminate or acute, pairs of lateral veins 7–12, intramarginal vein present, reticulation on lower surface distinct, coarse. Petiole 25–45 mm. Inflorescence a (branched) spike, sometimes much reduced, axis 0–7 cm, glabrous. Bracts with bracteoles glabrous outside (sometimes ciliate or ciliolate) or hairy outside, pubescent. Flowers: Flowers bisexual or functionally unisexual, ovary glabrous, 0.5–0.75 mm high, calyx glabrous or with only a few hairs, 1 mm, calyx lobes 1 mm, corolla 3–4 mm, disk glabrous, 5-glandular or 5-stellate, stamens 25–35, style glabrous. Fruits ovoid, 5–6 mm by, 4–5 mm.

Distribution — In Malesia: Lesser Sunda Is. (Flores).

Ecology — Alt. 1000--1500 m.

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Symplocos cochinchinensis var. insularis Noot.

Symplocos cochinchinensis var. insularis Noot. Rev. Sympl. (1975) 167.

Habit: Twigs glabrous or hairy at least when young, pubescent (appressedly). Terminal buds finely short pubescent or glabrous. Leaf blade abaxially glabrous (sometimes the midrib hairy), elliptic or broadly elliptic or obovate or broadly obovate, 5–25 cm by, 5.5–15 cm, base cuneate or broadly cuneate or attenuate-cuneate or rounded, base angle 40–90 degrees, margin glandular dentate, denticulate, or crenate or entire, apex shortly acuminate or acuminate, acumen 3–13 mm, pairs of lateral veins 4- 6–12, intramarginal vein present, reticulation on lower surface distinct, coarse or fine. Petiole 10–40 mm. Inflorescence a (branched) spike, sometimes much reduced or a glomerule or fascicle, axis 0–5.5 cm, hairy (sometimes glabrescent in fruit), pubescent or puberulous or sericeous (appressedly). Bracts 1–10 mm long, bracteoles 1–4 mm, with bracteoles glabrous outside (sometimes ciliate or ciliolate) or hairy outside, pubescent or sericeous (appressedly), persistent, ovary visible. Pedicels 0–2 mm. Flowers: Flowers bisexual or functionally unisexual, ovary glabrous or hairy, pubescent to sericeous, 1–2.5 mm high, calyx glabrous or with only a few hairs or hairy, 0.75–3 mm, calyx lobes 0.75–3 mm, corolla 2–5 mm, disk glabrous or hairy (glabrous or with only few hairs in Fiji and Solomon Is.), flat, low cylindrical, or annular, 5-glandular or 5-stellate or not obviously 5-glandular, style glabrous or with a few hairs towards base (without stigma in male flowers). Fruits ovoid or subglobose or flask-shaped, ampulliform or ellipsoid ampulliform, 8–13 mm by.

Distribution — Outside Malesia: Pacific Islands; — In Malesia: New Guinea (Sudest I., Misima I., Rossle I.).

Ecology — Rain forest, alt. 0--800 m.

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Symplocos cochinchinensis var. longilobata Noot.

Symplocos cochinchinensis var. longilobata Noot. Rev. Sympl. (1975) 169.

Habit: Shrub (0.2 to 8 m.). Twigs hairy at least when young, sparsely appressedly fine-pilose. Leaf blade abaxially glabrous (sometimes the midrib hairy), broadly elliptic or elliptic or circular, 1–2.3 cm by, 0.6–1.4 cm, base cuneate or rounded, base angle 30–90 degrees, margin glandular dentate, denticulate, or crenate (recurved), apex rounded or acute, pairs of lateral veins 2–4, intramarginal vein present (usually), reticulation on lower surface distinct. Petiole 2–3 mm. Inflorescence flowers solitary or up to 3 from the axil of a leave (if flowers solitary often several to many bracts), hairy (sometimes glabrescent in fruit), pubescent. Bracts 3–5 mm long; one or several; bracteoles 3–5 mm, with bracteoles glabrous outside (sometimes ciliate or ciliolate) (narrowly triangular). Flowers: Flowers bisexual or functionally unisexual, ovary glabrous, 1–2 mm high, calyx glabrous or with only a few hairs, 2.5–4.5 mm, calyx lobes 2–4 mm (ciliate, glandular), corolla 3–4 mm, disk hairy, flat, low cylindrical, or annular (to broadly conical), stamens 14–24, style glabrous. Fruits ovoid or ellipsoid or oblong, 10–15 mm by, 6–10 mm, smooth.

Distribution — In Malesia: New Guinea (Mt Wilhelm).

Ecology — In alpine shrubbery and forest edges, alt. 3200--3400 m.

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Symplocos cochinchinensis var. maculata (Brand) Noot.

Symplocos cochinchinensis var. maculata (Brand) Noot. Rev. Sympl. (1975) 176.

Habit: Twigs glabrous. Terminal buds finely short pubescent or glabrous. Leaf blade abaxially glabrous (sometimes the midrib hairy), elliptic to narrowly elliptic, 2–19 cm by, 1.3–5.5 cm, base cuneate (often decurrent), base angle 25–70 degrees, margin glandular dentate, denticulate, or crenate or entire, apex shortly acuminate to caudate, acumen 3–20 mm, pairs of lateral veins 4–10, intramarginal vein present, close to the margin, reticulation on lower surface distinct or rather obscure, coarse or fine. Petiole 3–15 mm. Inflorescence a (branched) spike, sometimes much reduced or a (branched) raceme, sometimes much reduced (often more than one flower on top of the pedicel), axis 2–10 cm, glabrous or hairy (sometimes glabrescent in fruit), pubescent or puberulous. Bracts 1–1.25 mm long, bracteoles 0.75 mm, with bracteoles glabrous outside (sometimes ciliate or ciliolate) or hairy outside, puberulous or pubescent, persistent or caducous under fruit (sometimes already under flower). Pedicels 0–6 mm. Flowers: Flowers bisexual or functionally unisexual, ovary glabrous, 0.5–1.25 mm high, calyx glabrous or with only a few hairs, 0.25–1 mm, calyx lobes 0.25–1 mm (ciliate), corolla 2–4 mm, stamens 1–10 or 10–25 (in male flowers), style glabrous. Fruits ovoid or flask-shaped, ampulliform or ellipsoid ampulliform, 4–6 mm by, 3–5 mm. Seed and/or embryo curved.

Distribution — In Malesia: New Guinea.

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Symplocos cochinchinensis var. molobros (Brand) Noot.

Symplocos cochinchinensis var. molobros (Brand) Noot. Rev. Sympl. (1975) 169.

Habit: Shrub or tree (to 6 M). Twigs hairy at least when young, woolly pilose. Leaf blade abaxially hairy beneath at least when young (handlens!), pubescent, adaxially glabrous or hairy at least when young, broadly elliptic or elliptic, 6–18 cm by, 3.5–8 cm, base cuneate or cordate (sometimes obliquely) or rounded, base angle 40–110 degrees, margin glandular dentate, denticulate, or crenate or entire, apex acuminate or acute, acumen 0–10 mm, pairs of lateral veins 7–11, intramarginal vein present, secondary veins transverse to nerves (often), reticulation on lower surface distinct, fine. Petiole 5–10 mm (woolly pilose). Inflorescence a (branched) spike, sometimes much reduced or a glomerule or fascicle, axis 0–2 cm, hairy (sometimes glabrescent in fruit), sericeous or villous (patently, rusty). Bracts 2–4 mm long, bracteoles 1–3 mm, with bracteoles hairy outside, sericeous or long pilose. Flowers: Flowers functionally unisexual, ovary hairy, sericeous (greyish), 1–2 mm high, calyx hairy, 1–2 mm, calyx lobes 1–2 mm, corolla 2.5–5 mm, disk hairy, flat, low cylindrical, or annular, 5-glandular or 5-stellate, stamens 20–60, style glabrous (inconspicous in male flowers). Fruits ovoid or subglobose, 10–15 mm by.

Distribution — In Malesia: New Guinea.

Ecology — Rain forest, 700–2600 m.

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Symplocos cochinchinensis var. monticola Noot.

Symplocos cochinchinensis var. monticola Noot. Rev. Sympl. (1975) 166.

Habit: Shrub or tree (to 16 m high), 1–16 m tall. Twigs glabrous. Terminal buds glabrous. Leaf blade abaxially glabrous (sometimes the midrib hairy), elliptic, 2–8 cm by, 1–3 cm, base cuneate, base angle 30–70 degrees, margin glandular dentate, denticulate, or crenate or entire, apex rounded or acute, acumen 0–17 mm, pairs of lateral veins 5–7, intramarginal vein present, reticulation on lower surface distinct, coarse or fine. Petiole 4–10 mm. Inflorescence a (branched) spike, sometimes much reduced, axis 0–1.5 cm, glabrous or hairy (sometimes glabrescent in fruit), pubescent (sparsely appressedly). Bracts 1–2 mm long, bracteoles 1–1.5 mm, with bracteoles glabrous outside (sometimes ciliate or ciliolate), persistent, ovary visible. Flowers: Flowers bisexual or functionally unisexual, ovary glabrous, 1–1.5 mm high, calyx glabrous or with only a few hairs or hairy, 5-lobed, 1–1.5 mm, calyx lobes 1–1.5 mm, corolla 1–2.5 mm, disk glabrous, flat, low cylindrical, or annular, not obviously 5-glandular, stamens 15–35 (probably fewer in female flowers), style glabrous. Fruits ovoid or ellipsoid or oblong, 8–10 mm by, 4–6 mm.

Distribution — In Malesia: New Guinea.

Ecology — Mainly in rain forest between 2700 and 3500 m.

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Symplocos cochinchinensis var. orbicularis (Hemsley) Noot.

Symplocos cochinchinensis var. orbicularis (Hemsley) Noot. Rev. Sympl. (1975) 173.

Habit: Shrub or tree. Twigs glabrous or hairy at least when young. Terminal buds finely short pubescent or glabrous. Leaf blade abaxially glabrous (sometimes the midrib hairy), elliptic to broadly elliptic to circular, 0.5–3.5 cm by, 0.5–2 cm, base cuneate or cordate (sometimes obliquely) or rounded, base angle 35–100 degrees, margin glandular dentate, denticulate, or crenate, apex rounded or acute, pairs of lateral veins 2–7, intramarginal vein present or absent, reticulation on lower surface distinct or rather obscure, coarse or fine. Petiole 1–3 mm. Inflorescence a (branched) spike, sometimes much reduced or flowers solitary or up to 3 from the axil of a leave (if flowers solitary often several to many bracts) (if flowers solitary several bracts present), axis 0–4 cm, glabrous. Bracts 1–3 mm long; one or several; bracteoles 0.5–3 mm, with bracteoles glabrous outside (sometimes ciliate or ciliolate) or hairy outside, persistent. Flowers: Flowers bisexual or functionally unisexual, ovary glabrous, 0.5–2 mm high, calyx glabrous or with only a few hairs, 1–1.75 mm, calyx lobes 1–1.75 mm, corolla 2.5–6 mm, disk glabrous, flat, low cylindrical, or annular or pulvinate or globose, stamens 5–10 or 20–30 (in resp. female and male flowers). Fruits ellipsoid or oblong, 7–15 mm by, 4–6 mm.

Distribution — In Malesia: New Guinea.

Ecology — Alt. 2500--3900 m.

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Symplocos cochinchinensis var. ovata Noot.

Symplocos cochinchinensis var. ovata Noot. Rev. Sympl. (1975) 173.

Habit: Twigs glabrous or hairy at least when young, pubescent or silky or tomentose. Leaf blade abaxially glabrous (sometimes the midrib hairy) or hairy beneath at least when young (handlens!), finely appressedly pilose, elliptic to ovate, 4–12 cm by, 2–7 cm, base broadly cuneate or rounded, base angle 40–110 degrees, apex acuminate, acumen 5–15 mm, pairs of lateral veins 5–10, reticulation on lower surface distinct, fine. Petiole 5–20 mm. Inflorescence a (branched) spike, sometimes much reduced or a (branched) raceme, sometimes much reduced, hairy (sometimes glabrescent in fruit), pubescent or tomentose. Bracts 1–3 mm long, bracteoles 1–2 mm, with bracteoles hairy outside, pubescent or tomentose. Pedicels 0–1 mm. Flowers: Ovary glabrous or hairy, sparsely appressedly fine hairy, 1–2 mm high, calyx glabrous or with only a few hairs or hairy, 0.5–2 mm, calyx lobes 0.5–2 mm, corolla 2–4 mm, disk glabrous or hairy, style glabrous. Fruits ovoid or ellipsoid or oblong, 5–10 mm by, stone ovoid, smooth.

Distribution — In Malesia: New Guinea.

Ecology — Shrub or substage tree in mossy forest or shrub in alpine shrubbery, alt. 1900--3700 m.

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•coch-ovataleaf.jpg.
•coch-ovatainflor.jpg.
•coch-ovataflowers.jpg.
•coch-ovatafruit.jpg.

Symplocos cochinchinensis var. parvifolia Noot.

Symplocos cochinchinensis var. parvifolia Noot. Rev. Sympl. (1975) 177.

Habit: Twigs hairy at least when young, pubescent or puberulous (appressedly). Terminal buds pubescent. Leaf blade abaxially glabrous (sometimes the midrib hairy), elliptic, 1.2–4 cm by, 0.7–1.7 cm, base cuneate or attenuate-cuneate, base angle 30–50 degrees, margin glandular dentate, denticulate, or crenate, apex acuminate or acute, acumen 0–5 mm, pairs of lateral veins 5–7, intramarginal vein present (usually), reticulation on lower surface distinct, fine. Petiole 2–4 mm. Inflorescence a (branched) spike, sometimes much reduced or a (branched) raceme, sometimes much reduced, axis 0–1 cm, hairy (sometimes glabrescent in fruit), puberulous. Bracts 1–2 mm long, bracteoles 0.5–1 mm, with bracteoles hairy outside, puberulous, persistent. Flowers: Flowers functionally unisexual, ovary glabrous or hairy, puberulous (appressedly), 1–1.5 mm high, calyx glabrous or with only a few hairs or hairy, 1 mm, calyx lobes 1 mm, corolla 2–2.5 mm, disk hairy, cylindrical, 0.5–1 mm high, stamens 8–12 or 12–25 (resp. in female and male flowers), style glabrous or with a few hairs towards base. Fruits ovoid or ellipsoid or oblong, 7–10 mm by, 4 mm.

Distribution — In Malesia: New Guinea.

Image
•coch-parvihabit.jpg.
•coch-parvidetail.jpg.
•coch-parviflower.jpg.
•coch-parvifruit.jpg.

Symplocos cochinchinensis var. pedicellata Noot.

Symplocos cochinchinensis var. pedicellata Noot. Rev. Sympl. (1975) 170.

Habit: Tree (2–15 m). Twigs glabrous. Terminal buds finely short pubescent or glabrous. Leaf blade abaxially glabrous (sometimes the midrib hairy), elliptic, 5–11 cm by, 2.5–6 cm, base cuneate to rounded (decurrent), apex acuminate, acumen 5–20 mm, pairs of lateral veins 6–10, intramarginal vein present (often not distinct from larger veins). Petiole 5–16 mm. Inflorescence a (branched) raceme, sometimes much reduced, axis 0–4 cm, hairy (sometimes glabrescent in fruit), sparsely fine short hairy. Bracts 1–2 mm long, bracteoles 1 mm, with bracteoles hairy outside, puberulous. Pedicels 1–3 mm. Flowers: Flowers functionally unisexual, ovary hairy, puberulous, 2 mm high, calyx glabrous or with only a few hairs or thinly appressedly pubescent, 2 mm, symmetrically cleft, calyx lobes 2 mm, corolla 3–4 mm, disk hairy, flat, low cylindrical, or annular, 5-glandular or 5-stellate, stamens 40 or 10, style hairy (at base). Fruits ovoid or flask-shaped, ampulliform or ellipsoid ampulliform.

Distribution — In Malesia: New Guinea (Papua New Guinea).

Ecology — Substage in mossy forest between 2000 and 2850 m.

Image
•coch-pedicelhabit.jpg.
•coch-pedicelinflor.jpg.
•coch-pedicelflower.jpg.
•coch-pedicelfruit.jpg.

Symplocos cochinchinensis var. reginae Noot.

Symplocos cochinchinensis var. reginae Noot. Rev. Sympl. (1975) 171.

Habit: Shrub or tree (to 10 m). Twigs hairy at least when young, tomentose or villous or woolly pilose. Terminal buds with conspicuous leathery scales, growth discontinuous. Leaf blade abaxially hairy beneath at least when young (handlens!), pubescent or pilose, elliptic or narrowly elliptic or ovate or narrowly ovate, 1.5–11 cm by, 0.7–6.5 cm, base cuneate or attenuate-cuneate or rounded, base angle 40–90 degrees, margin glandular dentate, denticulate, or crenate or entire, apex acuminate, acumen 5–15 mm, pairs of lateral veins 4–8, intramarginal vein present, reticulation on lower surface distinct, coarse or fine. Petiole 2–10 mm. Inflorescence a (branched) spike, sometimes much reduced or flowers solitary or up to 3 from the axil of a leave (if flowers solitary often several to many bracts), axis 0–3–7 cm, hairy (sometimes glabrescent in fruit), villous. Bracts 2–4 mm long; one or several; bracteoles 1–2 mm, with bracteoles hairy outside, sericeous or long pilose. Flowers: Flowers functionally unisexual, ovary hairy, sericeous to pilose, 0.75–2 mm high, calyx hairy, 1–1.5 mm, symmetrically cleft, calyx lobes 1–1.5 mm, corolla 2–3 mm, disk hairy, pulvinate or globose, 5-glandular or 5-stellate, stamens 10–25, style glabrous or hairy (at base). Fruits ovoid (pubescent), 9–15 mm by, 7–8 mm, stone ampulliform. Seed and/or embryo curved.

Distribution — In Malesia: New Guinea (Papua New Guinea).

Ecology — In rain forest between 900 and 2000 m.

Image
•coch-reginaehabit1.jpg.
•coch-reginahabit2.jpg.
•coch-reginaeleaves.jpg.
•coch-reginainflor.jpg.
•coch-reginaflower.jpg.
•coch-reginafruit.jpg.

Symplocos cochinchinensis var. revoluta Noot.

Symplocos cochinchinensis var. revoluta Noot. Rev. Sympl. (1975) 174.

Habit: Shrub or tree (to10 m). Twigs hairy at least when young, pubescent or tomentose or villous. Leaf blade abaxially hairy beneath at least when young (handlens!), tomentose or pubescent or sericeous (appressedly), elliptic or ovate, 4–10 cm by, 2.5–6 cm, base cuneate or broadly cuneate or cordate (sometimes obliquely) or rounded, base angle 45–110 degrees, apex rounded or acuminate, acumen 0–13 mm, pairs of lateral veins 4–10, reticulation on lower surface distinct, fine. Petiole 2–15 mm. Inflorescence a (branched) spike, sometimes much reduced or a (branched) raceme, sometimes much reduced, axis 0–3 cm (becoming much longer in fruit), hairy (sometimes glabrescent in fruit), pubescent or tomentose or villous. Bracts 3–4 mm long (boat-shaped), bracteoles 2 mm, with bracteoles hairy outside, pubescent or long pilose. Flowers: Ovary hairy, pubescent, 1–2 mm high, calyx hairy, 1–2 mm, corolla 2–5 mm, disk glabrous or hairy, stamens 10–60, style glabrous. Fruits ovoid or ellipsoid or oblong, 10–11 mm by, 6–7 mm. Seed and/or embryo curved.

Distribution — In Malesia: New Guinea.

Ecology — In mossy forest between 2200 and 3600 m.

Image
•coch-revolhabit.jpg.
•coch-revolleaf.jpg.
•coch-revolinflor.jpg.
•coch-revolflower.jpg.
•coch-revolfruit.jpg.

Symplocos cochinchinensis var. schumanniana (Brand) Noot.

Symplocos cochinchinensis var. schumanniana (Brand) Noot. Rev. Sympl. (1975) 171.

Habit: Twigs glabrous or hairy at least when young (sometimes very thisk, ant inhabited). Terminal buds finely short pubescent. Leaf blade abaxially glabrous (sometimes the midrib hairy), elliptic or narrowly elliptic, 9–33 cm by, 3.5–14 cm, base angle 30–60 degrees, margin entire, apex acuminate or caudate, acumen 5–30 mm, pairs of lateral veins 7–15, intramarginal vein present, not close to the margin, reticulation on lower surface distinct, coarse. Petiole 5–22 mm. Inflorescence a (branched) spike, sometimes much reduced or a (branched) raceme, sometimes much reduced, axis 0–6 cm, glabrous or hairy (sometimes glabrescent in fruit), pubescent or puberulous. Bracts 1–2.5 mm long, bracteoles 0.5–1.5 mm, with bracteoles hairy outside, puberulous or pubescent, persistent. Pedicels 0–1 mm. Flowers: Flowers functionally unisexual, ovary glabrous or hairy, puberulous, 1–1.5 mm high, calyx glabrous or with only a few hairs or hairy, 0.5–1.5 mm, calyx lobes 0.5–1 mm, corolla 1.5–5 mm, disk hairy, flat, low cylindrical, or annular or pulvinate or globose, not obviously 5-glandular, stamens 10–30 or 30–80 (in female and male flowers resp.), style glabrous or with a few hairs towards base. Fruits flask-shaped, ampulliform or ellipsoid ampulliform, 5–8 mm by, 3–5 mm, stone ampulliform, smooth. Seed and/or embryo curved.

Distribution — In Malesia: Moluccas, New Guinea.

Image
•coch-schumhabit.jpg.
•coch-schumleaf.jpg.
•coch-schuminflor.jpg. slender spike (rarely raceme!).
•coch-schumflower.jpg. calyx glabrous or puberulous.
•coch-schumfruit.jpg.

Symplocos cochinchinensis var. sogeriensis (Brand) Noot.

Symplocos cochinchinensis var. sogeriensis (Brand) Noot. Rev. Sympl. (1975) 175.

Habit: Twigs glabrous or hairy at least when young, pubescent or sparsely appressedly fine-pilose or pilose. Terminal buds glabrous or pubescent. Leaf blade abaxially glabrous (sometimes the midrib hairy), elliptic or ovate, 2.5–11 cm by, 1.5–7 cm, base cuneate or attenuate-cuneate or rounded, base angle 30–90 degrees, margin glandular dentate, denticulate, or crenate, apex rounded or acuminate (faintly), acumen 0–10 mm, pairs of lateral veins 5–9, intramarginal vein present, reticulation on lower surface distinct, fine. Petiole 3–20 mm. Inflorescence a (branched) spike, sometimes much reduced, axis 0–3 cm, glabrous or hairy (sometimes glabrescent in fruit), villous (appressedly). Bracts 0.5–1.5 mm long, bracteoles 0.5–1 mm, with bracteoles glabrous outside (sometimes ciliate or ciliolate) or hairy outside, long pilose (appressedly), persistent. Flowers: Flowers functionally unisexual, ovary glabrous, 0.5–1.5 mm high, calyx glabrous or with only a few hairs or hairy, 0.5–1.25 mm, calyx lobes 0.5 mm, corolla 2–3 mm, disk glabrous or hairy, flat, low cylindrical, or annular, 5-glandular or 5-stellate (inconspicuously), stamens 5–10 or 10–30, style glabrous. Fruits ovoid or ellipsoid or oblong to flask-shaped, ampulliform or ellipsoid ampulliform, 5–10 mm by, 3–7 mm, (irregularly, shallowly) length-wise grooved.

Distribution — In Malesia: New Guinea.

Image
•coch-sogerhabit.jpg.
•coch-sogerleaf.jpg.
•coch-sogerinflor.jpg.
•coch-sogerfruit.jpg.

Symplocos cochinchinensis var. tomentosa Noot.

Symplocos cochinchinensis var. tomentosa Noot. Rev. Sympl. (1975) 167.

Habit: Twigs hairy at least when young, tomentose. Leaf blade abaxially hairy beneath at least when young (handlens!), tomentose or pubescent, elliptic or broadly elliptic or obovate or broadly obovate, 18–23 cm by, 10–12 cm, base cuneate, base angle 50–60 degrees, margin glandular dentate, denticulate, or crenate or entire, apex acuminate (abruptly), acumen 5–10 mm, pairs of lateral veins 4- 6–12, intramarginal vein present, secondary veins transverse to nerves, reticulation on lower surface distinct, coarse or fine. Petiole 20–30 mm (tomentose). Inflorescence a glomerule or fascicle, axis 0–5 cm, hairy (sometimes glabrescent in fruit), pubescent (appressedly). Bracts 5 mm long, bracteoles 3 mm, with bracteoles hairy outside, pubescent (appressedly), persistent, ovary visible. Pedicels 0–2 mm. Flowers: Flowers functionally unisexual, ovary hairy, pubescent, 1–2 mm high, calyx hairy, 1–2 mm, calyx lobes 1–2 mm, corolla 4–6 mm, disk glabrous, flat, low cylindrical, or annular, not obviously 5-glandular, stamens 25–100 (c. 25 in female flowers), style glabrous or with a few hairs towards base (without stigma in male flowers). Fruits ovoid or subglobose or ellipsoid or oblong or flask-shaped, ampulliform or ellipsoid ampulliform, 6–15 mm by.

Distribution — In Malesia: New Guinea (Ferguson I.).

Ecology — Rain forest, 700–800 m.

Image
•coch-tomenhabit.jpg.
•coch-tomenleaf.jpg.
•coch-tomenleafsurface.jpg. leafsurface beneath pubescent.
•coch-tomeninflor.jpg.
•coch-tomenflower.jpg. ovary and calyx appressedly pubescent.

Symplocos cochinchinensis ssp. thwaitesii (F.v. Muell.) Noot. var. thwaitesii

Symplocos cochinchinensis var. thwaitesii (F.v. Muell.) Noot. Rev. Sympl. (1975) 161; Brunonia 4 (1981) 316.

Habit: Shrub or tree (to 20 m tall and 50 cm diam.). Twigs glabrous. Terminal buds glabrous. Leaf blade abaxially glabrous (sometimes the midrib hairy), elliptic or narrowly elliptic or obovate or narrowly obovate, 9–16 cm by, 2–5.5 cm, base cuneate, margin glandular dentate, denticulate, or crenate (minutely), apex acuminate (usually), acumen 0–10 mm, pairs of lateral veins 6–11. Petiole 5–15 mm. Inflorescence a (branched) raceme, sometimes much reduced or a panicle (of racemes), axis 0–7 cm, glabrous. Bracts 1.5–2 mm long, bracteoles 1.5–2 mm, with bracteoles glabrous outside (sometimes ciliate or ciliolate), caducous under fruit (sometimes already under flower). Pedicels 0–8 mm. Flowers: Ovary glabrous, 1–2 mm high, calyx glabrous or with only a few hairs, 1.5–2 mm, calyx lobes 1–2 mm, corolla 6–10 mm, disk glabrous, flat, low cylindrical, or annular, stamens 80–120, style glabrous. Fruits flask-shaped, ampulliform or ellipsoid ampulliform (crowned by the persitent calyx lobes), 6–11 mm by, 4–8 mm, stone ampulliform. Seeds per locule 1.

Distribution — Outside Malesia: Australia (SE Queensland and NE NSW).

Ecology — rain forest up to 800 m.

Image
•coch-thwaithabit.jpg.
•coch-thwaitleaf.jpg.
•coch-thwaitinflor.jpg.
•coch-thwaitflower.jpg.

Symplocos cochinchinensis var. candelabrum (Brand) Noot.

Symplocos cochinchinensis var. candelabrum (Brand) Noot. Rev. Sympl. (1975) 160; Brunonia 4 (1981) 323. — Symplocos candelabrum Brand. — Symplocos cochinchinensis (Lour.) Symplocos Moore var. montana (C.. White) Noot. Rev. Sympl. (1975) 160.

Habit: Tree. Twigs glabrous. Terminal buds glabrous. Leaf blade abaxially glabrous (sometimes the midrib hairy), elliptic, 8–14 cm by, 3–5 cm, base attenuate-cuneate, margin entire (recurved), apex acuminate, acumen 7–10 mm, pairs of lateral veins 9–14. Petiole 20–30 mm. Inflorescence a (branched) raceme, sometimes much reduced, axis 0–6 cm, glabrous or hairy (sometimes glabrescent in fruit), sparsely fine short hairy. Caducous under fruit (sometimes already under flower). Flowers: Ovary glabrous, 1.5 mm high, calyx glabrous or with only a few hairs, 1 mm, calyx lobes 0.75 mm (ciliolate, not or hardly imbricate), corolla 5–6 mm, disk hairy, stamens 20–30. Fruits obovoid, 12–15 mm by.

Distribution — Outside Malesia: Australia (Lord Howe I.).

Image
•coch-candelahabit.jpg.
•coch-candelaleaf.jpg.
•coch-candelainflor.jpg.
•coch-candelaflower.jpg.

Symplocos cochinchinensis var. gittonsii Noot.

Symplocos cochinchinensis var. gittonsii Noot. Rev. Sympl. (1975) 162; Brunonia 4 (1981) 321.

Habit: Tree (to 30 m tall and 70 cm diam). Twigs glabrous. Terminal buds glabrous. Leaf blade abaxially glabrous (sometimes the midrib hairy), elliptic or obovate (coriaceous), 8–18 cm by, 4.5–9.5 cm, base cuneate or attenuate-cuneate, margin glandular dentate, denticulate, or crenate or entire (revolute), apex shortly acuminate or acuminate (abruptly and usually obliquely), acumen 2–10 mm, pairs of lateral veins 7–11. Petiole 10–35 mm. Inflorescence a (branched) spike, sometimes much reduced or a panicle of spikes, axis 0–13 cm, glabrous (or nearly so). Bracts 1–1.5 mm long, bracteoles 1 mm, with bracteoles glabrous outside (sometimes ciliate or ciliolate) (ciliate), persistent. Flowers: Ovary glabrous, 1 mm high, calyx glabrous or with only a few hairs, 0.75–1.5 mm, calyx lobes 0.75–1.5 mm (ciliate, much imbricate), corolla 5–6 mm, disk glabrous, cylindrical, 0.5–1 mm high, stamens 60–70, style glabrous. Fruits ovoid or ellipsoid or oblong, 6–7 mm by, 4–5 mm.

Distribution — Outside Malesia: Australia (Queensland).

Ecology — Rain forest, up to 1200 m.

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•coch-gittonshabit.jpg.
•coch-gittonsleaf.jpg.
•coch-gittonsinflor.jpg.
•coch-gittonsflower.jpg.
•coch-gittonsfruit.jpg.

Symplocos cochinchinensis var. glaberrima Noot.

Symplocos cochinchinensis (Lour.) Symplocos Moore var. glaberrima Noot., Brunonia 4 (1981) 319.

Habit: Tree (up to 20 m tall and 40 cm diam.). Twigs glabrous. Terminal buds glabrous. Leaf blade abaxially glabrous (sometimes the midrib hairy), obovate or narrowly obovate (coriaceous), 5–15 cm by, 1.5–4.5 cm, base cuneate or attenuate-cuneate, margin entire (revolute), apex shortly acuminate or acuminate (abruptly with obtuse tip), acumen 2–6 mm, pairs of lateral veins 8–14. Petiole 3–10 mm. Inflorescence a (branched) spike, sometimes much reduced or a (branched) raceme, sometimes much reduced, axis 0–3 cm, glabrous. Bracts 1 mm long, bracteoles 0.5 mm, caducous under fruit (sometimes already under flower) (finally). Pedicels 0–3 mm. Flowers: Ovary glabrous, 1 mm high, calyx glabrous or with only a few hairs, 1.25–1.5 mm, calyx lobes 0.75–1 mm, corolla 4–5 mm, disk glabrous or hairy, flat, low cylindrical, or annular, 5-glandular or 5-stellate, stamens 30–50, style glabrous. Fruits subglobose or ellipsoid or oblong, 7–9 mm by, 5–7 mm.

Distribution — Outside Malesia: Australia (Queensland).

Ecology — Rain forest, 760–1200 m. Flowers, fruits March-July,.

Image
•coch-glaberhabit.jpg.
•coch-glaberleaf.jpg.
•coch-glabereinflor.jpg.
•coch-glaberflower.jpg.
•coch-glaberfruit.jpg.

Symplocos cochinchinensis var. montana (C.T. White) Noot.

Symplocos cochinchinensis var. montana (C.T. White) Noot. Rev. Sympl. (1975) 160 Brunonia 4 (1981) 318. — Symplocos stawellii var. montana C.T. White, Proc. Roy. Soc. Queensland 50 (1939) 81. — Symplocos bauerleni R.T. Baker, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.Symplocos Wales 27 (1902) 594. — Symplocos ampulliformis C.T. White, Proc. Roy. Soc. Queensland 50 (1939) 81.

Habit: Shrub or tree (to 8 m tall and 14 cm diam.). Twigs glabrous or hairy at least when young, puberulous (sparsely appressedly, soon glabrescent). Terminal buds glabrous or pubescent. Leaf blade abaxially glabrous (sometimes the midrib hairy) or hairy beneath at least when young (handlens!), finely appressedly pilose (sparsely), elliptic or narrowly elliptic or narrowly obovate, 3–19 cm by, 0.7–4.5 cm, base cuneate or attenuate-cuneate, margin glandular dentate, denticulate, or crenate or entire, apex acuminate (rather long, faintly), acumen 5–15 mm, pairs of lateral veins 4–10, intramarginal vein present. Petiole 2–14 mm. Inflorescence a (branched) raceme, sometimes much reduced or flowers solitary or up to 3 from the axil of a leave (if flowers solitary often several to many bracts), axis 0–2–4 cm (sometimes very slender), glabrous or hairy (sometimes glabrescent in fruit), pubescent or puberulous (sparsely appressedly). Bracts 1 mm long; (narrowly) triangular, one or several, bracteoles (narrowly) triangular; with bracteoles glabrous outside (sometimes ciliate or ciliolate) or hairy outside (minutely, ciliate), caducous under fruit (sometimes already under flower) (often). Flowers: Ovary glabrous, 1–2 mm high, calyx glabrous or with only a few hairs, 0.75–1 mm, calyx lobes 0.5–1 mm (ovate to triangular), corolla 3–4 mm, disk glabrous or hairy, stamens 15–35, style glabrous or hairy. Fruits 6–15 mm by, 4–7 mm, stone ampulliform, grooved like a cerebrum. Seeds per locule 1.

Distribution — Outside Malesia: Australia (Queensland & NSW).

Ecology — rain forest, between 900 and 1550 m.

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•coch-montanahabit1.jpg.
•coch-montanahabit2.jpg.
•coch-montanaleaf.jpg.
•coch-montanainflor.jpg.
•coch-montanaflower.jpg.
•coch-montanafruit.jpg.

Symplocos cochinchinensis var. pilosiuscula Noot.

Symplocos cochinchinensis (Lour.) Symplocos Moore var. pilosiuscula Noot., Brunonia 4 (1981) 320.

Habit: Tree (to 20 m tall and 40 cm diam.). Twigs hairy at least when young, puberulous (minutely appressedly). Terminal buds appressedly puberulous (when young). Leaf blade abaxially glabrous (sometimes the midrib hairy) (coriaceous), elliptic or narrowly elliptic or obovate or narrowly obovate, 6–15 cm by, base cuneate, margin glandular dentate, denticulate, or crenate or entire, apex acuminate, acumen 5–13 mm, pairs of lateral veins 6–12, intramarginal vein present. Petiole 5–17 mm. Inflorescence a (branched) spike, sometimes much reduced or a (branched) raceme, sometimes much reduced or a panicle (of racemes), axis 0–7 cm, hairy (sometimes glabrescent in fruit), pubescent or puberulous. Bracts 1–2 mm long, bracteoles 0.5 mm, with bracteoles hairy outside (or nearly glabrous), pubescent (appressedly), caducous under fruit (sometimes already under flower). Pedicels 0–3 mm. Flowers: Ovary glabrous, 1–1.5 mm high, calyx glabrous or with only a few hairs, 1–1.5 mm, calyx lobes 1–1.5 mm, corolla 4 mm, disk glabrous or hairy, flat, low cylindrical, or annular, 5-glandular or 5-stellate, stamens 50–70. Fruits 7–10 mm by, 4–5 mm.

Distribution — Outside Malesia: Australia (N. Queensland).

Ecology — Dry rain forest up to 1200 m.

Image
•coch-piloshabit.jpg.
•coch-pilosleaf.jpg.
•coch-pilosinflor.jpg.
•coch-pilosflower.jpg.
•coch-pilosfruit.jpg.

Symplocos cochinchinensis var. stawellii (F.v. Muell.) Noot.

Symplocos cochinchinensis var. stawellii (F.v. Muell.) Noot. Rev. Sympl. (1975) 161; Brunonia 4 (1981) 317.

Habit: Tree (2.5–30m tall and 70 cm diam.). Twigs glabrous. Terminal buds glabrous or pubescent. Leaf blade abaxially glabrous (sometimes the midrib hairy), elliptic (not or hardly coriaceous), 6–16 cm by, base cuneate or attenuate-cuneate, margin glandular dentate, denticulate, or crenate or entire (undulate), apex acuminate, acumen 3–10 mm. Petiole 6–25 mm. Inflorescence a (branched) spike, sometimes much reduced or a panicle of spikes, hairy (sometimes glabrescent in fruit), pubescent. Bracts 1–1.5 mm long, bracteoles 1–1.5 mm, with bracteoles hairy outside, pubescent, persistent. Flowers: Ovary glabrous, 1 mm high, calyx glabrous or with only a few hairs, 0.5 mm, calyx lobes 0.5 mm, corolla 2.5–3 mm, disk glabrous, flat, low cylindrical, or annular, 5-glandular or 5-stellate, stamens 30–50, style glabrous. Fruits ovoid or ellipsoid or oblong, 5–7 mm by.

Distribution — Outside Malesia: Australia (Queensland, NSW, Lord Howe I.); — In Malesia: New Guinea (Western Highlands).

Ecology — Rain forest up to 870 m alt. Flowers June-July; fruits August-November.

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•coch-stawelhabit.jpg.
•coch-stawelleaf.jpg.
•coch-stawelinflor.jpg.
•coch-stawelflower.jpg.
•coch-stawelfruits.jpg.

Symplocos colombonensis Noot.

Symplocos colombonensis Noot. Rev. Sympl. (1975) 177.

Habit: Tree, 0–10 m tall. Twigs hairy at least when young, pubescent. Terminal buds pubescent. Leaf blade abaxially hairy beneath at least when young (handlens!), finely appressedly pilose, ovate or narrowly ovate, 4–11 cm by, 1.5–3.5 cm, base cuneate or attenuate-cuneate or rounded, base angle 40–90 degrees, apex long acuminate or caudate, acumen 7–16 mm, pairs of lateral veins 7–11, reticulation on lower surface distinct, coarse. Petiole 2–4 mm. Inflorescence a (branched) raceme, sometimes much reduced or a glomerule or fascicle, axis 0–3 cm, hairy (sometimes glabrescent in fruit), sparsely fine short hairy. Bracts with bracteoles hairy outside, pubescent, caducous under fruit (sometimes already under flower). Pedicels 1–5 mm. Flowers: Ovary hairy, pilose, 1.5–2 mm high, calyx hairy, pilose, 1.75–3 mm, calyx lobes 1.5–2.5 mm, triangular, not becoming longer by tearing, corolla 5 mm, glabrous or ciliolate or hairy (densely tomentose or tomentellous), disk glabrous or hairy, 5-glandular or 5-stellate, stamens 90–110, style glabrous. Fruits ovoid or ellipsoid or oblong, 8–14 mm by, 4–6 mm, grooved like a cerebrum.

Distribution — In Malesia: Borneo.

Image
•colombonhabit.jpg. Twigs often zig-zag, leaves alternate.
•colombonleaf.jpg.
•colombonflower.jpg.
•colombonfruit.jpg.

Symplocos columbuli Noot.

Symplocos columbuli Noot., Blumea 26 (1980) 416.

.

Habit: Tree, 0–6 m tall. Twigs hairy at least when young, tomentose (rusty). Leaf blade abaxially glabrous (sometimes the midrib hairy) or hairy beneath at least when young (handlens!), tomentose, elliptic, 13–17 cm by, 4.5–7.5 cm, base cuneate or rounded; strongly recurved or revolute; apex acuminate, pairs of lateral veins 12–17, intramarginal vein present, reticulation on lower surface distinct, fine. Petiole 10–24 mm. Inflorescence a (branched) spike, sometimes much reduced, axis 0–2 cm, hairy (sometimes glabrescent in fruit), pubescent or tomentose. Bracts 3 mm long, bracteoles 2 mm, with bracteoles hairy outside, pubescent or tomentose, persistent. Flowers: Ovary hairy, pubescent or tomentose, 1.5–2.5 mm high, calyx hairy, appressedly pubescent or tomentose, 1.5–2.5 mm, calyx lobes 1.5–2.5 mm, disk hairy, flat, low cylindrical, or annular or pulvinate or globose. Fruits cylindrical or ellipsoid or oblong, 15–20 mm by, 7 mm, with high ridges or ribs.

Distribution — In Malesia: Sumatra (west top G. Leuser).

Image
•columbuli.jpg.
•columbhabit.jpg.
•columbtwig.jpg.
•columbleaf.jpg.
•columbfruit.jpg.

Symplocos complanata Brand

Symplocos complanata Brand, Noot. Rev. Sympl. (1975) 294; D.K. Hore, J. Econ. Tax. Bot. 3 (1982) 315.

Habit: Tree. Twigs glabrous, thick or very thick, at least 8 mm. Leaves crowded at the end of the branchlets or of the flushes in false whorls, spirally arranged or distichously arranged, leaf blade abaxially glabrous (sometimes the midrib hairy), elliptic or narrowly elliptic or narrowly ovate or obovate, 7–10 cm by, 3–5 cm, base cuneate or cordate (sometimes obliquely) or rounded, margin glandular dentate, denticulate, or crenate; strongly recurved or revolute; apex rounded or emarginate, pairs of lateral veins 9–12. Petiole 0.5–2 mm. Inflorescence a (branched) spike, sometimes much reduced, axis 2–4 cm, hairy (sometimes glabrescent in fruit), villous. Bracts 4.8–5.5 mm long, bracteoles 2–2.2 mm, with bracteoles hairy outside, villous. Flowers: Calyx hairy, 2.5–3.5 mm, lobes 2.5–3.5 mm, rounded, corolla 4.5–6 mm, disk hairy, stamens 70–90.

Distribution — Outside Malesia: India incl. Himalayan States and Ceylon (Nilgiris).

Image
•complan_leafunders.jpg.
•complan_leafuppers.jpg.
•complan_infl.jpg.
•complan_ovary_calyx.jpg.
•complan_twig.jpg.

Symplocos composiracemosa Noot.

Symplocos composiracemosa Noot. Rev. Sympl. (1975) 161.

Habit: Twigs glabrous. Terminal buds pubescent. Leaf blade abaxially glabrous (sometimes the midrib hairy), elliptic, 8–13.5 cm by, 2.5–7 cm, base cuneate, base angle 40–60 degrees, margin entire, apex acuminate, acumen 8–13 mm, pairs of lateral veins 5–9, intramarginal vein present, reticulation on lower surface distinct, fine. Petiole 13–17 mm. Inflorescence a (branched) raceme, sometimes much reduced or a panicle (of racemes), axis 0–5 cm, hairy (sometimes glabrescent in fruit), minutely pilose. Bracts 1 mm long, bracteoles 0.5 mm, with bracteoles hairy outside, minutely pilose, persistent. Pedicels 0–1 mm. Flowers: Ovary glabrous, 1 mm high, calyx glabrous or with only a few hairs, 0.5–1 mm, calyx lobes 0.5–1 mm, semi-circular, not becoming longer by tearing, corolla 2 mm, disk glabrous, stamens 15–25, style glabrous.

Distribution — In Malesia: New Guinea.

Image
•composihabit.jpg.
•composileaf.jpg.
•composiinfl.jpg.
•composifl.jpg.

Symplocos congesta Benth.

Symplocos glomerata King ex Clarke var. congesta Noot. Rev. Sympl. (1975) 202; Noot. & Vidal, Fl. Cambodge, Laos & Vietnam 16 (1977) 40; Wu & Noot, Fl. China 15 (1996) 251; Nagamasu, Fl. Taiwan IId ed., 4 (1998) 108.

Habit: Shrub or tree. Twigs hairy at least when young, tomentellous. Leaf blade abaxially glabrous (sometimes the midrib hairy), elliptic or obovate, 8–17 cm by, 2–6 cm, base cuneate or broadly cuneate, base angle 25–60 degrees, margin glandular dentate, denticulate, or crenate or entire, apex acuminate or acute, pairs of lateral veins 5–10, secondary veins transverse to nerves. Petiole 5–15 mm. Inflorescence a glomerule or fascicle, axis 0 cm. Bracts with bracteoles hairy outside, persistent. Flowers: Ovary glabrous or hairy, 1–1.5 mm high, calyx glabrous or with only a few hairs, calyx lobes 1.5–3.5 mm, corolla 4–5 mm, disk glabrous, flat, low cylindrical, or annular, stamens 30–80. Fruits cylindrical, 8–13 mm by, 2.5–4 mm.

Distribution — Outside Malesia: China, Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodja.

Image
•congestahabit.jpg.
•congestaleaf.jpg.
•congestatwig.jpg.
•congestainflor.jpg.
•congestafruit.jpg.

Symplocos cordifolia Tw.

Symplocos cordifolia Thw. Enum. Pl. Zeyl. (1860) 187. — Lodhra cordifolia Miers, J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 17 (1879) 301. — Symplocos macrophylla Wall. ex DC, var. cordifolia (Thw.) Noot. Rev. Sympl. (1975) 233.

Habit: Shrub or tree, 0–6 m tall. Twigs glabrous or hairy at least when young, patently or oblique hirsute, thick. Leaves crowded at the end of the branchlets or of the flushes in false whorls or evenly distributed, leaf blade abaxially glabrous (sometimes the midrib hairy), elliptic or obovate, 7–18.5 cm by, 3–9 cm, base cordate (sometimes obliquely) or auriculate, apex rounded or acute, acumen 0–5 mm, pairs of lateral veins 10–18, secondary veins transverse to nerves. Petiole 1–5 mm. Inflorescence a (branched) spike, sometimes much reduced, axis 0–8 cm, hairy (sometimes glabrescent in fruit), tomentose or villous or patently long hairy. Bracts 6–12 mm long; boat-shaped, bracteoles boat-shaped; bracteoles 3–8 mm, with bracteoles hairy outside, sericeous or hirsute, caducous under fruit (sometimes already under flower). Flowers: Ovary glabrous, 2 mm high, calyx hairy, appressedly sericeous or hirsute, 3–5 mm, calyx lobes 3–5 mm, semi-circular, not becoming longer by tearing, corolla 8 mm, disk glabrous, stamens 90–110, style with hairy base. Fruits ovoid or cylindrical or ellipsoid or oblong, 12–18 mm by, 6–7 mm, calyx lobes persistent.

Distribution — Outside Malesia: Ceylon.

Image
•cordifolhabit1.jpg.
•cordifolhabit2.jpg.
•cordifolleaf.jpg.
•cordifolinflor.jpg.
•cordifolflower.jpg. calyx from underside, ovary glabrous.
•cordifolfruit.jpg.

Symplocos coronata Thw. var. coronata

Symplocos coronata Thw. Enum. Pl. Zel. (1860) 187; Noot., Rev. Handb. Fl. Ceylon 3 (1981) 460. — Symplocos apicalis Thw. Enum. Pl. Zel. (1860) 187, incl. var. strigosa. — Lodhra apicalis Miers, J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 17 (1879) 302. — Lodhra coronata Miers l.c. — Symplocos macrophylla var. apicalis (Thw.) Noot. Rev. Sympl. (1975) 233, 234.

Habit: Tree (to 10 m), 0–10 m tall. Twigs hairy at least when young, pubescent or tomentose or villous or tomentellous (inserted only towards apex of flushes). Leaves crowded at the end of the branchlets or of the flushes in false whorls, leaf blade abaxially hairy beneath at least when young (handlens!), pubescent or pilose, elliptic to obovate, 13–45 cm by, 5–16 cm, base cuneate or cordate (sometimes obliquely) or rounded, margin glandular dentate, denticulate, or crenate or entire, apex shortly acuminate, acumen 5–15 mm, pairs of lateral veins 11–16, secondary veins transverse to nerves, reticulation on lower surface distinct. Petiole 5–15 mm. Inflorescence a (branched) spike, sometimes much reduced or a (branched) raceme, sometimes much reduced (from wood benaeth the upper wholrs of leaves), axis 5–13 cm, hairy (sometimes glabrescent in fruit), pubescent or tomentose. Bracts 4–7 mm long; broadly ovate, bracteoles broadly ovate; bracteoles 3–4 mm, with bracteoles hairy outside, sericeous, persistent. Pedicels 0–1 mm. Flowers: Ovary hairy, sericeous, 1 mm high, calyx hairy, 2–3 mm, calyx lobes 1–2.5 mm (rounded), not becoming longer by tearing, corolla 5–6 mm, disk hairy, 5-glandular or 5-stellate, stamens 8–120, style with hairy base. Fruits ovoid to cylindrical, 8–14 mm by, 6–7 mm, lengthwise grooved with a depression or transverse groove at one side near the base.

Distribution — Outside Malesia: Ceylon.

Image
•coron-coronhabit.jpg.
•coron-coronleaf.jpg.
•coron-coroninflor.jpg.
•coron-coronflower.jpg. with part of brateoles.
•coron-coronfruit.jpg. with bracteole.

Symplocos coronata Thw. var. glabrifolia (Thw.) Noot.

Symplocos coronata Thw. var. glabrifolia (Thw.) Noot., Rev. Handb. Fl. Ceylon 3 (1981) 460. — Symplocos apicalis Thw. Enum. Pl. Zeyl. (1860) 187 var. glabrifolia. — Symplocos glabrifolia Brand in Pflanzenreich Heft 6 (1901) 53.— Symplocos macrophylla var. apicalis (Thw.) Noot. Rev. Sympl. (1975) 233, 234.

.

Habit: Twigs glabrous or hairy at least when young, patently or oblique hirsute. Leaves crowded at the end of the branchlets or of the flushes in false whorls, leaf blade abaxially glabrous (sometimes the midrib hairy), obovate or narrowly obovate, 11–45 cm by, 6–15 cm, base cordate (sometimes obliquely) or rounded or auriculate, apex acuminate, acumen 7–15 mm, pairs of lateral veins 13–17, secondary veins transverse to nerves, reticulation on lower surface distinct, fine. Petiole 0–5 mm (-13). Inflorescence a (branched) spike, sometimes much reduced or a (branched) raceme, sometimes much reduced (from the axils of the leaves or from wood), hairy (sometimes glabrescent in fruit), (patently) hirsute. Bracts 5–15 mm long; boat-shaped, bracteoles ovate; bracteoles 3 mm, with bracteoles hairy outside, more or less patently hairy, persistent. Pedicels 0–1 mm. Flowers: Ovary hairy, sericeous, 102 mm high, calyx hairy, 2–4 mm, calyx lobes 1–4 mm (rounded), corolla 6 mm, disk hairy, 5-glandular or 5-stellate, stamens 80–120. Fruits ovoid or cylindrical, 8–14 mm by, 6–7 mm, lengthwise grooved with a depression or transverse groove at one side near the base.

Distribution — Outside Malesia: Ceylon.

Image
•coron-glabrihabit.jpg.
•coron-glabriflower.jpg.
•coron-glabrifruit.jpg.

Symplocos costata (Blume) Choisy

Symplocos costata (Blume) Choisy; Noot. Rev. Sympl. (1975) 179.

Habit: Tree, 0–20 m tall, by 25–50 cm diam. Twigs glabrous. Terminal buds with conspicuous leathery scales, growth discontinuous, glabrous or more or less appressedly pilose (5–10 mm long, leaving obvious scars). Leaf blade abaxially glabrous (sometimes the midrib hairy), elliptic or ovate or obovate, 6–21 cm by, 2–7 cm, base cuneate or attenuate-cuneate, base angle 25–40 degrees, margin glandular dentate, denticulate, or crenate or entire, apex shortly acuminate or acuminate, acumen 6–15 mm, pairs of lateral veins 8–14, intramarginal vein present, secondary veins transverse to nerves, reticulation on lower surface distinct, fine. Petiole 10–25 mm. Inflorescence a spike, forming a pseudo cone in bud, axis 0–4 cm, hairy (sometimes glabrescent in fruit), pubescent or tomentose. Bracts 5–8 mm long; boat-shaped, bracteoles boat-shaped; bracteoles 2–3 mm, with bracteoles hairy outside, pubescent or sericeous, caducous under fruit (sometimes already under flower). Flowers: Ovary glabrous, 0.5 mm high, calyx glabrous or with only a few hairs, 2.5–3 mm, calyx lobes 2.5–3 mm, ovate or triangular, not becoming longer by tearing, corolla 3–5 mm, disk hairy, 5-glandular or 5-stellate, stamens 60–120, style glabrous or with a few hairs towards base. Fruits cylindrical or ellipsoid or oblong, 20–40 mm by, 8–20 mm, with high ridges or ribs, locules 3 (with central canal, often only one cell wll developed).

Distribution — In Malesia: Java (West).

Image
•costata.jpg. (a, b: den berger 559; c,d: Koorders 10996).
•costatahabit.jpg.
•costataleaf.jpg.
•costataflower.jpg.
•costatafruit.jpg.

Symplocos costatifructa Noot.

Symplocos costatifructa Noot. Blumea 31 (1986) 277. — Type: Paul Chai Symplocos 34756 (L, iso K, Kep. SAR). Sarawak, Mata kuching

.

Habit: Tree, 3–8 m tall. Twigs glabrous, thick (yellowish green when young, becoming blackish brown). Leaf blade abaxially glabrous (sometimes the midrib hairy), narrowly elliptic to elliptic or narrowly obovate to obovate, 13–28 cm by, 4.5–8.6 cm, base cuneate or attenuate-cuneate, margin glandular dentate, denticulate, or crenate or entire, apex acuminate, acumen 10–25 mm, pairs of lateral veins 6–10, intramarginal vein present or at least towards the apex, secondary veins transverse to nerves, reticulation on lower surface distinct, fine. Petiole 8–20 mm. Inflorescence a (branched) spike, sometimes much reduced or a glomerule or fascicle, glabrous. Caducous under fruit (sometimes already under flower). Flowers: Ovary glabrous, calyx glabrous or with only a few hairs. Fruits ovoid (ribs clearly visible), 20–30 mm by, 10–15 mm, calyx lobes fallen, stone ovoid, with high ridges or ribs, locules 1. Seeds per locule 1; seed and/or embryo straight.

Distribution — In Malesia: Borneo (Sabah, Brunei, Sarawak).

Ecology — Primary kerangas and mixed dipterocarp forest up to 400 m. Fr. March-August.

Image
•costatihabit2.jpg.
•costatihabit.jpg.

Symplocos crassipes Clarke var. brandiana (King & Gamble) Noot.

Symplocos crassipes Clarke var. brandiana (King & Gamble) Noot. Rev. Sympl. (1975) 182.

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Habit: Tree, 3–8 m tall. Twigs hairy at least when young, patently long hairy or with two kinds of indument, pubescent-tomentose and long hairy, the longer hairs 1.5–2 mm. Terminal buds with long hairs. Leaves spirally arranged or distichously arranged, leaf blade abaxially hairy beneath at least when young (handlens!), pubescent or pilose, elliptic to narrowly elliptic or ovate to narrowly ovate, 5.5–18 cm by, 1.7–6 cm, base cordate (sometimes obliquely) or rounded, base angle 90–180 degrees, margin glandular dentate, denticulate, or crenate, apex acuminate or long acuminate, acumen 5–17 mm, pairs of lateral veins 6–10, intramarginal vein present, secondary veins transverse to nerves, reticulation on lower surface distinct, coarse. Petiole 1–2 mm. Inflorescence a (branched) spike, sometimes much reduced or a (branched) raceme, sometimes much reduced or a glomerule or fascicle. Bracts 3–8 mm long; narrowly ovate, bracteoles narrowly ovate; bracteoles 3–8 mm, with bracteoles hairy outside, long pilose, persistent. Pedicels 0–1 mm. Flowers: Ovary hairy, densely appressedly long hairy, 1 mm high, calyx hairy, densely appressedly long hairy, 2.5–3 mm, calyx lobes 2.5–3 mm, ovate, disk glabrous, 5-glandular or 5-stellate, stamens 60–100, style glabrous. Fruits obovoid or cylindrical or ellipsoid or oblong, 13–18 mm by, 3–5 mm, mesocarp thick, chartaceous, with c. 12 lengthwise grooves, locules 1–3. Seed and/or embryo straight.

Distribution — In Malesia: Malay Peninsula.

Image
•crassi-brandianhabit.jpg.
•crassi-brandiantwig.jpg.
•crassi-brandianleaf.jpg.
•crassi-brandianflowers.jpg.
•crassi-brandianfruit.jpg.

Symplocos crassilimba Merr.

Symplocos crassilimba Merr., Noot. Rev. Sympl. (1975) 180; Wu & Noot, Fl. China 15 (1996) 247.

.

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Habit: Tree. Twigs glabrous. Leaf blade abaxially glabrous (sometimes the midrib hairy), elliptic or obovate, 6–14.5 cm by, 3–7 cm, base cuneate or attenuate-cuneate to broadly cuneate to rounded, base angle 30–90 degrees, apex acuminate, pairs of lateral veins 7–11. Petiole 15–30 mm. Inflorescence a (branched) raceme, sometimes much reduced or a raceme, forming a pseudocone in bud, axis 4–8 cm, glabrous. Bracts 5–9 mm long, with bracteoles glabrous outside (sometimes ciliate or ciliolate), caducous under fruit (sometimes already under flower). Flowers: Ovary glabrous, 1.5–2 mm high, calyx glabrous or with only a few hairs, calyx lobes 1.5 mm, corolla 6–7 mm, disk glabrous, stamens 80–120. Fruits obovoid or ellipsoid or oblong, 15–20 mm by, 6–8 mm.

Distribution — Outside Malesia: China (Hainan, ?Kwangtung).

Image
•crassilimba.jpg.
•crassilimbleaf.JPG.
•crassilimbainfl.JPG.
•crassiliminfl2.JPG.
•crassilimfruit.JPG. young fruit.

Symplocos crassipes Clarke var. crassipes

Symplocos crassipes Clarke var. crassipes Noot. Rev. Sympl. (1975) 180.

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Habit: Tree, 3–8 m tall. Twigs hairy at least when young, appressedly long hairy or patently long hairy or with two kinds of indument, pubescent-tomentose and long hairy, the longer hairs 1.5–2 mm. Terminal buds with long hairs. Leaves spirally arranged or distichously arranged, leaf blade abaxially hairy beneath at least when young (handlens!), finely appressedly pilose (hairs inconspicuous), elliptic, 7–18 cm by, 2.8–8 cm, base cuneate or cordate (sometimes obliquely) or rounded, base angle 50–110 degrees, margin glandular dentate, denticulate, or crenate, apex acuminate, acumen 15 mm, pairs of lateral veins 4–12, intramarginal vein present, secondary veins transverse to nerves, reticulation on lower surface fine reticulation only visible with transmitted light, fine. Petiole 1–6 mm (sometimes much swollen). Inflorescence a (branched) spike, sometimes much reduced or a (branched) raceme, sometimes much reduced or a glomerule or fascicle. Bracts 3–8 mm long; narrowly ovate, bracteoles narrowly ovate; bracteoles 3–8 mm, with bracteoles hairy outside, long pilose, persistent. Pedicels 0–1 mm. Flowers: Ovary hairy, pubescent or densely appressedly long hairy, 1 mm high, calyx hairy, densely appressedly long hairy or appressedly puberulous, 2.5–3 mm, calyx lobes 2.5–3 mm, ovate, disk glabrous, 5-glandular or 5-stellate, stamens 60–100, style glabrous. Fruits cylindrical or narrowly ovoid, 12–18 mm by, 3–5 mm, mesocarp thick, chartaceous, with c. 12 lengthwise grooves, locules 1–3. Seed and/or embryo straight.

Distribution — In Malesia: Malay Peninsula.

Image
•crassipes.jpg.
•crassi-crashabit.jpg.
•crassi-crasleaf.jpg.
•crassi-crastwig.jpg.
•crassi-crasinflor.jpg.
•crassi-crasflowe.jpg.
•crassi-crasfruit.jpg.

Symplocos crassipes Clarke var. curtisii (Oliv.) Noot.

Symplocos crassipes Clarke var. curtisii (Oliv.) Noot. Rev. Sympl. (1975) 183.

Habit: Shrub or tree, 0–5 m tall. Twigs glabrous or hairy at least when young, pubescent or with two kinds of indument, pubescent-tomentose and long hairy, the longer hairs 1.5–2 mm. Terminal buds with long hairs or pubescent. Leaves spirally arranged or distichously arranged, leaf blade abaxially glabrous (sometimes the midrib hairy) or hairy beneath at least when young (handlens!), sparsely appressedly pilose (sometimes nearly glabrous), elliptic to ovate or narrowly elliptic to narrowly ovate, 8.5–18 cm by, 3–8.5 cm, base cuneate or attenuate-cuneate, base angle 25–90 degrees, margin glandular dentate, denticulate, or crenate or entire, apex acuminate or long acuminate, acumen 5–30 mm, pairs of lateral veins 4–9, intramarginal vein present, secondary veins transverse to nerves, reticulation on lower surface distinct or rather obscure, fine. Petiole 3–13 mm. Inflorescence a (branched) spike, sometimes much reduced or a (branched) raceme, sometimes much reduced or a glomerule or fascicle, axis 0–1–2 cm, glabrous or hairy (sometimes glabrescent in fruit), puberulous. Bracts 1–1.5 mm long; ovate or (narrowly) triangular, bracteoles ovate or (narrowly) triangular; bracteoles 1 mm, with bracteoles hairy outside, pubescent, persistent. Flowers: Ovary hairy, pubescent, 1.5–2 mm high, calyx glabrous or with only a few hairs or hairy, appressedly pubescent, 1.5–2 mm, calyx lobes 0.5–1.5 mm, ovate, becoming longer by tearing, corolla 3.5–4 mm, disk glabrous, 5-glandular or 5-stellate, stamens 30–75, style glabrous. Fruits cylindrical or ellipsoid or oblong (narrowed towards the apex, bright blue), 13–18 mm by, 3–5 mm, mesocarp thick, chartaceous, with c. 12 lengthwise grooves, locules 1–3. Seed and/or embryo straight.

Distribution — Outside Malesia: Thailand; — In Malesia: Sumatra, Malay Peninsula, Borneo.

Image
•crassipes.jpg.
•crassi-curthabit.jpg.
•crassi-curtleaf.jpg.
•crassi-curtinflor.jpg.
•crassi-curtfruit.jpg.

Symplocos crassipes Clarke var. ernae (Brand) Noot.

Symplocos crassipes Clarke var. ernae (Brand) Noot. Rev. Sympl. (1975) 184.

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Habit: Shrub or tree, 0–18 m tall. Twigs glabrous or hairy at least when young, pubescent or appressedly long hairy or with two kinds of indument, pubescent-tomentose and long hairy, the longer hairs 1.5–2 mm. Terminal buds pubescent. Leaves spirally arranged or distichously arranged, leaf blade abaxially hairy beneath at least when young (handlens!), pilose or sparsely appressedly pilose (sometimes nearly glabrous), elliptic to ovate or narrowly elliptic to narrowly ovate, 6–23 cm by, 2–7 cm, base cuneate or attenuate-cuneate, base angle 30–45 degrees, margin glandular dentate, denticulate, or crenate or entire, apex acuminate or caudate, acumen 10–25 mm, pairs of lateral veins 3–8, intramarginal vein present, secondary veins transverse to nerves, reticulation on lower surface distinct or fine reticulation only visible with transmitted light, fine. Petiole 3–11 mm. Inflorescence a (branched) spike, sometimes much reduced or a (branched) raceme, sometimes much reduced or a glomerule or fascicle, hairy (sometimes glabrescent in fruit), pubescent. Bracts 1 mm long; boat-shaped or broadly ovate, bracteoles broadly ovate or boat-shaped; bracteoles 1 mm, with bracteoles hairy outside, pubescent, persistent. Flowers: Ovary hairy, pubescent, 1–1.5 mm high, calyx hairy, appressedly pubescent, 1.25–2 mm, calyx lobes 1–1.5 mm, ovate, not becoming longer by tearing or becoming longer by tearing, corolla 3–5 mm, disk glabrous, 5-glandular or 5-stellate, stamens 30–75, style glabrous or with hairy base. Fruits cylindrical (narrowed towards the apex, bright blue), 13–18 mm by, 3–5 mm, mesocarp thick, chartaceous, with c. 12 lengthwise grooves, locules 3. Seed and/or embryo straight.

Distribution — In Malesia: Malay Peninsula, Borneo.

Image
•crassipes_2.jpg.
•crassi-ernaehabit.jpg.
•crassi-ernaeleaf.jpg.
•crassi-ernaeinflor.jpg.
•crassi-ernaeflowers.jpg.
•crassi-ernaefruits.jpg.

Symplocos crassipes Clarke var. havilandii (Brand) Noot.

Symplocos crassipes Clarke var. havilandii (Brand) Noot. Rev. Sympl. (1975) 184.

Habit: Tree, 3–8 m tall. Twigs hairy at least when young, with two kinds of indument, pubescent-tomentose and long hairy, the longer hairs 1.5–2 mm. Terminal buds pubescent. Leaves spirally arranged or distichously arranged, leaf blade abaxially hairy beneath at least when young (handlens!), pilose, ovate, 2.7–6 cm by, 1.1–2.8 cm, base rounded, base angle 60–90 degrees, margin glandular dentate, denticulate, or crenate, apex long acuminate, acumen 5–15 mm, pairs of lateral veins 3–6, intramarginal vein present, secondary veins transverse to nerves, reticulation on lower surface rather obscure, fine (epidermis wrinkled by the very dense reticulation). Petiole 1.5–3 mm. Inflorescence flowers solitary or up to 3 from the axil of a leave (if flowers solitary often several to many bracts). Bracts 2 mm long; semi-circular, bracteoles ovate; bracteoles 1.5 mm, with bracteoles hairy outside, pubescent or long pilose, persistent. Pedicels 0–1 mm. Flowers: Ovary hairy, pubescent, 1 mm high, calyx hairy, appressedly pubescent, 2 mm, calyx lobes 1.5 mm, ovate, not becoming longer by tearing, corolla 2.5 mm, disk glabrous, 5-glandular or 5-stellate, stamens 30–40, style with hairy base. Fruits cylindrical (narrowed towards the apex, bright blue), 13–18 mm by, 3–5 mm, mesocarp thick, chartaceous, with c. 12 lengthwise grooves, locules 1–3. Seed and/or embryo straight.

Distribution — In Malesia: Borneo.

Image
•crassipes_2.jpg.
•crassi-havilhabit.jpg.
•crassi-havilleaf.jpg.
•crassi-havilflower.jpg.

Symplocos crassipes Clarke var. penangiana (King & Gamble) Noot.

Symplocos crassipes Clarke var. penangiana (King & Gamble) Noot. Rev. Sympl. (1975) 185.

Habit: Shrub or tree, 0–10 m tall. Twigs hairy at least when young, tomentose or pilose (densely, patently, dark brown). Terminal buds with long hairs. Leaves spirally arranged or distichously arranged, leaf blade abaxially hairy beneath at least when young (handlens!), pilose, adaxially glabrous or hairy at least when young, narrowly elliptic, 6–27 cm by, 2.5–8 cm, base cuneate or rounded, base angle 40–90 degrees, margin glandular dentate, denticulate, or crenate (appressedly long hairy beneath), apex long acuminate or caudate, acumen 10–40 mm, pairs of lateral veins 6–11, intramarginal vein present, secondary veins transverse to nerves, reticulation on lower surface distinct, fine. Petiole 2–10 mm. Inflorescence a (branched) spike, sometimes much reduced or a glomerule or fascicle, hairy (sometimes glabrescent in fruit), villous (hairs 1–4 mm). Bracts 1–7 mm long; narrowly semi-elliptic or narrowly ovate, bracteoles narrowly ovate; bracteoles 1–7 mm, with bracteoles hairy outside, long pilose, persistent. Flowers: Ovary hairy, (sparsely) appressedly long dark brown hairy, 1–1.5 mm high, calyx hairy, densely appressedly long hairy, 1.5–4 mm, calyx lobes 1.5–4 mm, ovate, corolla 3–6 mm, disk glabrous, 5-glandular or 5-stellate, stamens 30–120, style with hairy base. Fruits cylindrical (narrowed towards the apex, bright blue), 13–18 mm by, 3–5 mm, mesocarp thick, chartaceous, with c. 12 lengthwise grooves, locules 1–3. Seed and/or embryo straight.

Distribution — In Malesia: Malay Peninsula.

Image
•crassi_penhabit.jpg.
•crassi_penleaf.jpg.
•crassi_pentwig.jpg.
•crassi_peninfl.jpg.
•crassipes.jpg.

Symplocos crassipes Clarke var. rufomarginata Noot.

Symplocos crassipes Clarke var. rufomarginata Noot. Rev. Sympl. (1975) 185.

Habit: Shrub or tree, 0–5 m tall. Twigs hairy at least when young, pubescent or with two kinds of indument, pubescent-tomentose and long hairy, the longer hairs 1.5–2 mm. Terminal buds pubescent. Leaves spirally arranged or distichously arranged, leaf blade abaxially hairy beneath at least when young (handlens!), pilose, elliptic to ovate, 5.5–11.5 cm by, 2–3.5 cm, base cuneate, base angle 40–60 degrees, margin glandular dentate, denticulate, or crenate (densely appressedly rufous hary beneath), apex long acuminate or caudate, acumen 15–25 mm, pairs of lateral veins 4–6, intramarginal vein present, secondary veins transverse to nerves, reticulation on lower surface rather obscure or fine reticulation only visible with transmitted light, fine. Petiole 1.5–3 mm. Inflorescence a (branched) spike, sometimes much reduced or flowers solitary or up to 3 from the axil of a leave (if flowers solitary often several to many bracts) or a glomerule or fascicle, hairy (sometimes glabrescent in fruit). Bracts 3 mm long; semi-elliptic or broadly semi-elliptic, bracteoles elliptic or broadly elliptic; bracteoles 3 mm, with bracteoles hairy outside, long pilose, persistent. Flowers: Ovary hairy, densely appressedly long hairy, 1 mm high, calyx hairy, densely appressedly long hairy, 2 mm, calyx lobes 2 mm, semi-circular, not becoming longer by tearing, corolla 2.5 mm, disk glabrous, 5-glandular or 5-stellate, stamens 20–30, style hairy halfway up. Fruits cylindrical (narrowed towards the apex, bright blue), 13–18 mm by, 3–5 mm, mesocarp thick, chartaceous, with c. 12 lengthwise grooves, locules 1–3. Seed and/or embryo straight.

Distribution — In Malesia: Borneo.

Image
•crassipes_2.jpg.
•crassi-rufohabit.jpg.
•crassi-rufoleaf.jpg. margin beneath densely hairy.
•crassi-rufoflower.jpg.
•crassi-rufofruit.jpg.

Symplocos crassiramifera Noot.

Symplocos crassiramifera Noot. Rev. Sympl. (1975) 177; Brunonia 4 (1981) 313.

Habit: Shrub or tree (slender, little branched up to 6 m). Twigs hairy at least when young, tomentose (rather thick). Leaf blade abaxially hairy beneath at least when young (handlens!), pubescent (sparsely), narrowly elliptic to narrowly obovate, 20- 30–45 cm by, 4–8.5 cm, base cuneate or rounded, margin entire (revolute), apex acuminate, acumen 10–20 mm, pairs of lateral veins 15–22, intramarginal vein present, close to the margin. Petiole 10–20 mm (stout). Inflorescence a (branched) spike, sometimes much reduced (From the axils of the leaves or from wood), axis 3–15 cm, hairy (sometimes glabrescent in fruit), villous (brown). Bracts 2 mm long; ovate, bracteoles ovate; bracteoles 2 mm, with bracteoles hairy outside, pilose (appressedly, brown), persistent. Flowers: Ovary glabrous, 1 mm high, calyx hairy, 1.5–2 mm, calyx lobes 1 mm (appressedly brown pubescent), corolla 4–5 mm, flat, low cylindrical, or annular, stamens 20–30, style with hairy base. Fruits flask-shaped, ampulliform or ellipsoid ampulliform, 7–10 mm by, 4–5 mm. Seeds per locule 1; seed and/or embryo curved (in mature state the U-shaped embryo is embedded in a fused almost globular albumen).

Distribution — Outside Malesia: Australia (North Queensland, Mossman).

Ecology — rain forest, 350–600 m.

Image
•crassiramhabit.jpg.
•crassiraminflor.jpg.
•crassiramflowers.jpg.

Symplocos cuneata Thw. var. cuneata

Symplocos cuneata Thw., Enum. Pl. Zeyl. 186.1860; Clarke in Hook f., Fl. Br. Ind. 3: 584. 1882; Trimen, Handb. Fl. Ceylon 3: 107. 1895; Brand in Pflanzenr. Heft 6: 61. 1901; Noot., Rev. Handb. Flora Ceylon 3 (1981) 474. — Lodhra cuneata Miers, J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 17: 301. 1879. — Symplocos macrophylla var. cuneata (Thw.) Noot., Rev. Sympl. 228. 1975.

Habit: Tree, 0–15 m tall, by 15–40 cm diam. Twigs hairy at least when young, villous. Leaf blade abaxially hairy beneath at least when young (handlens!), elliptic or narrowly elliptic, 6–14 cm by, 1.7–5 cm, base cuneate or attenuate-cuneate, apex acuminate or acute, pairs of lateral veins 6–10, intramarginal vein present, secondary veins transverse to nerves, reticulation on lower surface distinct, fine. Petiole 3–14 mm. Inflorescence a (branched) spike, sometimes much reduced or a (branched) raceme, sometimes much reduced, axis 0–5 cm, hairy (sometimes glabrescent in fruit), pubescent. Bracts 3–6 mm long; boat-shaped, bracteoles boat-shaped; bracteoles 2–4 mm, with bracteoles hairy outside, pubescent, caducous under fruit (sometimes already under flower). Pedicels 0–2 mm. Flowers: Ovary hairy, sericeous, 1–1.5 mm high, calyx hairy, 3–4 mm, calyx lobes 2–4 mm, not becoming longer by tearing, corolla 4–5 mm, disk hairy, 5-glandular or 5-stellate, stamens 80–120, style with hairy base. Fruits cylindrical, 12–17 mm by, 4 mm, (irregularly, shallowly) length-wise grooved.

Distribution — Outside Malesia: Ceylon.

Image
•cunea-cuneahabit.jpg.
•cunea-cunealeaf.jpg.
•cunea-cuneainfl.jpg.
•cunea-cuneaflower.jpg.

Symplocos cuneata Thw. var. acuta

Symplocos cuneata Thw. var. acuta Noot., Rev. Handb. Flora Ceylon 3 (1981) 475. — Symplocos acuta Thw., Enum. Pl. Zeyl. 186.1860; Clarke in Hook. f., Fl. Br. Ind. 3: 584. 1882; Trimen, Handb. Fl. Ceylon 3: 106. 1895; Brand in Pflanzenr. Heft 6: 62. 190 1. — Lodhra acuta Miers, 1.c. — Symplocos macrophylla var. acuta (Thw.) Noot., Rev. Sympl. 227. 1975.

Habit: Tree, 0–15 m tall, by 20 cm diam. Twigs hairy at least when young, villous. Leaf blade abaxially glabrous (sometimes the midrib hairy) or hairy beneath at least when young (handlens!), elliptic or narrowly elliptic, 6–14 cm by, 2.5–5 cm, base cuneate or attenuate-cuneate, apex acuminate or acute, pairs of lateral veins 6–10, intramarginal vein present, secondary veins transverse to nerves, reticulation on lower surface distinct, fine. Petiole 3–14 mm. Inflorescence a (branched) raceme, sometimes much reduced, axis 0–2.5 cm, hairy (sometimes glabrescent in fruit), pubescent. Bracts 3–6 mm long; boat-shaped, bracteoles boat-shaped; bracteoles 2–4 mm, with bracteoles hairy outside, pubescent. Pedicels 0–2 mm. Flowers: Ovary hairy, sericeous, 1 mm high, calyx glabrous or with only a few hairs or thinly appressedly pubescent, 3 mm, calyx lobes 2–3 mm, not becoming longer by tearing, corolla 4–5 mm, disk hairy, 5-glandular or 5-stellate, stamens 80–120, style with hairy base. Fruits cylindrical, 12–17 mm by, 4 mm, (irregularly, shallowly) length-wise grooved.

Distribution — Outside Malesia: Ceylon.

Image
•cunea-acutahabit.jpg.
•cunea-acutleaf.jpg.
•cunea-acutcalyx.jpg. calyx glabrous at least in upper half.

Symplocos cyanocarpa C.T. White

Symplocos cyanocarpa C.T. White, Noot. Rev. Sympl. (1975) 186; Brunonia 4 (1981) 314.

Habit: Shrub (or treelike to 5 m tall). Twigs glabrous. Leaf blade abaxially glabrous (sometimes the midrib hairy), narrowly elliptic to elliptic or narrowly obovate to obovate, 8–23 cm by, 2.5–8 cm, base cuneate or narrowly cuneate, margin glandular dentate, denticulate, or crenate or entire, apex acuminate, acumen 10–20 mm, pairs of lateral veins 7–15, intramarginal vein present. Petiole 3–10 mm. Inflorescence flowers solitary or up to 3 from the axil of a leave (if flowers solitary often several to many bracts) or a glomerule or fascicle. Bracts 1–2 mm long; ovate (several), bracteoles ovate; bracteoles 1–2 mm, with bracteoles hairy outside, puberulous or pubescent (or only sparsely so), persistent. Flowers: Flowers functionally unisexual, ovary hairy, puberulous (appressedly), 0.75–1 mm high, calyx hairy (appressedly puberulous), 1.5–2 mm, calyx lobes 1–1.5 mm (ovate, acute), corolla 3–4 mm, stamens 15–30, filaments shortly pilose, style glabrous or hairy. Fruits cylindrical or ellipsoid or oblong or spindle shaped, 15–25 mm by, 3–7 mm, stone cylindrical or spindle shaped. Seeds per locule 1; seed and/or embryo straight.

Distribution — Outside Malesia: Australia (North Queensland).

Ecology — Rain forest, alt. up to 900 m.

Image
•cyanofruit.jpg.
•cyanohabit.jpg.
•cyanoleaf.jpg.
•cyanoinfl.jpg.
•cyanofl.jpg. calyx appressedly puberulous.

Symplocos cylindraceae Noot.

Symplocos cylindraceae Noot. Rev. Sympl. (1975) 187..

Habit: Tree, 10–30 m tall. Twigs glabrous or hairy at least when young, pubescent. Terminal buds pubescent. Leaf blade abaxially glabrous (sometimes the midrib hairy) (but midrib 9and nerves) minutely hairy), elliptic, 9–16 cm by, 3.5–9.5 cm, base cuneate or attenuate-cuneate or rounded, base angle 40–90 degrees, margin glandular dentate, denticulate, or crenate, apex acuminate, acumen 3–20 mm, pairs of lateral veins 6–9, intramarginal vein present, reticulation on lower surface distinct, coarse. Petiole 7–20 mm. Inflorescence a panicle (of racemes), axis 0–8 cm, hairy (sometimes glabrescent in fruit), minutely pilose. Bracts 3 mm long; ovate, bracteoles ovate; bracteoles 2 mm, with bracteoles glabrous outside (sometimes ciliate or ciliolate) or hairy outside, minutely pilose. Pedicels 0.5–3 mm. Flowers: Ovary glabrous or hairy, pubescent, 1–1.5 mm high, calyx glabrous or with only a few hairs or hairy, sparsely appressedly pilose, 2–3.5 mm, calyx lobes 2–3.5 mm, semi-circular or semi-elliptic, not becoming longer by tearing, corolla 5–6 mm, disk hairy, 5-glandular or 5-stellate, stamens 100–120, style hairy. Fruits cylindrical, 15 mm by, lengthwise ribbed, locules 3. Seeds per locule 1, or 2, or 3; seed and/or embryo straight.

Distribution — In Malesia: New Guinea.

Image
•cylindrahabit.jpg.
•cylindraleaf.jpg.
•cylindrainfl.jpg.
•cylindracalyx.jpg. ovary glabrous or pubescent.
•cylindrafruit.jpg.

Symplocos deflexa Stapf

Symplocos deflexa Stapf, Noot. Rev. Sympl. (1975) 188.

.

Habit: Tree, 0–6 m tall. Twigs hairy at least when young, pilose (patently brown hairy, zigzag). Terminal buds (densely) appressedly pilose. Leaves distichously arranged, leaf blade abaxially hairy beneath at least when young (handlens!), pilose (rather densely, especially towards the margin), elliptic, 3–5 cm by, 1.5–2.5 cm, base attenuate-cuneate or rounded, base angle 50–90 degrees, margin glandular dentate, denticulate, or crenate (recurved to revolute), apex acuminate, tip acute or obtuse, acumen 3–9 mm, pairs of lateral veins 5–7, intramarginal vein present or absent, secondary veins transverse to nerves, reticulation on lower surface distinct. Petiole 1–3 mm. Inflorescence a (branched) raceme, sometimes much reduced (up to 6-flowered), axis 1–4 cm, hairy (sometimes glabrescent in fruit), (brown) pilose. Bracts 5 mm long; boat-shaped, bracteoles boat-shaped; bracteoles 3 mm, with bracteoles hairy outside, pilose. Pedicels 2–4 mm. Flowers: Ovary hairy, 1.5–2 mm high, calyx hairy, pilose, 1.5 mm, calyx lobes 1.5 mm, triangular or semi-elliptic, corolla 4–6 mm, disk hairy, flat, low cylindrical, or annular, 5-glandular or 5-stellate, stamens 60–90, style hairy halfway up. Fruits ovoid or ellipsoid or oblong, 8–12 mm by, 4–5.5 mm, lengthwise ribbed.

Distribution — In Malesia: Borneo (Mt. Kinabalu).

Image
•delfexahabit.jpg.
•deflexaleaf.jpg. margin sharply glandular dentate.
•deflexainfl.jpg.
•deflexaflower.jpg.
•deflexafruit.jpg.

Symplocos disepala Guillaumin

Symplocos disepala Guillaumin, Noot. Rev. Sympl. (1975) 188; Noot. & Vidal, Fl. Cambodge, Laos & Vietnam 16 (1977) 32.

Habit: Tree, 0–12 m tall, by 70 cm diam. Twigs glabrous or glabrous but base of young twigs hairy between scars of bud scales. Terminal buds with conspicuous leathery scales, growth discontinuous, outer scales glabrous, the inner scales often hairy on midrib and apex. Leaf blade abaxially glabrous (sometimes the midrib hairy), narrowly elliptic or narrowly obovate, 10–20 cm by, 4–5 cm, base cuneate, base angle 30–40 degrees, margin glandular dentate, denticulate, or crenate, apex acute, acumen 0–2 mm, pairs of lateral veins 11–15, intramarginal vein present, close to the margin, reticulation on lower surface distinct, fine. Petiole 8–17 mm. Inflorescence a (branched) raceme, sometimes much reduced or a raceme, forming a pseudocone in bud, axis 0–5 cm, sparsely long soft hairy towards the base. Bracts 0–10 mm long, bracteoles 3 mm, with bracteoles bracts hairy outside, bracteoles glabrous but often ciliate, pubescent or sericeous, caducous under fruit (sometimes already under flower). Pedicels 1 mm. Flowers: Ovary glabrous, 1.5–2 mm high, calyx hairy or glabrous but the lobes hairy, pubescent only towards the apex, 4–5 mm, symmetrically cleft into two large lobes, the original lobes not distinct, disk glabrous, 5-glandular or 5-stellate, stamens 100–150, style glabrous. Fruits cylindrical or ellipsoid or oblong, 30–40 mm by, 10 mm, mesocarp thick, corky or woody, smooth, locules 3 (with a central canal). Seeds per locule 3; seed and/or embryo straight.

Distribution — Outside Malesia: Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodja (Annam).

Image
•disepal_habit.jpg.
•disepal_leaf.jpg.
•disepal_inf.jpg.
•disepal_fl.jpg.
•disepala.jpg.

Symplocos diversifolia Brand

Symplocos diversifolia Brand, Pfl. R. Heft 6 (1901) 62; Noot., Rev. Handb. Flora Ceylon 3 (1981) 474. — Symplocos jucunda var. diversifolia Alston in Trimen, Handb. Fl. Ceylon 6 (1931) 187. — Symplocos macrophylla Wall ex DC var. macrophylla p.p. Noot., Rev. Sympl. (1975) 227.— Type: Thwaites C.P. 3454 (K, iso BM, CGE, P) Ceylon, Saffragam.

Symplocos diversifolia var. appressa Noot.¸Rev. handb. Flora Ceylon 3 (1981) 476. — Type: Nooteboom 3322 (L, iso PDA, US) Ceylon, Kurulugala

.

Habit: Shrub or tree, 1–5 m tall. Twigs hairy at least when young, pubescent or tomentose or pilose, hairs 0.5–1 mm, slender or normal. Leaf blade abaxially hairy beneath at least when young (handlens!), finely appressedly pilose or pilose, elliptic or narrowly elliptic or ovate or narrowly ovate or obovate, 4.5–12 cm by, 1–4 cm, base cuneate or cordate (sometimes obliquely) or rounded, base angle 40–100 degrees, margin glandular dentate, denticulate, or crenate or entire, apex acuminate or acute, tip acute, acumen 0–16 mm, pairs of lateral veins 5–10, intramarginal vein present, close to the margin, secondary veins transverse to nerves, reticulation on lower surface distinct, coarse. Petiole 2–6 mm. Inflorescence a (branched) spike, sometimes much reduced or a (branched) raceme, sometimes much reduced or flowers solitary or up to 3 from the axil of a leave (if flowers solitary often several to many bracts) or a glomerule or fascicle or a fascicle of racemes, axis 0–5 cm, hairy (sometimes glabrescent in fruit), pubescent or villous. Bracts 3–5 mm long; broadly ovate or narrowly ovate, bracteoles narrowly ovate or linear; bracteoles 2–3 mm, with bracteoles hairy outside, pubescent or long pilose, caducous under fruit (sometimes already under flower), ovary visible. Pedicels 0–1 mm. Flowers: Ovary hairy, pubescent or densely appressedly long hairy, 1–2 mm high, calyx hairy, densely appressedly long hairy, 2–3 mm, calyx lobes 1.5–2.5 mm, ovate or triangular or narrowly ovate, not becoming longer by tearing, corolla 3 mm, 5 lobed, disk hairy, 5-glandular or 5-stellate, stamens 25–60, style with hairy base. Fruits ovoid or cylindrical or ellipsoid or oblong or narrowly ovoid or spindle shaped, 10 mm by, 4–5 mm, calyx lobes persistent.

Distribution — Outside Malesia: Ceylon.

Image
•diversihabit.jpg. Symplocos diversifolia Brand.
•diversileaf.jpg.
•diversiinfl.jpg.
•diversiflower.jpg.
•diversifruit.jpg.

Symplocos dolichotricha Merr.

Symplocos dolichotricha Merr., Noot. Rev. Sympl. (1975) 189; Noot. & Vidal, Fl. Cambodge, Laos & Vietnam 16 (1977) 33; Wu & Noot, Fl. China 15 (1996) 250.

Habit: Tree. Twigs hairy at least when young, pubescent. Leaf blade abaxially hairy beneath at least when young (handlens!), (young) leaves with long hairs, adaxially hairy at least when young (when young), elliptic or narrowly elliptic, 6–16.5 cm by, 2–5.5 cm, base cuneate or broadly cuneate or cordate (sometimes obliquely) or rounded, base angle 40–120 degrees, margin glandular dentate, denticulate, or crenate or entire, apex acuminate, pairs of lateral veins 4–8. Petiole 3–7 mm. Inflorescence a glomerule or fascicle, axis 1 cm. Bracts 1–2 mm long, with bracteoles hairy outside, persistent. Flowers: Ovary glabrous, 1–2 mm high, calyx glabrous or with only a few hairs or hairy, calyx lobes 1–1.5 mm, corolla 3–4 mm, disk hairy, stamens 25–35. Fruits subglobose or flask-shaped, ampulliform or ellipsoid ampulliform, 4–6 mm by, 4–5.5 mm.

Distribution — Outside Malesia: China, Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodja (Tonkin, Kwangsi, Kwangtung).

Image
•dolichohabit.jpg.
•dolicholeaf.jpg.
•dolichohairs.jpg.
•dolichoinfl.jpg.
•dolichocalyx.jpg.
•dolichofruit.jpg.

Symplocos doormannensis Brand

Symplocos doormannensis Brand, Nova Guinea 14 (1924) 188. — Symplocos cochinchinensis var. doormannensis Noot. Rev. Sympl. (1975) 168. — Lectotype (here chosen): H.J. Lam 1985 Doormantop, New Guinea.

Habit: Twigs glabrous or hairy at least when young. Terminal buds more or less appressedly pilose. Leaf blade abaxially glabrous (sometimes the midrib hairy), elliptic (coriaceous), 6–12 cm by, 2.5–6 cm, base cuneate, base angle 25–50 degrees, margin glandular dentate, denticulate, or crenate or entire, apex rounded or acuminate or acute, acumen 0–8 mm, pairs of lateral veins 5–10, intramarginal vein present, reticulation on lower surface distinct or rather obscure. Petiole 5–10 mm. Inflorescence a glomerule or fascicle, axillar or axillar but many from wood beneath the leaves, hairy (sometimes glabrescent in fruit), pubescent or villous. Bracts 5 mm long (boat shaped), bracteoles 3–4 mm, with bracteoles hairy outside, pubescent or long pilose. Flowers: Flowers functionally unisexual, ovary glabrous, 1.5–2 mm high, calyx hairy, 2–3 mm, calyx lobes 2–3 mm, corolla 4–5 mm, disk hairy, 5-glandular or 5-stellate (in male flowers), stamens 30–50 (as long as corolla in male flowers, half as long in female ones), style glabrous (inconspicuous in male flowers). Fruits ellipsoid or oblong.

Distribution — In Malesia: New Guinea.

Ecology — In forest between 1800 and 2600 m.

Image
•habit. habit.
•coch-doormanleaf.jpg. leaf and inflorescence.
•coch-doormaninflor.jpg. inflorescence.
•coch-doormanfl.+bracts.jpg. Flower obscured by bract (and bracteoles).
•coch-doormanflower.jpg. naked flower.
•coch-doormanfruit.jpg. young fruits.

Symplocos dryophila Clarke

Symplocos dryophila Clarke, Noot. Rev. Sympl. (1975) 189; Noot. & Vidal, Fl. Cambodge, Laos & Vietnam 16 (1977) 34; Wu & Noot, Fl. China 15 (1996) 246.

.

Habit: Shrub or tree, 1–12 m tall. Twigs glabrous or glabrous but base of young twigs hairy between scars of bud scales. Terminal buds with conspicuous leathery scales, growth discontinuous (outer scales learthery, glabrous, inner scales hairy). Leaf blade abaxially glabrous (sometimes the midrib hairy), elliptic or narrowly elliptic or obovate or narrowly obovate, 6–23 cm by, 2.2–6 cm, base cuneate or attenuate-cuneate, base angle 20–45 degrees, margin glandular dentate, denticulate, or crenate or entire, apex acuminate, tip acute, acumen 5–18 mm, pairs of lateral veins 7–18, intramarginal vein present or absent, secondary veins transverse to nerves or not clearly transverse to nerves, reticulation on lower surface distinct, coarse. Petiole 10–25 mm. Inflorescence a (branched) raceme, sometimes much reduced or a raceme, forming a pseudocone in bud, axis 6–15 cm, hairy (sometimes glabrescent in fruit), pubescent or sericeous. Bracts 5–9 mm long; boat-shaped or semi-elliptic, bracteoles linear to elliptic; bracteoles c. 3 mm, with bracteoles hairy outside, pubescent or sericeous, caducous under fruit (sometimes already under flower), ovary visible. Pedicels 2–10 mm. Flowers: Ovary glabrous, 1–2 mm high, calyx glabrous or with only a few hairs or hairy towards the margin, 1–1.5 mm, calyx lobes 1–1.5 mm, broadly triangular or semi-elliptic, corolla 5–10 mm, disk hairy, flat, low cylindrical, or annular or inconspicuous or conical, stamens 40–75, style with hairy base. Fruits ellipsoid or oblong, 5–12 mm by, 3–7 mm.

Distribution — Outside Malesia: China, India incl. Himalayan States and Ceylon, Burma, Thailand, Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodja.

Image
•dryophila.jpg. ( Hooker f. & Thomson 53).
•dryohabit.jpg.
•dryoleaf1.jpg.
•dryoleaf2.jpg.
•dryoinflor.jpg. raceme.
•dryoflower.jpg. Calyx lobes glabrous or rarely sericeous towards axex. Conical style base hairy.
•dryofruit.jpg.

Symplocos elegans Thw. var. elegans

Symplocos elegans Thw., Enum. Pl. Zeyl. 185. 1860; Beddome, For. Man. Bot. 151. 1872; Clarke in Hook. f., Fl. Br. Ind. 3: 586. 1882; Trimen, Handb. Fl. Ceylon 3:108. 1895; Brand in Pflanzenr. Heft 6: 62. 1901; Livera, Ann. R. Bot. Gard. (Peradeniya) 10: 318.1927; Noot., Rev. Handb. Fl. Ceylon 3 (1981) 468–469. — Symplocos amabilis Brand in Pflanzenr. Heft 6: 63. 1901. — Symplocos macrophylla var. elegans (Thw.) Noot., Rev. Sympl. 235. 1975.

Habit: Shrub or tree, 1–4 m tall. Twigs hairy at least when young, tomentose. Leaf blade abaxially hairy beneath at least when young (handlens!), patently soft villous or pilose, elliptic or ovate, 2–6 cm by, 1.2–3.5 cm, base cuneate or broadly cuneate or cordate (sometimes obliquely) or rounded, margin glandular dentate, denticulate, or crenate or entire; strongly recurved or revolute; apex shortly acuminate or acuminate, acumen 2–8 mm, pairs of lateral veins 6–10, intramarginal vein present, reticulation on lower surface distinct, fine. Petiole 2–5 mm. Inflorescence a (branched) spike, sometimes much reduced or a (branched) raceme, sometimes much reduced, axis 0–3.5 cm, hairy (sometimes glabrescent in fruit), tomentose or (brown) pilose. Bracts 1–3 mm long; ovate, bracteoles ovate or linear; bracteoles 1–2 mm, with bracteoles hairy outside, pilose, caducous under fruit (sometimes already under flower). Pedicels 0–0.5 mm. Flowers: Ovary glabrous, 0.8–1.2 mm high, calyx glabrous or with only a few hairs, 1.8–2.2 mm, calyx lobes 1.5–2 mm, semi-circular, corolla 4–5 mm, disk hairy or with some hairs, 5-glandular or 5-stellate, stamens 40–60, style glabrous. Fruits ellipsoid or oblong, 11–13 mm by, 5–7 mm.

Distribution — Outside Malesia: India incl. Himalayan States and Ceylon, Ceylon.

Image
•eleg-eleghabit.jpg.
•eleg-elegleaf.jpg.
•eleg-elegyoungtwig.jpg.
•eleg-eleginfl.jpg.
•eleg-elegbud.jpg. glabrous sepals visible; bracts hairy.

Symplocos elegans Thw. var. angustata Thw.

Symplocos elegans Thw. var. angustata Thw., Enum. Pl. Zeyl. 185. 1860; Noot., Rev. Handb. Fl. Ceylon 3 (1981) 468–469. — Symplocos angustata Clarke in Hook. f. Fl. Br. Ind. 3(1882) 585-- Symplocos macrophylla var. elegans (Thw.) Noot., Rev. Sympl. 235. 1975.

Habit: Shrub or tree. Twigs hairy at least when young, pubescent or pilose or with two kinds of indument, pubescent-tomentose and long hairy, the longer hairs 1.5–2 mm. Leaf blade abaxially hairy beneath at least when young (handlens!), sparsely appressedly pilose (sometimes nearly glabrous), narrowly ovate, 2–7 cm by, 0.8–2.5 cm, base cuneate or rounded, margin glandular dentate, denticulate, or crenate or entire; strongly recurved or revolute; apex long acuminate, acumen 5–10 mm, pairs of lateral veins 7–9, intramarginal vein present, reticulation on lower surface distinct, fine. Petiole 2–5 mm. Inflorescence a (branched) raceme, sometimes much reduced, axis 0–5 cm, hairy (sometimes glabrescent in fruit), sparsely fine short hairy. Bracts 1–2 mm long; narrowly semi-elliptic or ovate, bracteoles ovate or narrowly elliptic; bracteoles 0.5–1.5 mm, with bracteoles hairy outside, pubescent, persistent. Pedicels 0–0.5 mm. Flowers: Ovary glabrous, 1–2 mm high, calyx glabrous or with only a few hairs, 1–2 mm, calyx lobes 1–1.5 mm, semi-circular, corolla 2–5 mm, disk hairy or with some hairs, 5-glandular or 5-stellate, stamens 35–120, style glabrous. Fruits ovoid to cylindrical, 9–11 mm by.

Distribution — Outside Malesia: India incl. Himalayan States and Ceylon, Ceylon.

Ecology — very rare.

Image
•eleg-angushabit.jpg.
•eleg-angusleaf2.jpg.
•eleg-angusfruit.jpg.
•eleg-angusleaf.jpg.

Symplocos elegans Thw. var. hirsuta (Wight & Gardner) Noot.

Symplocos elegans Thw. var. hirsuta (Wight & Gardner) Noot., Rev. Hanb. Fl. Ceylon 3 (1981) 470. — Symplocos hirsuta Wight & Gardner ex Thw., Enum. PI. Zeyl. 185. 1860, non DC. — Symplocos nervosa DC var. hirsuta Beddome, For. Man. Bot. 149. 1872. — Symplocos latiflora Clarke in Hook. f., Fl. Br. Ind. 3: 585. 1882; Trimen, Handb. Fl. Ceylon 3:108.1895. — Symplocos macrophylla ssp. hirsuta (Wight & Gardner ex Thw.) Noot., Rev. Sympl. (1975) 235, var. hirsuta.

Habit: Tree, 2.5–8 m tall. Twigs hairy at least when young, patently long hairy, hairs 2 mm. Leaf blade abaxially hairy beneath at least when young (handlens!), (young) leaves with long hairs, elliptic or narrowly elliptic or ovate or narrowly ovate, 4.5–9 cm by, 1.5–4 cm, base cuneate or cordate (sometimes obliquely), margin glandular dentate, denticulate, or crenate, apex rounded or acuminate, acumen 2–7 mm, pairs of lateral veins 6–10, intramarginal vein present, reticulation on lower surface distinct, fine. Petiole 4–6 mm. Inflorescence a (branched) spike, sometimes much reduced or a (branched) raceme, sometimes much reduced, axis 1–14 cm, hairy (sometimes glabrescent in fruit), (brown) pilose. Bracts 4–9 mm long; broadly semi-elliptic, bracteoles narrowly elliptic; bracteoles 2–5 mm, with bracteoles hairy outside, long pilose, caducous under fruit (sometimes already under flower). Pedicels 0–1 mm. Flowers: Ovary glabrous, 1.5–2 mm high, calyx glabrous or with only a few hairs or hairy or hairy towards the margin, 2.5–4 mm, calyx lobes 1.25–3 mm, corolla 5–9 mm, disk hairy or with some hairs, 5-glandular or 5-stellate, stamens 80–120, style glabrous or with hairy base. Fruits ovoid or ellipsoid or oblong, 14–16 mm by, 6–8 mm.

Distribution — Outside Malesia: India incl. Himalayan States and Ceylon, Ceylon.

Ecology — In the mountains, 1200–1300 m or - 2400 m.

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Symplocos elegans Thw. var. minor (Thw.) Noot.

Symplocos elegans Thw. var. minor (Thw.) Noot., Rev. Hanb. Fl. Ceylon 3 (1981) 471. — Symplocos hirsuta Wight & Gardner ex Thw., Enum. PI. Zeyl. 185. 1860, non DC, var. minor Thw. — Symplocos minor Clarke in Hook. f., Fl. Br. Ind. 3: 586. 1882 incl. var. eugenioides and var. glabrescens; Trimen, Handb. Fl. Ceylon 3: 109. 1895; Brand in Pflanzenr. Heft 6: 64. 1901. — Symplocos glabrescens Brand in Pfianzenr. Heft 6: 64. 1901. — Symplocos eugenioides Livera, Ann. R. Bot. Gard. (Peradeniya) 10: 317. 1927 — Symplocos macrophylla var. minor Noot., Rev. Sympl. 235. 1975.

Habit: Shrub or tree, 0–3 m tall. Twigs hairy at least when young, villous. Leaf blade abaxially glabrous (sometimes the midrib hairy) or hairy beneath at least when young (handlens!), pilose, elliptic or ovate, 1–7 cm by, 0.6–4 cm, base cuneate or broadly cuneate or rounded, margin glandular dentate, denticulate, or crenate, apex rounded to acuminate, acumen 0–8 mm, pairs of lateral veins 7–11, intramarginal vein present. Petiole 2–9 mm. Inflorescence a (branched) spike, sometimes much reduced or a (branched) raceme, sometimes much reduced, axis 0–3 cm, hairy (sometimes glabrescent in fruit), minutely pilose or pubescent or villous. Bracts 1–3 mm long; semi-elliptic or broadly semi-elliptic or ovate, bracteoles ovate or narrowly ovate; bracteoles 0.5–2 mm, with bracteoles hairy outside. Flowers: Ovary glabrous, 1–1.5 mm high, calyx glabrous or with only a few hairs, 1.75–2 mm, calyx lobes 1.5–1.75 mm, not becoming longer by tearing, corolla 4–6 mm, disk hairy, 5-glandular or 5-stellate, stamens 60–120, style glabrous or with hairy base. Fruits ovoid or ellipsoid or oblong, 10–12 mm by, 5–6 mm.

Distribution — Outside Malesia: India incl. Himalayan States and Ceylon, Ceylon.

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Symplocos euryoides Hand.- Mazz.

Symplocos euryoides Hand.- Mazz., Noot. Rev. Sympl. (1975) 191; Wu & Noot., Fl. China 15 (1996) 243.

Habit: Shrub. Twigs hairy at least when young, pubescent or tomentose. Leaf blade abaxially glabrous (sometimes the midrib hairy), ovate or narrowly elliptic or narrowly obovate, 1.2–3.5 cm by, 0.5–1.3 cm, base broadly cuneate or rounded, base angle 35–45 degrees, margin glandular dentate, denticulate, or crenate, apex shortly acuminate or acute or mucronate, pairs of lateral veins 4–6. Petiole 2–5 mm. Inflorescence flowers solitary or up to 3 from the axil of a leave (if flowers solitary often several to many bracts). Bracts several; with bracteoles hairy outside, persistent. Flowers: Ovary hairy, 1 mm high, calyx hairy, calyx lobes 2 mm, corolla 3–4 mm, disk glabrous, stamens 25–50. Fruits ellipsoid or oblong, 8–10 mm by.

Distribution — Outside Malesia: China (Hainan).

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Symplocos fasciculata Zoll.

Symplocos fasciculata Zoll., Noot. Rev. Sympl. (1975) 191.

Habit: Shrub or tree, 0–22 m tall. Twigs hairy at least when young, pubescent or puberulous or pilose. Leaves spirally arranged or distichously arranged, leaf blade abaxially glabrous (sometimes the midrib hairy) or hairy beneath at least when young (handlens!), finely appressedly pilose or sparsely appressedly pilose (sometimes nearly glabrous), elliptic to narrowly elliptic or ovate to narrowly ovate, 5–20 cm by, 2–6 cm, base cuneate or attenuate-cuneate or cordate (sometimes obliquely) or rounded, base angle 40–140 degrees, apex acuminate or caudate, tip acute or obtuse, acumen 5–20 mm, pairs of lateral veins 4–11, intramarginal vein present, secondary veins transverse to nerves or not clearly transverse to nerves, reticulation on lower surface rather obscure, coarse. Petiole 2–10 mm. Inflorescence a glomerule or fascicle or a fascicle of racemes, axis 0–2.5 cm, hairy (sometimes glabrescent in fruit), pubescent. Bracts 0–1 mm long (-3), with bracteoles hairy outside, pubescent, persistent. Pedicels 1–5 mm. Flowers: Ovary hairy, pubescent, 1 mm high, calyx glabrous or with only a few hairs or hairy, appressedly pubescent, 1 mm, calyx lobes 1 mm (often of different size), semi-circular or broadly ovate, not becoming longer by tearing, corolla 2–4.5 mm, disk glabrous or hairy, flat, low cylindrical, or annular, 5-glandular or 5-stellate, stamens 12–35, style glabrous or hairy or with hairy base or hairy halfway up. Fruits flask-shaped, ampulliform or ellipsoid ampulliform, 5–7 mm by, 3–6 mm, lengthwise ribbed or grooved like a cerebrum (with 3–6 strong ribs within, enclsing amuch lobes seed).

Distribution — Outside Malesia: Thailand, Nicobar & Andamans Is.; — In Malesia: Sumatra, Malay Peninsula, Java, Borneo, Philippines, Sulawesi.

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Symplocos flavescens Brand var. flavescens

Symplocos flavescens Brand var. flavescens, Noot., Bull. Mus. nat. Hist. Bat. Paris. Adansonia 3 (1989) 303. — Symplocos flavescens Brand, Pflanzenr. 6 (1901) 55; Noot., Fl. Nouv. Caled. 9 (1980) 148.

Habit: Shrub or tree, 1–30 m tall. Twigs glabrous, thick or very thick, at least 8 mm. Leaf blade abaxially glabrous (sometimes the midrib hairy), elliptic or obovate, 8–21 cm by, 3–9 cm, base attenuate-cuneate, apex rounded or acute, pairs of lateral veins 7–15, intramarginal vein present, close to the margin, reticulation on lower surface distinct or rather obscure, coarse. Petiole 15–40 mm. Inflorescence a (branched) spike, sometimes much reduced or a (branched) raceme, sometimes much reduced, axis 2–8 cm, hairy (sometimes glabrescent in fruit), pubescent. Bracts 2–4 mm long, bracteoles 1.5–2 mm, with bracteoles hairy outside, pubescent, caducous under fruit (sometimes already under flower). Pedicels 0–1 mm. Flowers: Ovary glabrous or hairy, pubescent, 1.5 mm high, calyx glabrous or with only a few hairs or hairy, appressedly pubescent, 2–4 mm, calyx lobes 1.6–3 mm, corolla 6–8 mm, disk glabrous or hairy, flat, low cylindrical, or annular or pulvinate or globose, 5-glandular or 5-stellate or not obviously 5-glandular, stamens 60–120, style glabrous. Fruits ovoid or subglobose or ellipsoid or oblong or narrowly ovoid, 10–17 mm by, 5–9 mm.

Distribution — Outside Malesia: New Caledonia.

Ecology — ultrabasic and other soils. Alt. up to 1000 m.

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Symplocos flavescens Brand var. pseudonitida (Guillaumin) Noot.

Symplocos flavescens Brand var. pseudonitida (Guillaumin) Noot., Bull. Mus. nat. Hist. Bat. Paris. Adansonia 3 (1989) 304. — Symplocos pseudonitida Guillaumin, Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. 71 (1924) 943; Noot., Fl. Nouv. Caled. 9 (1980) 156.

.

Habit: Shrub or tree, 1–30 m tall. Twigs glabrous, slender or normal. Leaf blade abaxially glabrous (sometimes the midrib hairy), elliptic or obovate, 3.5–15 cm by, 3–9 cm, base cuneate or attenuate-cuneate, apex rounded or acute, pairs of lateral veins 5–8, intramarginal vein present, close to the margin, reticulation on lower surface distinct or rather obscure, coarse. Petiole 10–25 mm. Inflorescence a (branched) spike, sometimes much reduced or a (branched) raceme, sometimes much reduced, axis 2–8 cm, hairy (sometimes glabrescent in fruit), pubescent. Bracts 2–4 mm long, bracteoles 1.5–2 mm, with bracteoles hairy outside, pubescent, caducous under fruit (sometimes already under flower). Pedicels 0–1 mm. Flowers: Ovary glabrous or hairy, pubescent, 1.5 mm high, calyx glabrous or with only a few hairs or hairy, appressedly pubescent, 2–4 mm, calyx lobes 1.6–3 mm, corolla 6–8 mm, disk glabrous or hairy, flat, low cylindrical, or annular or pulvinate or globose, 5-glandular or 5-stellate or not obviously 5-glandular, stamens 60–120, style glabrous. Fruits ovoid or subglobose or ellipsoid or oblong, 10–17 mm by, 5–9 mm.

Distribution — Outside Malesia: New Caledonia.

Ecology — ultrabasic and other soils. Alt. up to 1000 m.

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Symplocos foliosa Wight

Symplocos foliosa Wight, Noot. Rev. Sympl. (1975) 194.

Habit: Twigs glabrous or hairy at least when young. Terminal buds with conspicuous leathery scales, growth discontinuous, with long hairs or pubescent. Leaf blade abaxially glabrous (sometimes the midrib hairy) (but midrib sparsely long hairy), elliptic or narrowly elliptic, 5.5–15 cm by, 2.2–4.2 cm, base cuneate or attenuate-cuneate or rounded, base angle 20–80 degrees, margin glandular dentate, denticulate, or crenate, apex rounded or shortly acuminate or acuminate, acumen 0–15 mm, pairs of lateral veins 7–15, intramarginal vein present, secondary veins transverse to nerves or not clearly transverse to nerves, reticulation on lower surface distinct, fine. Petiole 5–18 mm. Inflorescence a (branched) spike, sometimes much reduced or a (branched) raceme, sometimes much reduced or a spike, forming a pseudo cone in bud or a raceme, forming a pseudocone in bud, axis 0–5 cm (longer in fruit), hairy (sometimes glabrescent in fruit), pubescent. Bracts 6–12 mm long; semi-elliptic or ovate; bracteoles 2–5 mm, with bracteoles hairy outside, sericeous, caducous under fruit (sometimes already under flower). Flowers: Ovary glabrous, 1–2 mm high, calyx glabrous or with only a few hairs or hairy, sparsely appressedly pilose, 1.5–2 mm, calyx lobes 1.5–2 mm, semi-circular or semi-elliptic, corolla 5–7 mm, disk glabrous or hairy, 5-glandular or 5-stellate, stamens 60–90, style glabrous or with hairy base. Fruits ellipsoid or oblong, 12–15 mm by, 7 mm, mesocarp thick, corky or woody, smooth. Seeds per locule 1; seed and/or embryo straight.

Distribution — Outside Malesia: India incl. Himalayan States and Ceylon (Madras).

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Symplocos fordii Hance

Symplocos fordii Hance, Noot. Rev. Sympl. (1975) 194; Wu & Noot., Fl. China 15 (1996) 244.

Habit: Shrub. Twigs hairy at least when young, villous. Leaf blade abaxially hairy beneath at least when young (handlens!), (young) leaves with long hairs, ovate or narrowly ovate, 3.5–9 cm by, 1.5–3.5 cm, base cordate (sometimes obliquely), base angle 100–120 degrees, margin glandular dentate, denticulate, or crenate, apex caudate, pairs of lateral veins 4–11. Petiole 1–4 mm. Inflorescence a (branched) spike, sometimes much reduced or a glomerule or fascicle (short, 5–10 flowered), axis 1–2 cm, hairy (sometimes glabrescent in fruit), pubescent (sparsely fine hairy). Bracts 1 mm long, with bracteoles glabrous outside (sometimes ciliate or ciliolate) or hairy outside. Flowers: Ovary glabrous, 1 mm high, calyx glabrous or with only a few hairs, 3-lobed, calyx lobes 1.25–1.5 mm, corolla 3.5 mm, disk glabrous or hairy, stamens 15–30. Fruits ovoid, 10 mm by.

Distribution — Outside Malesia: China (Symplocos Guangdong).

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Symplocos fukeniensis Ling

Symplocos fukeniensis Ling, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 1 (1951) 218; R.F. Wu & Noot., Flora of China 15 (1996) 251.

Habit: Tree. Twigs hairy at least when young, villous. Leaf blade abaxially hairy beneath at least when young (handlens!), (young) leaves with long hairs, elliptic or narrowly elliptic, 7–10 cm by, 2.5–4 cm, base broadly cuneate, margin entire, apex acute, pairs of lateral veins 7–8. Petiole 15–20 mm. Inflorescence a glomerule or fascicle, axis 1 cm. Bracts 2 mm long, with bracteoles hairy outside, persistent. Flowers: Ovary glabrous, 1 mm high, calyx hairy, calyx lobes 1 mm, corolla 4 mm, disk glabrous. Fruits ellipsoid or oblong, 10 mm by.

Distribution — Outside Malesia: China.

Symplocos gambliana Brand

Symplocos gambliana Brand, Noot. Rev. Sympl. (1975) 195.

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Habit: Twigs glabrous. Terminal buds glabrous. Leaf blade abaxially glabrous (sometimes the midrib hairy), elliptic, 6–9 cm by, 3–4.5 cm, base attenuate-cuneate, base angle 40–60 degrees, apex shortly acuminate or abruptly oblique acuminate, acumen 5–10 mm, pairs of lateral veins 6–8, intramarginal vein present, reticulation on lower surface rather obscure, coarse. Petiole 5–10 mm. Inflorescence a (branched) spike, sometimes much reduced or a (branched) raceme, sometimes much reduced, axis 0–6 cm, glabrous. Caducous under fruit (sometimes already under flower). Pedicels 0–1 mm. Flowers: Ovary glabrous, 1 mm high, calyx glabrous or with only a few hairs, 0.75–1.25 mm, calyx lobes 0.75–1.25 mm, semi-circular, corolla 5 mm, disk hairy, 5-glandular or 5-stellate, stamens 40–60.

Distribution — In Malesia: Borneo.

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Symplocos gigantifolia Noot.

Symplocos gigantifolia Noot., Rev. Sympl. (1975) 195.

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Habit: Terminal buds with conspicuous leathery scales, growth discontinuous, pubescent. Leaf blade abaxially glabrous (sometimes the midrib hairy), obovate, 21–62 cm by, 7–19 cm, base cuneate or truncate, base angle 20–30 degrees, margin entire, apex shortly acuminate, acumen 5–10 mm, pairs of lateral veins 13–20, intramarginal vein absent, reticulation on lower surface distinct or fine reticulation only visible with transmitted light, fine. Petiole 8–12 mm. Inflorescence a spike, forming a pseudo cone in bud or a glomerule or fascicle. Bracts 1–2 mm long; semi-elliptic, bracteoles elliptic; bracteoles 1–2 mm, with bracteoles hairy outside, persistent. Flowers: Flowers functionally unisexual, ovary hairy, minutely appressedly puberulous, 1 mm high, calyx hairy, minutely appressedly puberulous, 2 mm, calyx lobes 1.5 mm, semi-circular or semi-elliptic, corolla 4–5 mm, disk glabrous, 5-glandular or 5-stellate, stamens 40–60, style with hairy base.

Distribution — In Malesia: New Guinea.

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Symplocos glabriramifera Noot.

Symplocos glabriramifera Noot., Rev. Sympl. (1975) 195.

Habit: Twigs glabrous. Terminal buds glabrous. Leaf blade abaxially glabrous (sometimes the midrib hairy), elliptic or obovate, 4–6.5 cm by, 1.5–2.5 cm, base attenuate-cuneate, base angle 20–40 degrees, margin glandular dentate, denticulate, or crenate, apex acuminate, acumen 2–10 mm, pairs of lateral veins 6–8, intramarginal vein present, coarse. Petiole 5–7 mm. Inflorescence a (branched) raceme, sometimes much reduced, axis 0–1.5 cm, glabrous. Bracts 1.5 mm long, bracteoles 1 mm, caducous under fruit (sometimes already under flower). Pedicels 1–2 mm. Flowers: Ovary glabrous, 1 mm high, calyx glabrous or with only a few hairs, 1.5 mm, calyx lobes 1.25 mm, semi-circular or semi-elliptic, corolla 3–4 mm, disk glabrous, 5-glandular or 5-stellate or 3–5 glandular, stamens 30–50, style glabrous. Fruits ellipsoid or oblong, 8–12 mm by, 4–6 mm, (irregularly, shallowly) length-wise grooved, locules 3. Seeds per locule 3; seed and/or embryo straight.

Distribution — In Malesia: Philippines (Luzon).

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Symplocos glandulifera Brand

Symplocos glandulifera Brand, in Engl. Pfl. R. 6 (1901) 68; R.F. Wu & Noot, Fl. China 15 (1996) 249. — Symplocos macrophylla Wall. ex DC var. glandulifera, Noot. Rev. Sympl. (1975) 232.

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Habit: Tree. Twigs hairy at least when young, tomentose. Leaf blade abaxially hairy beneath at least when young (handlens!), (young) leaves with long hairs, narrowly elliptic, 10–20 cm by, 2.5–5.5 cm, base cuneate, base angle 25–60 degrees, margin glandular dentate, denticulate, or crenate, 6–12 glands per cm, apex acuminate, pairs of lateral veins 7–12. Petiole 20 mm. Inflorescence a glomerule or fascicle, axis 1 cm, hairy (sometimes glabrescent in fruit), pubescent or puberulous (patently or obliquely, long). Bracts 2.5–3 mm long, with bracteoles hairy outside, persistent. Flowers: Ovary hairy, 1.5 mm high, calyx hairy, calyx lobes 2 mm, corolla 5–6 mm, disk hairy, stamens 35–45. Fruits cylindrical, 10 mm by, 4 mm.

Distribution — Outside Malesia: China (Symplocos China).

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Symplocos glauca (Thunb.) Koidz. var. glauca

Symplocos glauca (Thunb.) Koidz. var. glauca, Noot., Rev. Sympl. (1975) 195, Noot. & Vidal, Fl. Cambodge, Laos & Vietnam 16 (1977) 35; Wu & Noot., Fl. China 15 (1996) 244; Nagamasu, Fl. Taiwan IId ed., 4 (1998) 112.

Habit: Shrub or tree, 0–20 m tall, by 0–60 cm diam. Twigs glabrous or hairy at least when young, tomentose or tomentellous. Leaf blade abaxially glabrous (sometimes the midrib hairy) or hairy beneath at least when young (handlens!), papillate, always so near the base, glaucous, narrowly elliptic or narrowly obovate, 6–26 cm by, 1.5–10 cm, base cuneate or attenuate-cuneate, base angle 12–60 degrees, apex acuminate or acute, pairs of lateral veins 7–18. Petiole 10–40 mm. Inflorescence a glomerule or fascicle, axis 1–2 cm. Bracts 1–4 mm long, with bracteoles hairy outside, persistent. Flowers: Ovary glabrous, 0.5–1 mm high, calyx hairy, tomentose, 1.5–2.5 mm, calyx lobes 1–1.5 mm, triangular or semi-elliptic, corolla 3–5 mm, disk glabrous or hairy, stamens 20–60. Fruits ovoid or ovoid-oblong or cylindrical or narrowly ovoid, 12–20 mm by, 6–8 mm.

Distribution — Outside Malesia: China, Japan, India incl. Himalayan States and Ceylon, Burma, Thailand, Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodja.

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Symplocos glauca var. epapillata Noot.

Symplocos glauca var. epapillata Noot., Rev. Sympl. (1975) 198; Noot. & Vidal, Fl. Cambodge, Laos & Vietnam 16 (1977) 36; Wu & Noot., Fl. China 15 (1996) 244. — Symplocos koshunensis Kaneh., Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Formosa 20 (1930) 382; Nagamasu, Fl. Taiwan IId ed., 4 (1998) 116.

Habit: Tree. Twigs glabrous or hairy at least when young, tomentose or tomentellous. Leaf blade abaxially glabrous (sometimes the midrib hairy), glaucous, elliptic or narrowly elliptic or obovate or narrowly obovate, 12–19 cm by, 4–10 cm, base broadly cuneate or rounded, base angle 20–90 degrees, apex acuminate, pairs of lateral veins 11–14. Petiole 20–40 mm. Inflorescence a glomerule or fascicle, axis 1–2 cm. Bracts 1–4 mm long, with bracteoles hairy outside, persistent. Flowers: Ovary glabrous, 0.5–1 mm high, calyx hairy, calyx lobes 1–1.5 mm, corolla 3–5 mm, disk glabrous or hairy, stamens 20–60. Fruits narrowly ovoid, 12–18 mm by, 6–8 mm.

Distribution — Outside Malesia: Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodja (Tonkin).

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Symplocos glomerata King ex Clarke

Symplocos glomerata King ex Clarke, Noot., Rev. Sympl. (1975) 195; Noot. & Vidal, Fl. Cambodge, Laos & Vietnam 16 (1977) 36.

Habit: Shrub or tree. Twigs glabrous or hairy at least when young, tomentellous. Leaf blade abaxially glabrous (sometimes the midrib hairy), elliptic or narrowly elliptic, 7–20 cm by, 2–4.5 cm, base cuneate or broadly cuneate, base angle 20–60 degrees, margin glandular dentate, denticulate, or crenate, 6–12 glands per cm, apex acuminate, pairs of lateral veins 10–17. Petiole 5–25 mm, without glands or with few glands or with 2 rows of glands. Inflorescence a glomerule or fascicle, axillar or axillar but many from wood beneath the leaves, axis 1 cm. Bracts 1–3 mm long, with bracteoles hairy outside, persistent. Flowers: Ovary glabrous, 1 mm high, calyx glabrous or with only a few hairs, calyx lobes 1–2 mm, corolla 4–5 mm, disk glabrous, cylindrical, 0.5–1 mm high, stamens 20–55. Fruits cylindrical, 7–10 mm by, 3 mm.

Distribution — Outside Malesia: China, India incl. Himalayan States and Ceylon, Burma, Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodja; — In Malesia: Malay Peninsula.

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Symplocos goodeniacea Noot.

Symplocos goodeniacea Noot., Rev. Sympl. (1975) 204.

Habit: Tree, 0–30 m tall. Twigs glabrous (angular). Terminal buds glabrous. Leaf blade abaxially glabrous (sometimes the midrib hairy), narrowly elliptic to elliptic, 13–30 cm by, 3.5–9 cm, base cuneate to broadly cuneate to narrowly cuneate or attenuate-cuneate, base angle 20–90 degrees, margin glandular dentate, denticulate, or crenate or entire, apex shortly acuminate or acuminate, acumen 10–15 mm, pairs of lateral veins 6–13, intramarginal vein present, close to the margin (at least towards the top), reticulation on lower surface distinct, coarse. Petiole 12–50 mm. Inflorescence a (branched) spike, sometimes much reduced, axis 0–4 cm, hairy (sometimes glabrescent in fruit), puberulous. Bracts 2 mm long; boat-shaped, bracteoles boat-shaped; bracteoles 2 mm, with bracteoles glabrous outside (sometimes ciliate or ciliolate), persistent. Flowers: Ovary glabrous, 1.5–2 mm high, calyx glabrous or with only a few hairs, 1.5–2 mm, calyx lobes 1.5–2 mm, semi-circular, corolla 6–8 mm, disk hairy, flat, low cylindrical, or annular, stamens 100–150, style glabrous. Fruits ovoid or flask-shaped, ampulliform or ellipsoid ampulliform, 10–19 mm by, 6–13 mm.

Distribution — In Malesia: Borneo.

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Symplocos gracilis Brongn. et Gris

Symplocos gracilis Brongn. et Gris, Noot., Adansonia 3 (1989) 304; Fl. Nouv. Caled. 9 (1980) 150.

Habit: Shrub or tree, 2–8 m tall. Twigs glabrous, slender or normal. Leaves crowded at the end of the branchlets or of the flushes in false whorls or in whorls or growing in flushes and some concentration of leaves on the nodes, leaf blade abaxially glabrous (sometimes the midrib hairy), elliptic, 2.5–8 cm by, 2–5 cm, base cordate (sometimes obliquely); strongly recurved or revolute; pairs of lateral veins 5–7, intramarginal vein present, reticulation on lower surface distinct, coarse. Petiole 1 mm. Inflorescence a (branched) raceme, sometimes much reduced (very slender), axis 2–6 cm, glabrous. Bracts 1–2 mm long, bracteoles 0.5–1 mm, with bracteoles glabrous outside (sometimes ciliate or ciliolate), caducous under fruit (sometimes already under flower). Pedicels 1.5–7 mm. Flowers: Ovary glabrous, 1.5 mm high, 1.5 mm, calyx lobes 1 mm, corolla 3–4 mm, disk hairy, pulvinate or globose, stamens 40–60, style hairy or with hairy base. Fruits ovoid or flask-shaped, ampulliform or ellipsoid ampulliform, 8–12 mm by, 5–86 mm. Seed and/or embryo curved.

Distribution — Outside Malesia: New Caledonia.

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Symplocos graniticola Jessup

Symplocos graniticola Jessup, Austrobaileya 4 (1993) 9. — Type: Sankowsky & Sankowsky 598 (BRI) Queensland, Cook district, Mt. Lewis.

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Habit: Shrub, 0–2 m tall. Twigs glabrous or glabrous but with some (appressed or patent) hairs. Leaf blade abaxially glabrous (sometimes the midrib hairy), narrowly obovate, base cuneate or attenuate-cuneate, apex rounded or shortly acuminate, pairs of lateral veins 6–12, intramarginal vein present, close to the margin. Petiole 8–20 mm. Axis 0–1.5 cm, hairy (sometimes glabrescent in fruit), puberulous. Bracts 1.2–1.5 mm long; boat-shaped or ovate, bracteoles ovate; bracteoles 1–1.3 mm, with bracteoles hairy outside, pubescent, persistent. Flowers: Ovary glabrous, 1–1.3 mm high, calyx glabrous but the lobes hairy or ciliate or ciliolate, appressedly puberulous, 1–1.2 mm, calyx lobes 0.8–1 mm, ovate, corolla 2.5–3.5 mm, disk hairy, stamens 25–30, style hairy. Fruits cylindrical or ellipsoid or oblong, 10–13 mm by, 4–4.5 mm, calyx lobes persistent.

Distribution — Outside Malesia: Australia (Queensland, Cook district).

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Symplocos groffii Merr.

Symplocos groffii Merr., Noot., Rev. Sympl. (1975) 204; Noot. & Vidal, Fl. Cambodge, Laos & Vietnam 16 (1977) 42; Wu & Noot., Fl. China 15 (1996) 243.

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Habit: Shrub or tree. Twigs hairy at least when young, pubescent or tomentose. Leaf blade abaxially hairy beneath at least when young (handlens!), (young) leaves with long hairs, adaxially hairy at least when young, elliptic or ovate or obovate, 5–8 cm by, 2–3.3 cm, base broadly cuneate or rounded, base angle 50–90 degrees, apex acuminate, midvein adaxially prominent or flat, pairs of lateral veins 7–10. Petiole 2–4 mm. Inflorescence a (branched) spike, sometimes much reduced or a (branched) raceme, sometimes much reduced or a glomerule or fascicle, axis 0.5–0.9 cm, hairy (sometimes glabrescent in fruit), pubescent to sericeous (appressedly). Bracts 1–2 mm long, with bracteoles hairy outside. Flowers: Ovary hairy, 1 mm high, calyx hairy, calyx lobes 0.75–1 mm, corolla 5–6 mm, disk hairy, stamens 45–55. Fruits subglobose or ellipsoid or oblong, 6–12 mm by, 4–6 mm.

Distribution — Outside Malesia: China, Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodja.

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Symplocos guillauminii Merr.

Symplocos guillauminii Merr., Noot., Rev. Sympl. (1975) 204; Noot. & Vidal, Fl. Cambodge, Laos & Vietnam 16 (1977) 43.

Habit: Shrub or tree, 0–6 m tall. Twigs glabrous or glabrous but with some (appressed or patent) hairs, slender or normal. Terminal buds pubescent. Leaf blade abaxially glabrous (sometimes the midrib hairy) or hairy beneath at least when young (handlens!), minutely (scattered) hairy, elliptic, 6.5–14 cm by, 2–5 cm, base angle 30–60 degrees, apex acuminate or long acuminate, acumen 8–18 mm, pairs of lateral veins 6–9, reticulation on lower surface rather obscure or fine reticulation only visible with transmitted light, coarse. Petiole 1.5–3 mm. Inflorescence a (branched) raceme, sometimes much reduced or a fascicle of racemes, axis 0–3 cm, hairy (sometimes glabrescent in fruit), thinly appressedly short hairy. Bracts 1 mm long; ovate or (narrowly) triangular; bracteoles 0.5 mm, with bracteoles hairy outside, thinly appressedly short hairy. Pedicels 0–2 mm. Flowers: Ovary hairy, minutely appressedly puberulous, 0.5–1 mm high, calyx hairy, minutely appressedly puberulous, 3-lobed, 1–1.5 mm, calyx lobes 1–1.5 mm, corolla 2–2.5 mm, disk hairy, pulvinate or globose, stamens 20–40, style glabrous. Fruits flask-shaped, ampulliform or ellipsoid ampulliform, 10 mm by, 4 mm (calyx lobes caducous).

Distribution — Outside Malesia: Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodja (Annam).

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Symplocos hainanensis Merr. & Chun ex Li

Symplocos hainanensis Merr. & Chun ex Li, Noot., Rev. Sympl. (1975) 205; Wu & Noot., Fl. China 15 (1996) 245.

Habit: Tree. Twigs glabrous. Terminal buds glabrous. Leaf blade abaxially glabrous (sometimes the midrib hairy), elliptic or ovate or narrowly elliptic, 6–12 cm by, 2.5–4 cm, base cuneate or attenuate-cuneate or rounded, base angle 35–80 degrees, margin entire, apex acuminate, pairs of lateral veins 7–12. Petiole 7–16 mm. Inflorescence a (branched) spike, sometimes much reduced or a (branched) raceme, sometimes much reduced, axis 3–6 cm, hairy (sometimes glabrescent in fruit) (when young), sparsely fine short hairy (soon glabrescent). Bracts 1 mm long, with bracteoles hairy outside, caducous under fruit (sometimes already under flower). Flowers: Ovary glabrous, 0.5–1 mm high, calyx glabrous or with only a few hairs, calyx lobes 1.25–1.5 mm, corolla 3–4 mm, disk glabrous, stamens 35–45. Fruits cylindrical or narrowly ovoid, 12–15 mm by, 4–5 mm.

Distribution — Outside Malesia: China (Hainan).

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Symplocos harroldii Jessup

Symplocos harroldii Jessup, Austrobaileya 4 (1993) 7. — Type: Jessup 268 (BRI, iso K, NSW) Australia, Queensland, Moreton district.

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Habit: Shrub or tree, 0–6 m tall. Twigs hairy at least when young, patently long hairy, hairs 1–2 mm. Leaf blade abaxially glabrous (sometimes the midrib hairy) or hairy beneath at least when young (handlens!), narrowly obovate, 3–10 cm by, 0.8–3.5 cm, base cuneate, margin glandular dentate, denticulate, or crenate, apex rounded or acuminate, tip obtuse, pairs of lateral veins 6–12. Petiole 1.5–4 mm. Inflorescence a (branched) raceme, sometimes much reduced, axis 0–2 cm, hairy (sometimes glabrescent in fruit), puberulous. Bracts 0.7–1 mm long; (narrowly) triangular, bracteoles (narrowly) triangular; bracteoles 0.3–0.4 mm. Pedicels 0.2–2 mm. Flowers: Ovary glabrous, 1–2 mm high, calyx glabrous or with only a few hairs or ciliate or ciliolate, 0.4–0.6 mm, calyx lobes 0.4–0.6 mm, broadly ovate, corolla 3–4 mm, disk hairy, stamens 30–40, style glabrous. Fruits ellipsoid or oblong or narrowly ovoid, 8–10 mm by, 6–7 mm, calyx lobes persistent, locules 3.

Distribution — Outside Malesia: Australia (SE Queensland).

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Symplocos hayesii White & Francis

Symplocos hayesii White & Francis, Noot., Rev. Sympl. (1975) 204.

Habit: Shrub (slender). Twigs hairy at least when young, villous or patently long hairy. Leaf blade abaxially glabrous (sometimes the midrib hairy) (midrib with some long hairs), elliptic or narrowly elliptic or ovate, 6–12 cm by, 2.5–5.5 cm, base cordate (sometimes obliquely) or rounded, margin glandular dentate, denticulate, or crenate (sharply), apex acuminate (long), acumen 5–15 mm, pairs of lateral veins 6–12, intramarginal vein present, close to the margin. Petiole 3–7 mm. Inflorescence a (branched) spike, sometimes much reduced or flowers solitary or up to 3 from the axil of a leave (if flowers solitary often several to many bracts) or a glomerule or fascicle (from axils of leaves or cataphylls), axis 0–1.5 cm, hairy (sometimes glabrescent in fruit), villous (long). Bracts 3–9 mm long; ovate or (narrowly) triangular, bracteoles ovate; bracteoles 2–3 mm, with bracteoles hairy outside, long pilose (sparsely appressedly), persistent. Flowers: Flowers functionally unisexual, ovary glabrous, 0.5–1.5 mm high, calyx glabrous or with only a few hairs (ciliate, ovate, acute), 1–1.5 mm, calyx lobes 1–1.5 mm, corolla 2.5 mm, disk hairy, flat, low cylindrical, or annular, stamens 10–20, style glabrous. Fruits cylindrical or spindle shaped (narrowed towards apex, often curved), 15–20 mm by, 5 mm.

Distribution — Outside Malesia: Australia (North Queensland).

Ecology — Rain forest up to 1200 m. Flowers January, fruits March-November.

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Symplocos heishanensis Hayata

Symplocos heishanensis Hayata, Ic. Pl. Form. 5 (1915) 101, t. 28; Mori, op. cit. 231; Kanehira, op. cit. T. 545; Noot., Rev. Symploc. (1975) sub Symplocos sumuntia Buch. Ham. Ex D. Don; Wu & Noot, Fl. China 15 (1996) 245. — Bobua heishanensis Kanehira & Sasaki, List Pl. Form. (1928) 331; . — Syntypes: T. Ito & B. hayata, april 1914 (TOFO, non vidi), Taiwan, and R. Kanehira & I. Tanaka, April 1914 (non vidi), Taiwan, Nimandaira.

Symplocos eriostroma Hayata, op. cit. 99, f. 25, c; Mori, Sylvia 5 (1935) 228; Kanehira, Fomrosan Trees (ed. 1936) 585; Noot., Rev. Symploc. (1975) sub Symplocos modesta Brand; Nagamasu, Fl. Taiwan IId ed., 4 (1998)111. — Type: Symplocos Sasaki, Jan. 1911, no 2. (non vivid). Taiwan, Mt. Arisan.

Symplocos macrostroma Hayata, op. cit. 107, t. 25, 5; Mori op. cit. 237; Noot., Rev. Symploc. (1975) 295, sub dubious. — Symplocos japonica Hayata, mat. Fl. Form. (1911) 188, non DC (1844). — Palura macrostroma Kanehira & Sasaki, op. cit. 332. — Bobua macrostroma Kanehira & Sasaki, Cat. Govt. Herb. (1930) 409. — Type: Mori 2658 (non vidi), Taiwan, Kappan-zan.

Symplocos risekiensis Hayata, op. cit. 112, t. 35; Noot., Rev. Symploc. (1975) sub Symplocos oreades. — Bobua risekiensis Kanehira & Sasaki, op. cit. 332. — Type: T. Kawakami & U. Mori 3551 (non vidi), Taiwan, Nanto, Risekisan.

Symplocos oreades Guillaumin, Bull. Csoc. Bot. Fr. 79 (1932) 174, excl. Syn. Symplocos poilanei; Fl. Indo-Chine 3 (1933) 1032; Noot., Rev. Symploc. (1975) 256. — Type: Poilane 17046 (P, iso NY), Tonkin, Col de Lo qui ho, near Chapa.

Symplocos pittosporifolia Hand.-Mazz., Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 62-B (1943) 25; Noot., Rev. Symploc. (1975) sub Symplocos oreades. — Type: Ching 7843 (W., iso NY).

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Habit: Tree. Twigs glabrous or hairy at least when young, puberulous. Terminal buds finely short pubescent or glabrous or appressedly puberulous. Leaf blade abaxially glabrous (sometimes the midrib hairy), elliptic or narrowly elliptic or narrowly obovate, 5.5–13 cm by, 1.1–4 cm, base cuneate or attenuate-cuneate, base angle 20–50 degrees, apex acuminate or long acuminate or caudate, acumen 6–15 mm, pairs of lateral veins 7–14, reticulation on lower surface rather obscure, coarse. Petiole 5–15 mm. Inflorescence a (branched) raceme, sometimes much reduced, axis 3–6 cm, hairy (sometimes glabrescent in fruit), tomentose or puberulous or tomentellous. Bracts 1.5–4 mm long; semi-circular, bracteoles circular; bracteoles 1–2 mm, with bracteoles glabrous outside (sometimes ciliate or ciliolate) or hairy outside, puberulous, persistent or caducous under fruit (sometimes already under flower). Flowers: Ovary glabrous, 1–1.25 mm high, calyx glabrous or with only a few hairs or hairy, sparsely appressedly pilose, 0.75–1.5 mm, calyx lobes 0.5–1.25 mm, semi-circular or semi-elliptic, corolla 3–5 mm, disk glabrous, flat, low cylindrical, or annular, stamens 20–50, style glabrous. Fruits cylindrical or flask-shaped, ampulliform or ellipsoid ampulliform, 5–7 mm by, 2–3 mm, (irregularly, shallowly) length-wise grooved, locules 1.

Distribution — Outside Malesia: China, Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodja.

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Symplocos henschelii (Mor.) Benth. ex Clarke var. henschelii

Symplocos henschelii (Mor.) Benth. ex Clarke var. henschelii, Noot., Rev. Sympl. (1975) 38; Noot. & Vidal, Fl. Cambodge, Laos & Vietnam 16 (1977) 13.

Habit: Shrub or tree (to 30 m). Twigs glabrous or hairy at least when young, pubescent or tomentose. Leaf blade abaxially glabrous (sometimes the midrib hairy) (also the nerves sometimes hairy), elliptic, 7–22 cm by, 3–7.5 cm, base attenuate-cuneate to rounded, base angle 30–90 degrees, margin entire, apex acuminate, acumen 3–20 mm, pairs of lateral veins 5–11, intramarginal vein present, reticulation on lower surface distinct, coarse to fine. Petiole 5–20 mm. Inflorescence a (branched) raceme, sometimes much reduced or a glomerule or fascicle, axis 0–10 cm, hairy (sometimes glabrescent in fruit), tomentose (light grey to rusty). Bracts 0–4 mm long, with bracteoles hairy outside. Flowers: Ovary hairy, 3–5 mm high, calyx hairy, 1.5–2.5 mm, calyx lobes 1–4.5 mm, petals connate at least halfway up, corolla 25–50 mm, hairy (densely tomentose or tomentellous), whitish to rusty sericeous or tomentose, disk hairy, stamens with distinct staminal tube adnate to corolla, free part of staminal tube 7–15 mm. Fruits obovoid to spindle shaped, 30–50 mm by, 20–30 mm.

Distribution — Outside Malesia: Burma, Thailand, Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodja; — In Malesia: Sumatra, Malay Peninsula, Java, Borneo.

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Symplocos henschelii var. maingayi (Bent. ex Clarke) Noot.

Symplocos henschelii var. maingayi (Bent. ex Clarke) Noot., Rev. Sympl. (1975) 39.

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Habit: Shrub or tree (to 30 m). Twigs hairy at least when young, tomentose. Leaf blade abaxially hairy beneath at least when young (handlens!), minutely (scattered) hairy or tomentose (especially on midrib and nerves), elliptic, 7–22 cm by, 2–7.5 cm, base attenuate-cuneate to rounded, base angle 30–90 degrees, margin entire, apex acuminate, acumen 3–20 mm, pairs of lateral veins 5–11, intramarginal vein present, reticulation on lower surface distinct, coarse to fine. Petiole 5–20 mm. Inflorescence a (branched) raceme, sometimes much reduced, axis 0–10 cm, hairy (sometimes glabrescent in fruit), tomentose (light grey to rusty). Bracts 0–4 mm long, with bracteoles hairy outside. Flowers: Ovary hairy, 3–5 mm high, calyx hairy, 1.5–2.5 mm, calyx lobes 1–4.5 mm, petals connate at least halfway up, corolla 25–50 mm, hairy (densely tomentose or tomentellous), whitish to rusty sericeous or tomentose, disk hairy, stamens with distinct staminal tube adnate to corolla, free part of staminal tube 5–7 mm. Fruits obovoid to spindle shaped, 30–50 mm by, 20–30 mm.

Distribution — In Malesia: Malay Peninsula, Borneo.

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Symplocos henschelii ssp. magnifica (Fletcher) Noot.

Symplocos henschelii ssp. magnifica (Fletcher) Noot., Rev. Sympl. (1975) 40.

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Habit: Shrub or tree (to 30 m). Twigs glabrous or hairy at least when young, tomentose. Leaf blade abaxially glabrous (sometimes the midrib hairy) or hairy beneath at least when young (handlens!), minutely (scattered) hairy or tomentose (especially on midrib and nerves), elliptic or obovate, 12–22 cm by, 4.5–9 cm, base attenuate-cuneate to rounded, base angle 30–90 degrees, margin entire, apex acuminate, acumen 3–20 mm, pairs of lateral veins 5–11, intramarginal vein present, reticulation on lower surface distinct, coarse to fine. Petiole 5–20 mm. Inflorescence a (branched) raceme, sometimes much reduced, axis 0–10 cm, hairy (sometimes glabrescent in fruit), tomentose (light grey to rusty). Bracts 0–4 mm long, with bracteoles hairy outside. Flowers: Ovary hairy, 3–5 mm high, calyx hairy, 1.5–2.5 mm, calyx lobes 1–4.5 mm, petals connate at least halfway up, corolla 25–50 mm, hairy (densely tomentose or tomentellous), sparsely fine short hairy towards the apex, disk hairy, stamens with distinct staminal tube adnate to corolla. Fruits obovoid to spindle shaped, 30–50 mm by, 20–30 mm.

Distribution — Outside Malesia: Thailand.

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Symplocos herzogii Sleumer

Symplocos herzogii Sleumer, Noot., Rev. Sympl. (1975) 207.

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Habit: Shrub or tree, 4–6 m tall. Twigs hairy at least when young, tomentose, thick. Terminal buds with long hairs. Leaves in whorls, leaf blade abaxially hairy beneath at least when young (handlens!), adaxially hairy at least when young, elliptic, 13–28 cm by, 5–11 cm, base cuneate or rounded or truncate, base angle 30–40 degrees, apex acuminate or acute, acumen 0–15 mm, pairs of lateral veins 10–17, intramarginal vein present, reticulation on lower surface distinct, fine. Petiole 7–20 mm. Inflorescence a (branched) spike, sometimes much reduced or a glomerule or fascicle, axis 0–2 cm. Bracts 4–6 mm long; boat-shaped; bracteoles 3 mm, with bracteoles hairy outside, sericeous, persistent. Flowers: Flowers functionally unisexual, ovary glabrous, 0.5–1 mm high, calyx hairy, densely appressedly red-brown hairy, 2–2.5 mm, calyx lobes 1.5–2 mm, acute, corolla 3–4 mm, disk hairy, stamens 35–45 (in male flowers). Fruits subglobose or flask-shaped, ampulliform or ellipsoid ampulliform, 8 mm by, 6 mm, lengthwise ribbed. Seeds per locule 1; seed and/or embryo curved.

Distribution — In Malesia: New Guinea.

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Symplocos hookeri Clarke var. hookeri

Symplocos hookeri Clarke var. hookeri, Noot., Rev. Sympl. (1975) 204; Noot. & Vidal, Fl. Cambodge, Laos & Vietnam 16 (1977) 44; Wu & Noot, Fl. China 15 (1996) 247.

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Habit: Tree. Twigs glabrous. Leaf blade abaxially glabrous (sometimes the midrib hairy), obovate, 10–25 cm by, 4–10 cm, base cuneate or broadly cuneate, base angle 20–50 degrees, margin glandular dentate, denticulate, or crenate, apex shortly acuminate or acuminate, pairs of lateral veins 6–11, secondary veins transverse to nerves. Petiole 12–30 mm. Inflorescence a (branched) raceme, sometimes much reduced or a raceme, forming a pseudocone in bud, axis 3–5.5 cm, glabrous or hairy (sometimes glabrescent in fruit), pubescent. Bracts 5–8 mm long, with bracteoles glabrous outside (sometimes ciliate or ciliolate) or hairy outside, caducous under fruit (sometimes already under flower). Flowers: Ovary glabrous, 1–2 mm high, calyx glabrous or with only a few hairs, calyx lobes 1–2 mm, corolla 6–9 mm, disk hairy, stamens 70–90. Fruits cylindrical or ellipsoid or oblong, 14–24 mm by, 5–9 mm.

Distribution — Outside Malesia: China, India incl. Himalayan States and Ceylon, Thailand, Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodja.

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b. Symplocos hookeri var. tomentosa Y.F. Wu

Symplocos hookeri var. tomentosa Y.F. Wu, Acta Phytotax. Sin., 24(3) (1986) 202; Wu & Noot. Fl. China 15 (1996) 247.

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Habit: Tree. Twigs hairy at least when young, tomentose. Leaf blade abaxially hairy beneath at least when young (handlens!), (young) leaves with long hairs, obovate, 15–25 cm by, 5.5–10 cm, base broadly cuneate, margin glandular dentate, denticulate, or crenate, apex acuminate, pairs of lateral veins 6–11. Petiole 12–30 mm. Inflorescence a (branched) raceme, sometimes much reduced or a raceme, forming a pseudocone in bud, axis 3–4 cm. Bracts 5–8 mm long, with bracteoles hairy outside (or bracteoles glabrous), caducous under fruit (sometimes already under flower). Flowers: Ovary hairy, 1–2 mm high, calyx glabrous or with only a few hairs or hairy, calyx lobes 1–2 mm, corolla 6–9 mm, disk hairy. Fruits cylindrical or ellipsoid or oblong, 14–24 mm by, 5–9 mm.

Distribution — Outside Malesia: China (Symplocos Yunnan).

Symplocos hottae Nagamasu

Symplocos hottae Nagamasu, Act. Phytotax. Geobot. 37 (1986) 149.

Habit: Tree, 8–12 m tall. Twigs hairy at least when young, tomentose (ferrugineously), slender or normal or thick. Terminal buds densely woolly tomentose. Leaf blade abaxially hairy beneath at least when young (handlens!), pubescent, elliptic, 11–24 cm by, 4–9 cm, base cuneate, base angle 25–50 degrees, margin glandular dentate, denticulate, or crenate, apex shortly acuminate or acuminate, tip acute, acumen 15–30 mm, pairs of lateral veins 7–11, intramarginal vein present or at least towards the apex, secondary veins transverse to nerves, reticulation on lower surface distinct, coarse. Petiole 7–10 mm. Inflorescence a (branched) spike, sometimes much reduced or a glomerule or fascicle, axis 0.5–0.7 cm. Bracts 3–4.5 mm long; broadly ovate, bracteoles ovate; bracteoles 2.5–3 mm, with bracteoles hairy outside, glabrous at the adaxial side, caducous under fruit (sometimes already under flower). Flowers: Ovary hairy, pubescent, 1.5–2 mm high, calyx hairy, appressedly pubescent, 2–2.5 mm, rounded, petals connate only at the very base, corolla 5–6 mm, 5 lobed, disk glabrous, 5-glandular or 5-stellate, stamens 40–60, filaments glabrous, style with hairy base.

Distribution — In Malesia: Sumatra.

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Symplocos huegeliana Brand

Symplocos huegeliana Brand, Noot., Rev. Sympl. (1975) 294; D.K. Hore, J. Econ. Tax. Bot. 3 (1982) 316.

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Habit: Tree. Twigs glabrous, slender or normal. Terminal buds glabrous. Leaf blade abaxially glabrous (sometimes the midrib hairy), elliptic or obovate, 4–6 cm by, 1.5–3 cm, base attenuate-cuneate, margin glandular dentate, denticulate, or crenate, apex rounded or acuminate or acute, tip acute, acumen 0–5 mm, pairs of lateral veins 3–8, reticulation on lower surface distinct. Petiole 1.5–6 mm. Inflorescence a (branched) spike, sometimes much reduced, axis 3–4 cm, glabrous. Flowers: Calyx lobes 1–1.2 mm, corolla 4.5–6 mm, disk glabrous, stamens 40–60. Fruits cylindrical or narrowly ellipsoid or oblong, 8–10 mm by, locules 1.

Distribution — Outside Malesia: India incl. Himalayan States and Ceylon (Nilgiris).

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Symplocos hylandii Noot.

Symplocos hylandii Noot., Brunonia, 4 (1981 publ. 1982) 323.

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Habit: Shrub or tree (to 10 cm diam.). Twigs hairy at least when young, patently or oblique hirsute. Terminal buds more or less appressedly pilose. Leaf blade abaxially glabrous (sometimes the midrib hairy) (brittle), narrowly obovate, 10–17 cm by, 1.7–5 cm, base narrowly cuneate, margin glandular dentate, denticulate, or crenate; strongly recurved or revolute; apex acuminate, acumen 5–12 mm, pairs of lateral veins 5–12 (much prominent), intramarginal vein present (conspicuous). Petiole 4–7 mm. Inflorescence a (branched) spike, sometimes much reduced or a (branched) raceme, sometimes much reduced, axis 0–1(–4) cm, hairy (sometimes glabrescent in fruit). Bracts 2 mm long; ovate, bracteoles ovate; bracteoles 1 mm, with bracteoles hairy outside, pubescent (appressedly). Flowers: Flowers functionally unisexual, ovary glabrous, 1 mm high, calyx glabrous or with only a few hairs, 1.3–1.7 mm, calyx lobes 0.8–1.21 mm, corolla 3 mm, disk glabrous, pulvinate or globose, stamens 10–15 (only female flowers seen). Fruits flask-shaped, ampulliform or ellipsoid ampulliform, 6–9 mm by, 3.5–6 mm, (irregularly, shallowly) length-wise grooved (shallow). Seeds per locule 1; seed and/or embryo curved.

Distribution — Outside Malesia: Australia (Queensland).

Ecology — Rain forest, alt. 520--680 m.

Symplocos iliaspaiensis Noot.

Symplocos iliaspaiensis Noot., Blumea 31 (1986) 279. — Type: Ilias Paie Symplocos 42494 (L, iso A, K, SAR), Sarawak,Gunung Silatek.

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Habit: Tree, 0–5 m tall. Twigs glabrous, slender or normal. Leaf blade abaxially glabrous (sometimes the midrib hairy), elliptic or narrowly elliptic (yellowish green when dry), 15–25 cm by, 4.5–7.5 cm, base attenuate-cuneate, margin glandular dentate, denticulate, or crenate or entire, apex acuminate, acumen 15–22 mm, pairs of lateral veins 6–10, intramarginal vein present, not close to the margin, reticulation on lower surface distinct, fine. Petiole 15–20 mm. Inflorescence a glomerule or fascicle. Bracts 1 mm long, bracteoles 1 mm, with bracteoles glabrous outside (sometimes ciliate or ciliolate), persistent. Flowers: Ovary glabrous, 1 mm high, calyx glabrous or with only a few hairs, 1 mm, calyx lobes 1 mm, corolla 2.5 mm, disk glabrous, flat, low cylindrical, or annular, stamens 35–45, style glabrous. Fruits cylindrical or flask-shaped, ampulliform or ellipsoid ampulliform, 10–15 mm by, 5 mm.

Distribution — In Malesia: Borneo.

Ecology — Mixed Dipterocarp forest.

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Symplocos johniana Stapf

Symplocos johniana Stapf, Noot., Rev. Sympl. (1975) 208.

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Habit: Shrub or tree, 0–6 m tall. Twigs hairy at least when young, patently or oblique hirsute (rusty, hairs c. 1(-2) mm). Terminal buds hirsute. Leaves spirally arranged or distichously arranged, leaf blade abaxially glabrous (sometimes the midrib hairy) or hairy beneath at least when young (handlens!), patently hirsute, ovate, 2.5–7 cm by, 1.25–3.5 cm, base cordate (sometimes obliquely) or rounded, base angle 90–130 degrees, margin glandular dentate, denticulate, or crenate, apex acuminate or caudate, acumen 5–15 mm, pairs of lateral veins 3–6, intramarginal vein present, secondary veins transverse to nerves, reticulation on lower surface distinct, fine. Petiole 1–2 mm. Inflorescence flowers solitary or up to 3 from the axil of a leave (if flowers solitary often several to many bracts), hairy (sometimes glabrescent in fruit), (patently) hirsute. Bracts 1.5 mm long; semi-elliptic, bracteoles elliptic; bracteoles 1 mm, with bracteoles hairy outside, hirsute. Pedicels 1 mm. Flowers: Ovary hairy, hirsute, 1 mm high, calyx hairy, hirsute, 1–1.5 mm, calyx lobes 1–1.5 mm, semi-elliptic, not becoming longer by tearing, corolla 5 mm, disk hairy, 5-glandular or 5-stellate, stamens 60–90, style glabrous. Fruits ovoid or ellipsoid or oblong or flask-shaped, ampulliform or ellipsoid ampulliform or narrowly ovoid, 13 mm by, 4 mm. Seeds per locule 1; seed and/or embryo straight.

Distribution — In Malesia: Borneo (Kinabalu).

Ecology — In forest, often in crevices of granite rocks.

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Symplocos junghuhnii Koord.

Symplocos junghuhnii Koord., Noot., Rev. Sympl. (1975) 204

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Habit: Tree. Twigs glabrous or glabrous but with some (appressed or patent) hairs. Terminal buds with conspicuous leathery scales, growth discontinuous, outer scales glabrous, the inner scales often hairy on midrib and apex. Leaf blade abaxially glabrous (sometimes the midrib hairy) or hairy beneath at least when young (handlens!), sparsely appressedly pilose (sometimes nearly glabrous), elliptic to obovate, 9–13 cm by, 4.5–5 cm, base cuneate or attenuate-cuneate or cordate (sometimes obliquely), base angle 30–110 degrees, margin glandular dentate, denticulate, or crenate or entire, apex shortly acuminate or acuminate, tip acute, acumen 5–10 mm, pairs of lateral veins 6–10, intramarginal vein present, secondary veins transverse to nerves, reticulation on lower surface distinct, fine. Petiole 10–17 mm. Inflorescence a (branched) raceme, sometimes much reduced, axis 0–6 cm, hairy (sometimes glabrescent in fruit), pubescent or tomentose. Caducous under fruit (sometimes already under flower). Pedicels 0–3 mm. Flowers: Ovary hairy, tomentose, 2–3 mm high, calyx glabrous or with only a few hairs, 2 mm, calyx lobes 2 mm, semi-circular (with cordate base), not becoming longer by tearing, corolla 8–10 mm, disk hairy, 5-glandular or 5-stellate, stamens 100–140, style with hairy base. Fruits ellipsoid or oblong, 15–20 mm by, 8–10 mm.

Distribution — In Malesia: Java (Priangan).

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Symplocos kemiriensis Nagamasu

Symplocos kemiriensis Nagamasu, Blumea 35 (1990) 229, f. 1.

Habit: Shrub or tree. Twigs hairy at least when young, tomentose, thick. Terminal buds with conspicuous leathery scales, growth discontinuous, densely woolly tomentose. Leaf blade abaxially glabrous (sometimes the midrib hairy) or hairy beneath at least when young (handlens!), tomentose, elliptic, 8–15 cm by, 2.5–5.5 cm, base cuneate or broadly cuneate or attenuate-cuneate or rounded, base angle 50–90 degrees, margin glandular dentate, denticulate, or crenate, 6–12 glands per cm or less than 6 glands per cm, apex shortly acuminate, tip obtuse, acumen 1–10 mm, pairs of lateral veins 8–12, intramarginal vein present, not close to the margin, secondary veins transverse to nerves, reticulation on lower surface distinct, fine. Petiole 8–15 mm. Inflorescence a (branched) spike, sometimes much reduced, axillar or axillar but many from wood beneath the leaves, axis 1–3 cm, hairy (sometimes glabrescent in fruit), tomentose. Bracts 2–3 mm long; one; bracteoles 2–3 mm, with bracteoles hairy outside, tomentose, persistent. Flowers: Ovary glabrous, 1.2–1.7 mm high, calyx glabrous or with only a few hairs or hairy towards the margin, tomentose, 1–2 mm, calyx lobes 1–2 mm, rounded (glandular dentata), not becoming longer by tearing, disk hairy, flat, low cylindrical, or annular, stamens 25–30, style glabrous. Fruits ellipsoid or oblong, 15–18 mm by, 6–8 mm, calyx lobes persistent, with high ridges or ribs, locules 3 (only one developed). Seeds per locule 1; seed and/or embryo straight.

Distribution — In Malesia: Sumatra.

Ecology — In mossy streambasin forest, 2600--2900 m.

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Symplocos kothayarensis Sundaresan

Symplocos kothayarensis Sundaresan, Sida 20 (2003) 928.

Habit: Tree, 1–3 m tall. Twigs hairy at least when young (fulvous tawny). Leaf blade abaxially hairy beneath at least when young (handlens!) (sparsely), elliptic or obovate, 6–9 cm by, 2–4 cm, base cuneate or rounded, margin glandular dentate, denticulate, or crenate or entire, apex rounded or emarginate. Petiole 2–5 mm. Inflorescence a (branched) raceme, sometimes much reduced or a glomerule or fascicle, axis 0.5–1.5 cm. Bracts ovate; bracteoles 2–2.5 mm, with bracteoles hairy outside, villous. Flowers: Ovary hairy, 1–1.4 mm high, calyx hairy, 2.5–3.5 mm, calyx lobes 1.5–2.5 mm, ovate or semi-elliptic, corolla 3–3.5 mm, disk glabrous, 5-glandular or 5-stellate, stamens 25–35.

Distribution — Outside Malesia: India incl. Himalayan States and Ceylon (Tamil Nadu).

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Symplocos kurgensis Clarke in Hook.

Symplocos kurgensis Clarke in Hook.. — Symplocos macrophylla Wall. ex DC var. kurgensis (Clarke) Noot., Rev. Sympl. (1975) 229; Rev. Handb. Flora Ceylon 3 (1981) 475.

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Habit: Tree, 0–10 m tall. Twigs hairy at least when young, pubescent or tomentose. Leaf blade abaxially glabrous (sometimes the midrib hairy) or hairy beneath at least when young (handlens!), tomentose or pubescent, elliptic, 5–14.5 cm by, 2–6.5 cm, base cuneate to rounded, margin glandular dentate, denticulate, or crenate or entire, apex acuminate or long acuminate, tip acute, acumen 0 -20 mm, pairs of lateral veins 4–12, intramarginal vein present, secondary veins transverse to nerves. Petiole 5–20 mm. Inflorescence a (branched) spike, sometimes much reduced or a (branched) raceme, sometimes much reduced, axis 0–6 cm, hairy (sometimes glabrescent in fruit), pubescent. Bracts 4–7 mm long; broadly semi-elliptic or broadly ovate or semi-circular, bracteoles ovate to elliptic; bracteoles 3–5 mm, with bracteoles hairy outside, pubescent, caducous under fruit (sometimes already under flower). Pedicels 1 mm. Flowers: Ovary glabrous, 1.25–2 mm high, calyx hairy, densely appressedly silky, 3 mm, calyx lobes 3 mm, not becoming longer by tearing, corolla 5 mm, disk hairy, 5-glandular or 5-stellate, stamens 70–90. Fruits ovoid to cylindrical, 13–20 mm by, 6–8 mm, lengthwise grooved with a depression or transverse groove at one side near the base.

Distribution — Outside Malesia: India incl. Himalayan States and Ceylon, Ceylon.

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Symplocos laeteviridis Stapf var. laeteviridis

Symplocos laeteviridis Stapf var. laeteviridis, Noot., Rev. Sympl. (1975) 211.

Habit: Shrub or tree, 0–10–21 m tall. Twigs glabrous or hairy at least when young, pubescent. Leaves distichously arranged, leaf blade abaxially glabrous (sometimes the midrib hairy) or hairy beneath at least when young (handlens!), finely appressedly pilose, elliptic or narrowly elliptic or ovate or narrowly ovate, 4–11 cm by, 1.5–4 cm, base cuneate or rounded, base angle 40–90 degrees, apex acuminate or caudate, acumen 10–30 mm, pairs of lateral veins 6–9, intramarginal vein present, reticulation on lower surface distinct, coarse or fine. Petiole 1–4 mm. Inflorescence a (branched) raceme, sometimes much reduced, axis 0–3 cm, hairy (sometimes glabrescent in fruit), pubescent. Bracts with bracteoles hairy outside, caducous under fruit (sometimes already under flower). Pedicels 0–5 mm. Flowers: Ovary hairy, 1–1.5 mm high, calyx glabrous or with only a few hairs or hairy, 2–3 mm, symmetrically cleft, calyx lobes 1–3 mm, corolla 3–5 mm, disk hairy, 5-glandular or 5-stellate, stamens 25–70, style glabrous. Fruits ovoid or ellipsoid or oblong or flask-shaped, ampulliform or ellipsoid ampulliform, 7–12 mm by, 3–6 mm, (irregularly, shallowly) length-wise grooved. Seeds per locule 1.

Distribution — In Malesia: Sumatra, Malay Peninsula, Borneo, Sulawesi.

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Symplocos laeteviridis var. alternifolia Noot.

Symplocos laeteviridis var. alternifolia, Noot., Rev. Sympl. (1975) 211.

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Habit: Shrub or tree, 0–5 m tall. Twigs hairy at least when young, pubescent, hairs 0.5–1 mm. Leaves distichously arranged, leaf blade abaxially hairy beneath at least when young (handlens!), sparsely appressedly pilose (sometimes nearly glabrous) or densely appressedly pilose, elliptic or narrowly elliptic or ovate or narrowly ovate, 4–5.5 cm by, 1.5–2.5 cm, base cuneate or attenuate-cuneate, base angle 50–60 degrees, margin glandular dentate, denticulate, or crenate or entire, ciliate, apex acuminate or long acuminate or caudate, acumen 7–17 mm, pairs of lateral veins 3–6, intramarginal vein present, reticulation on lower surface distinct, fine. Petiole 1–3 mm. Inflorescence a (branched) raceme, sometimes much reduced or flowers solitary or up to 3 from the axil of a leave (if flowers solitary often several to many bracts), axis 0–3 cm, hairy (sometimes glabrescent in fruit), (brown) pilose. Bracts with bracteoles hairy outside, caducous under fruit (sometimes already under flower). Pedicels 0–4 mm. Flowers: Ovary hairy, 1–1.5 mm high, calyx glabrous or with only a few hairs or hairy, 2–3 mm, symmetrically cleft, calyx lobes 1–3 mm, corolla 3–5 mm, disk hairy, 5-glandular or 5-stellate, stamens 25–70, style glabrous. Fruits ovoid or ellipsoid or oblong, 7–12 mm by, 3–6 mm, (irregularly, shallowly) length-wise grooved. Seeds per locule 1.

Distribution — In Malesia: Borneo (Sabah, Kinabalu).

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Symplocos laeteviridis var. basirotunda Noot.

Symplocos laeteviridis var. basirotunda, Noot., Rev. Sympl. (1975) 212,

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Habit: Shrub or tree. Twigs glabrous or hairy at least when young, patently long hairy, hairs 2 mm. Leaves distichously arranged, leaf blade abaxially glabrous (sometimes the midrib hairy) or hairy beneath at least when young (handlens!), pilose, adaxially glabrous or hairy at least when young, elliptic or broadly elliptic or ovate or narrowly ovate, 3–11 cm by, 1.5–3.5 cm, base cordate (sometimes obliquely) or rounded, base angle 85–95 degrees, apex acuminate or caudate, acumen 5–20 mm, pairs of lateral veins 6–9, intramarginal vein present, reticulation on lower surface distinct or rather obscure, coarse. Petiole 1–2 mm. Inflorescence a (branched) raceme, sometimes much reduced, axis 0–2 cm, hairy (sometimes glabrescent in fruit), (brown) pilose. Bracts with bracteoles hairy outside, caducous under fruit (sometimes already under flower). Pedicels 0–3 mm. Flowers: Ovary hairy, 1–1.5 mm high, calyx glabrous or with only a few hairs or hairy, 2–3 mm, symmetrically cleft, calyx lobes 1–3 mm, corolla 3–5 mm, disk hairy, 5-glandular or 5-stellate, stamens 25–70, style glabrous. Fruits ovoid or ellipsoid or oblong, 7–12 mm by, 3–6 mm, (irregularly, shallowly) length-wise grooved. Seeds per locule 1.

Distribution — In Malesia: Borneo (Sarawak, Kalabit Highlands).

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Symplocos laeteviridis var. kinabaluensis (Heine) Noot.

Symplocos laeteviridis var. kinabaluensis (Heine) Noot., Rev. Sympl. (1975) 212.

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Habit: Shrub or tree, 0–4 m tall. Twigs glabrous or hairy at least when young, hairs 0.25–1 mm, slender or normal. Terminal buds inconspicuous, growth continuous. Leaves distichously arranged, leaf blade abaxially glabrous (sometimes the midrib hairy), elliptic or ovate, 1.7–6 cm by, 1–3.5 cm, base cordate (sometimes obliquely), base angle 110–170 degrees, margin glandular dentate, denticulate, or crenate, apex acuminate or long acuminate, acumen 3–10 mm, pairs of lateral veins 4–6, intramarginal vein present, reticulation on lower surface distinct or rather obscure, fine. Petiole 0–2 mm. Inflorescence a (branched) raceme, sometimes much reduced, axis 0–3 cm, hairy (sometimes glabrescent in fruit), pubescent. Bracts 3–5 mm long, with bracteoles hairy outside, caducous under fruit (sometimes already under flower). Pedicels 0.5–5 mm. Flowers: Ovary hairy, 1–1.5 mm high, calyx glabrous or with only a few hairs or hairy, 2–3 mm, symmetrically cleft, calyx lobes 1–3 mm, corolla 3–5 mm, disk hairy, 5-glandular or 5-stellate, stamens 25–70, style glabrous. Fruits ovoid or ellipsoid or oblong, 7–12 mm by, 3–6 mm, (irregularly, shallowly) length-wise grooved. Seeds per locule 1.

Distribution — In Malesia: Borneo.

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Symplocos laeteviridis var. mjöbergii (Merr.) Noot.

Symplocos laeteviridis var. mjöbergii (Merr.) Noot., Rev. Sympl. (1975) 212.

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Habit: Tree, 0–10–21 m tall. Twigs hairy at least when young, patently long hairy, hairs 2 mm. Leaves distichously arranged, leaf blade abaxially hairy beneath at least when young (handlens!), densely appressedly pilose or patently soft villous or pilose, elliptic or ovate or narrowly elliptic or narrowly ovate, 5–12 cm by, 2.5–4.5 cm, base cordate (sometimes obliquely), base angle 120–190 degrees (basal lobes 2–10 mm), margin glandular dentate, denticulate, or crenate, apex acuminate, acumen 3–15 mm, pairs of lateral veins 6–9, intramarginal vein present, reticulation on lower surface distinct, coarse. Petiole 1–3 mm. Inflorescence a (branched) raceme, sometimes much reduced or a panicle (of racemes), axis 0–4 cm, hairy (sometimes glabrescent in fruit), (brown) pilose. Bracts 0–10 mm long, with bracteoles hairy outside, caducous under fruit (sometimes already under flower). Pedicels 1–5 mm. Flowers: Ovary hairy, 1–1.5 mm high, calyx glabrous or with only a few hairs or hairy, 2–3 mm, symmetrically cleft, calyx lobes 1–3 mm, corolla 3–5 mm, disk hairy, 5-glandular or 5-stellate, stamens 25–70, style glabrous. Fruits ovoid or ellipsoid or oblong, 7–12 mm by, 3–6 mm, (irregularly, shallowly) length-wise grooved. Seeds per locule 1.

Distribution — In Malesia: Borneo.

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Symplocos laeteviridis var. pauciflora Noot.

Symplocos laeteviridis var. pauciflora, Noot., Rev. Sympl. (1975) 213.

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Habit: Shrub, 0–10–21 m tall. Twigs hairy at least when young, velutinous. Leaves distichously arranged, leaf blade abaxially glabrous (sometimes the midrib hairy) or hairy beneath at least when young (handlens!), pubescent or finely appressedly pilose, elliptic or ovate, 3–6 cm by, 1.5–2.5 cm, base cuneate or rounded, base angle 50–90 degrees, apex acuminate, acumen 5–15 mm, pairs of lateral veins 5–7, intramarginal vein present, reticulation on lower surface distinct or rather obscure, fine. Petiole 1.5–3.5 mm. Inflorescence a (branched) spike, sometimes much reduced or a (branched) raceme, sometimes much reduced or flowers solitary or up to 3 from the axil of a leave (if flowers solitary often several to many bracts), axis 0.5–3 cm, hairy (sometimes glabrescent in fruit), pubescent. Bracts with bracteoles hairy outside, caducous under fruit (sometimes already under flower). Pedicels 0–0.5 mm (but longer in solitary flowers). Flowers: Ovary hairy, 1–1.5 mm high, calyx glabrous or with only a few hairs or hairy, 2–3 mm, symmetrically cleft, calyx lobes 1–3 mm, corolla 3–5 mm, disk hairy, 5-glandular or 5-stellate, stamens 25–70, style glabrous. Fruits ovoid or ellipsoid or oblong, 7–12 mm by, 3–6 mm, (irregularly, shallowly) length-wise grooved. Seeds per locule 1.

Distribution — In Malesia: Sumatra, Malay Peninsula, Borneo.

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Symplocos laeteviridis var. velutinosa Noot.

Symplocos laeteviridis var. velutinosa, Noot., Rev. Sympl. (1975) 213.

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Habit: Tree, 0–10 m tall. Twigs hairy at least when young, velutinous. Leaves distichously arranged, leaf blade abaxially hairy beneath at least when young (handlens!), sparsely appressedly pilose (sometimes nearly glabrous), elliptic or narrowly elliptic, 6–13 cm by, 3–4 cm, base rounded, base angle 90 degrees, apex acuminate, acumen 7–18 mm, pairs of lateral veins 7–11, intramarginal vein present, secondary veins transverse to nerves, reticulation on lower surface distinct, fine. Petiole 3–4 mm. Inflorescence a (branched) raceme, sometimes much reduced or a panicle (of racemes), axis 0–3 cm, hairy (sometimes glabrescent in fruit), pubescent or (brown) pilose. Bracts with bracteoles hairy outside, caducous under fruit (sometimes already under flower). Pedicels 0–3 mm. Flowers: Ovary hairy, 1–1.5 mm high, calyx glabrous or with only a few hairs or hairy, 2–3 mm, symmetrically cleft, calyx lobes 1–3 mm, corolla 3–5 mm, disk hairy, 5-glandular or 5-stellate, stamens 25–70, style glabrous. Fruits ovoid or ellipsoid or oblong, 7–12 mm by, 3–6 mm, (irregularly, shallowly) length-wise grooved. Seeds per locule 1.

Distribution — In Malesia: Borneo.

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Symplocos lancifolia Symplocos & Z.

Symplocos lancifolia Symplocos & Z., Noot., Rev. Sympl. (1975) 204; Noot. & Vidal, Fl. Cambodge, Laos & Vietnam 16 (1977) 45; Wu & Noot, Fl. China 15 (1996) 248.

Symplocos formosana Brand, Pfl. R Heft 6 (1901) 67; Nagamasu, Fl. Taiwan IId ed., 4 (1998) 111.

Symplocos arisanensis Hayata, J. Coll. Sci Imp. Univ. Tokyo (Mat. Fl. Formosa) 30 (1911) 187; Nagamasu, Fl. Taiwan II ed. 4 (1998) 103.

? Symplocos trichoclada Hayata, Icon. Pl. Formos. 5 (1915) 118, f. 25-f.

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Habit: Shrub or tree. Twigs hairy at least when young, pubescent or silky or villous or puberulous. Leaf blade abaxially glabrous (sometimes the midrib hairy) or hairy beneath at least when young (handlens!), adaxially glabrous or hairy at least when young, ovate or narrowly ovate or broadly ovate, 2–10 cm by, 0.9–4.3 cm, base cuneate or broadly cuneate or attenuate-cuneate or rounded, base angle 45–70 degrees, margin glandular dentate, denticulate, or crenate, apex acuminate or long acuminate or caudate, midvein adaxially prominent or flat, pairs of lateral veins 6–11. Petiole 1–6 mm. Inflorescence a (branched) spike, sometimes much reduced or a (branched) raceme, sometimes much reduced, axis 1.1–5 cm, hairy (sometimes glabrescent in fruit), pubescent (pilose or villous, or with two kinds of indument). Bracts 0.5–2 mm long, with bracteoles hairy outside, persistent or caducous under fruit (sometimes already under flower). Flowers: Ovary glabrous or hairy, 0.5–1.5 mm high, calyx glabrous or with only a few hairs or hairy, calyx lobes 0.5–1.5 mm, corolla 2.5–4 mm, disk hairy, stamens 15–40. Fruits subglobose or ellipsoid or oblong, 3–5 mm by, 2–5 mm.

Distribution — Outside Malesia: China, Japan, India incl. Himalayan States and Ceylon, Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodja; — In Malesia: Philippines.

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Symplocos leochaii Paul P.K. Chai

Symplocos leochaii Paul Chai, Sandakania 7 (1996) 63. Typer: P. Chai Symplocos 33926 (SAR, iso K, L.).

Habit: Tree, 0–3 m tall. Twigs hairy at least when young, pilose (with brownish short bristly hairs). Terminal buds hirsute. Leaves distichously arranged, leaf blade abaxially hairy beneath at least when young (handlens!), patently hirsute, narrowly elliptic or narrowly ovate (drying pale olive green above), 27–32 cm by, 7.8–9 cm, base cordate (sometimes obliquely) or rounded, margin glandular dentate, denticulate, or crenate, apex acuminate, pairs of lateral veins 11–13, intramarginal vein present, close to the margin, reticulation on lower surface distinct, fine. Petiole 1–1.2 mm. Inflorescence a (branched) raceme, sometimes much reduced or a panicle (of racemes), axis 0–3 cm. Flowers: Not symmetrically cleft. Fruits ovoid or cylindrical, calyx lobes persistent.

Distribution — In Malesia: Borneo (Sarawak).

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Symplocos longifolia Fletcher

Symplocos longifolia Fletcher, Noot., Rev. Sympl. (1975) 204; Noot. & Vidal, Fl. Cambodge, Laos & Vietnam 16 (1977) 46

.

Habit: Shrub or tree, 0–10 m tall. Twigs glabrous. Terminal buds pubescent. Leaf blade abaxially glabrous (sometimes the midrib hairy), elliptic or narrowly elliptic or obovate or narrowly obovate, 11–40 cm by, 4–9 cm, base attenuate-cuneate, base angle 15–30 degrees, apex acuminate, tip acute, acumen 7–20 mm, pairs of lateral veins 6–11, intramarginal vein present, reticulation on lower surface distinct or rather obscure, fine. Petiole 5–15 mm. Inflorescence a (branched) spike, sometimes much reduced or a (branched) raceme, sometimes much reduced or a spike, forming a pseudo cone in bud or a raceme, forming a pseudocone in bud, axis 0–4–7 cm, glabrous. Bracts 3–7 mm long; boat-shaped or ovate or semi-circular, bracteoles boat-shaped; bracteoles 2 mm, with bracteoles hairy outside, pubescent, caducous under fruit (sometimes already under flower). Pedicels 0–1 mm. Flowers: Ovary glabrous, 1–1.5 mm high, calyx hairy, appressedly pubescent, 1.5–2 mm, calyx lobes 1.25–2 mm, semi-elliptic, corolla 6 mm, disk hairy, flat, low cylindrical, or annular, 5-glandular or 5-stellate, stamens 60–80, style with hairy base. Fruits ovoid or narrowly ovoid, 12–28 mm by, 4–10 mm, lengthwise ribbed. Seeds per locule 1; seed and/or embryo straight.

Distribution — Outside Malesia: Thailand, Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodja.

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Symplocos macrocarpa Wight ex Clarke ssp. macrocarpa

Symplocos macrocarpa Wight ex Clarke ssp. macrocarpa, Noot., Rev. Sympl. (1975) 221.

Habit: Tree. Twigs hairy at least when young, pubescent. Leaf blade abaxially glabrous (sometimes the midrib hairy), elliptic, 8–22 cm by, 3–7 cm, base cuneate or rounded, base angle 20–80 degrees, margin glandular dentate, denticulate, or crenate, apex acuminate, acumen 6–20 mm, pairs of lateral veins 5–12, secondary veins transverse to nerves, reticulation on lower surface rather obscure, coarse or fine. Petiole 5–12 mm. Inflorescence a (branched) spike, sometimes much reduced, axis 0–4.5 cm, hairy (sometimes glabrescent in fruit), pubescent. Bracts 7–9 mm long; spathulate, bracteoles narrowly elliptic; bracteoles 4–6 mm, with bracteoles hairy outside, hairy at the adaxial surface, pubescent or tomentellous, caducous under fruit (sometimes already under flower). Flowers: Ovary hairy, pubescent or tomentellous, 1.5 mm high, calyx hairy, appressedly pubescent or tomentellous, 3–5 mm, calyx lobes 3–5 mm, narrowly semi-elliptic or narrowly ovate, not becoming longer by tearing, corolla 4 mm, disk hairy, 5-glandular or 5-stellate, stamens 30–50, style with hairy base. Fruits ellipsoid or oblong, 25–40 mm by, 10–16 mm, mesocarp thick, corky or woody, lengthwise ribbed or with high ridges or ribs.

Distribution — Outside Malesia: India incl. Himalayan States and Ceylon (Kerala).

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Symplocos macrocarpa ssp. kanarana (Talbot) Noot.

Symplocos macrocarpa ssp. kanarana (Talbot) Noot., Rev. Sympl. (1975) 221.

Habit: Tree. Twigs hairy at least when young, pubescent. Leaf blade abaxially glabrous (sometimes the midrib hairy), elliptic, 8–22 cm by, 3–7 cm, base cuneate or rounded, base angle 20–80 degrees, margin glandular dentate, denticulate, or crenate, apex acuminate, acumen 6–20 mm, pairs of lateral veins 5–12, secondary veins transverse to nerves, reticulation on lower surface rather obscure, coarse or fine. Petiole 5–10 mm. Inflorescence a (branched) raceme, sometimes much reduced, axis 0–10 cm, hairy (sometimes glabrescent in fruit), pubescent. Bracts 7–9 mm long; spathulate, bracteoles narrowly elliptic; bracteoles 4–6 mm, with bracteoles hairy outside, hairy at the adaxial surface, pubescent or tomentellous, caducous under fruit (sometimes already under flower). Flowers: Ovary glabrous, 1.5 mm high, calyx glabrous or with only a few hairs, 3–5 mm, calyx lobes 3–5 mm, narrowly semi-elliptic or narrowly ovate, not becoming longer by tearing, corolla 4 mm, disk hairy, 5-glandular or 5-stellate, stamens 30–50, style with hairy base. Fruits ellipsoid or oblong, 25–33 mm by, 10–15 mm, mesocarp thick, corky or woody, with high ridges or ribs.

Distribution — Outside Malesia: India incl. Himalayan States and Ceylon (Kerala).

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Symplocos macrophylla Wall. ex DC ssp. macrophylla

Symplocos macrophylla Wall. ex DC ssp. macrophylla, Noot., Rev. Sympl. (1975) 226; Noot., Rev. Handb. Flora Ceylon 3 (1981) 477.

.

Habit: Tree, 0–15 m tall, by 0–20 cm diam. Twigs hairy at least when young, tomentose or tomentellous. Leaf blade abaxially hairy beneath at least when young (handlens!), tomentellous, elliptic or ovate or narrowly elliptic or narrowly ovate, 7–20 cm by, 2–11 cm, base cuneate or cordate (sometimes obliquely) or rounded, margin glandular dentate, denticulate, or crenate or entire, apex acuminate, pairs of lateral veins 6–15, intramarginal vein present or absent, secondary veins transverse to nerves. Petiole 2–25 mm. Inflorescence a (branched) spike, sometimes much reduced or a (branched) raceme, sometimes much reduced, axis 0–7 cm, hairy (sometimes glabrescent in fruit), pubescent or tomentose. Bracts 0–10 mm long, bracteoles 0–7 mm, with bracteoles hairy outside, pubescent or sericeous, caducous under fruit (sometimes already under flower). Pedicels 0–4 mm. Flowers: Ovary hairy, tomentose or sericeous, 1.5–2 mm high, calyx hairy, appressedly pubescent or appressedly sericeous, 2–4 mm, calyx lobes 1.5–4 mm, corolla 4–8 mm, disk hairy, stamens 60–120, style with hairy base. Fruits ovoid or cylindrical or ellipsoid or oblong, 12–20 mm by, 6–8 mm.

Distribution — Outside Malesia: India incl. Himalayan States and Ceylon, Ceylon.

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Symplocos macrophylla Wall. ex DC ssp. grandiflora (Wall.) Noot.

Symplocos macrophylla Wall. ex DC ssp. grandiflora (Wall.) Noot., Rev. Sympl. (1975) 234.

.

Habit: Shrub or tree, 0–15 m tall, by 0–20 cm diam. Twigs glabrous or hairy at least when young, patently long hairy, slender or normal. Terminal buds small, but growth discontinuous, often scales leaving large scars, glabrous or pubescent. Leaf blade abaxially glabrous (sometimes the midrib hairy) or hairy beneath at least when young (handlens!), minutely (scattered) hairy, narrowly elliptic or narrowly obovate, 7–18 cm by, 2–6.5 cm, base cuneate or rounded, base angle 15–90 degrees, margin glandular dentate, denticulate, or crenate or entire, apex acuminate, acumen 7–17 mm, pairs of lateral veins 7–13, intramarginal vein absent or at least towards the apex, secondary veins transverse to nerves, reticulation on lower surface distinct, coarse or fine. Petiole 6–15 mm. Inflorescence a (branched) raceme, sometimes much reduced, axis 5–11 cm, glabrous or hairy (sometimes glabrescent in fruit), pubescent or sparsely fine short hairy. Bracts 1.5–3 mm long, bracteoles 1–2 mm, with bracteoles glabrous outside (sometimes ciliate or ciliolate), caducous under fruit (sometimes already under flower). Pedicels 0–3 mm. Flowers: Ovary glabrous, 1–2 mm high, calyx glabrous or with only a few hairs, 1.5–2 mm, calyx lobes 1.5–2 mm, semi-elliptic, rounded, not becoming longer by tearing, corolla 3–6 mm, 5 lobed, disk hairy, pulvinate or globose, 5-glandular or 5-stellate, stamens 60–120, style glabrous. Fruits ellipsoid or oblong, 14–17 mm by, 6–7 mm, mesocarp fleshy, shrunk when dry, (irregularly, shallowly) length-wise grooved. Seed and/or embryo straight.

Distribution — Outside Malesia: India incl. Himalayan States and Ceylon, Burma, Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodja.

Ecology — Alto low to 2100 m.

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Symplocos macrophylla Wall. ex DC ssp. microphylla (Wight) Noot.

Symplocos macrophylla Wall. ex DC ssp. microphylla (Wight) Noot., Rev. Sympl. (1975) 229.

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Habit: Shrub, 0–15 m tall, by 0–20 cm diam. Twigs glabrous or hairy at least when young, pilose (appressedly), slender or normal. Terminal buds small, but growth discontinuous, often scales leaving large scars, glabrous or (densely) appressedly pilose. Leaf blade abaxially glabrous (sometimes the midrib hairy), elliptic or obovate, 3–6 cm by, 1.2–3.5 cm, base attenuate-cuneate, base angle 40–50 degrees, margin glandular dentate, denticulate, or crenate (recurved or revolute), apex rounded or acute, tip acute or obtuse, pairs of lateral veins 6–10, intramarginal vein present, secondary veins transverse to nerves, reticulation on lower surface distinct. Petiole 4–10 mm. Inflorescence a (branched) raceme, sometimes much reduced or a raceme, forming a pseudocone in bud or a glomerule or fascicle, axis 0–7 cm, hairy (sometimes glabrescent in fruit), pubescent or tomentose. Bracts 3–6 mm long; broadly ovate, bracteoles ovate; bracteoles 1.7–2.2 mm, with bracteoles hairy outside, pubescent, caducous under fruit (sometimes already under flower). Pedicels 0–1 mm. Flowers: Ovary glabrous, 1.3–1.7 mm high, calyx glabrous or with only a few hairs or ciliate or ciliolate, 1.8–2.2 mm, symmetrically cleft, calyx lobes 1.8–2.2 mm, semi-elliptic, rounded or acute, not becoming longer by tearing, corolla 4.5–5.5 mm, 5 lobed, disk hairy, 5-glandular or 5-stellate, stamens 40–60, filaments glabrous, style with a few hairs towards base. Fruits ovoid or ellipsoid or oblong, 14–16 mm by, 7–9 mm, calyx lobes persistent, smooth, locules 3. Seed and/or embryo straight.

Distribution — Outside Malesia: India incl. Himalayan States and Ceylon.

Ecology — Alt. 225–2400 m.

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Symplocos maliliensis Noot.

Symplocos maliliensis Noot., Rev. Sympl. (1975) 237.

Habit: Tree, 0–30 m tall, by 0–50 cm diam. Twigs glabrous, thick. Terminal buds with conspicuous leathery scales, growth discontinuous, glabrous. Leaf blade abaxially glabrous (sometimes the midrib hairy), elliptic or narrowly elliptic or obovate or narrowly obovate, 15–27 cm by, 4.5–8.5 cm, base cuneate or rounded, base angle 30–90 degrees, margin entire, apex acuminate, acumen 10–15 mm, pairs of lateral veins 9–14, intramarginal vein present, coarse or fine. Petiole 8–15 mm. Inflorescence a (branched) raceme, sometimes much reduced, axis 0–8 cm, hairy (sometimes glabrescent in fruit), pubescent. Bracts 3–4 mm long; ovate, bracteoles ovate; bracteoles 2–3 mm, with bracteoles hairy outside, pubescent, caducous under fruit (sometimes already under flower). Pedicels 0–2 mm. Flowers: Ovary glabrous, 1–2 mm high, calyx glabrous or with only a few hairs, 3–4 mm, calyx lobes 2–3 mm, ovate, not becoming longer by tearing, corolla 6 mm, disk hairy, flat, low cylindrical, or annular, 5-glandular or 5-stellate, stamens 100–120, style with hairy base. Fruits ellipsoid or oblong, 15–20 mm by, 10–12 mm, mesocarp thick, corky or woody, lengthwise ribbed, locules 2.

Distribution — In Malesia: Sulawesi.

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Symplocos megalocarpa Fletcher

Symplocos megalocarpa Fletcher, Noot., Rev. Sympl. (1975) 238, Noot. & Vidal, Fl. Cambodge, Laos & Vietnam 16 (1977) 52.

Habit: Tree, 0–20 m tall. Twigs glabrous, thick. Terminal buds small, but growth discontinuous, often scales leaving large scars, glabrous or pubescent. Leaf blade abaxially glabrous (sometimes the midrib hairy), elliptic or obovate, 12–19 cm by, 4.5–8 cm, base cuneate or attenuate-cuneate, base angle 20–40 degrees, margin glandular dentate, denticulate, or crenate, apex acuminate, acumen 2–6 mm, pairs of lateral veins 9–13, intramarginal vein at least towards the apex, secondary veins transverse to nerves, reticulation on lower surface distinct, fine. Petiole 15–25 mm. Inflorescence a (branched) spike, sometimes much reduced, axis 0–4 cm, glabrous. Bracts 5–10 mm long; boat-shaped or broadly ovate, bracteoles narrowly elliptic; bracteoles 0–5 mm, with bracteoles bracts hairy outside, bracteoles glabrous but often ciliate, pubescent, caducous under fruit (sometimes already under flower). Flowers: Ovary glabrous, 1.5–2 mm high, calyx glabrous but the lobes hairy, appressedly pubescent (at both outer and inner side), 3–5 mm, symmetrically cleft (or c. 3-lobed), calyx lobes 1–2 mm, corolla 4 mm, disk glabrous, 5-glandular or 5-stellate, stamens 60–80, style glabrous. Fruits cylindrical or ellipsoid or oblong, 30–35 mm by, 15 mm, mesocarp thick, corky or woody, (irregularly, shallowly) length-wise grooved, locules 3. Seed and/or embryo straight.

Distribution — Outside Malesia: Thailand, Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodja.

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Symplocos menglianensis Qian Yi-yong

Symplocos menglianensis Qian Yi-yong, Bull. Bot. Research 19 (1999) 5. — Type: Qian Yi-yong 2719 (IBSC, iso SMAO) Yunnan, menglian.

.

Habit: Tree, 0–10 m tall. Twigs hairy at least when young, pubescent. Leaf blade abaxially hairy beneath at least when young (handlens!), pubescent, narrowly elliptic or narrowly ovate, 6–23 cm by, 1.5–8 cm, base cuneate, margin glandular dentate, denticulate, or crenate, apex acuminate, pairs of lateral veins 9–13. Petiole 0.7–16 mm. Inflorescence a (branched) spike, sometimes much reduced or a panicle of spikes, axis 3–7 cm, hairy (sometimes glabrescent in fruit), tomentose. Bracts 3–4 mm long; ovate, bracteoles broadly ovate; bracteoles 2–2.5 mm, with bracteoles hairy outside, tomentose. Flowers: Ovary hairy, tomentose, 0.4–0.6 mm high, calyx hairy, tomentose, 2.4–2.6 mm, calyx lobes 2.4–2.6 mm, ovate, corolla 4.5–5.5 mm, disk glabrous, stamens 50–60. Fruits ovoid or flask-shaped, ampulliform or ellipsoid ampulliform, 5–9 mm by, 5.5–7 mm.

Distribution — Outside Malesia: China (Yunnan, Menglian).

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Symplocos monantha Wight

Symplocos monantha Wight, Noot., Rev. Sympl. (1975) 204.

Habit: Shrub (much branched). Twigs glabrous or hairy at least when young, pilose (soon glabrescent). Terminal buds more or less appressedly pilose. Leaf blade abaxially glabrous (sometimes the midrib hairy) or hairy beneath at least when young (handlens!), sparsely appressedly pilose (sometimes nearly glabrous), elliptic, 2.5–4.7 cm by, 1–2 cm, base cuneate or attenuate-cuneate, base angle 30–50 degrees, margin glandular dentate, denticulate, or crenate, apex acuminate, acumen 3–8 mm, pairs of lateral veins 5–7, reticulation on lower surface rather obscure or fine reticulation only visible with transmitted light, fine. Petiole 2–6 mm. Inflorescence flowers solitary or up to 3 from the axil of a leave (if flowers solitary often several to many bracts). Bracts 1–1.5 mm long; several; bracteoles 1–1.5 mm, with bracteoles hairy outside, pubescent, persistent or caducous under fruit (sometimes already under flower). Pedicels 0–1 mm. Flowers: Ovary glabrous, 1–2 mm high, calyx glabrous or with only a few hairs, 1–2 mm, calyx lobes 1–2 mm, ovate, corolla 4–5 mm, disk glabrous, 5-glandular or 5-stellate, stamens 45–55, style with hairy base. Fruits ellipsoid or oblong, 10–15 mm by, 5 mm. Seed and/or embryo straight.

Distribution — Outside Malesia: India incl. Himalayan States and Ceylon.

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Symplocos montana (Vieill.) Brongn. & Gris var. montana

Symplocos montana (Vieill.) Brongn. & Gris var. montana Noot.,Bull. Mus. Nat. Hist. Nat. Paris 4e sér. 11 section B Adansonia (1989) 300 — Symplocos montana (Vieill.) Brongn. & Gris, Noot., Fl. Nouv. Caled. 9 (1980) 138.

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Habit: Shrub, 0.4–2 m tall. Twigs glabrous, slender or normal. Leaves evenly distributed or growing in flushes and some concentration of leaves on the nodes, leaf blade abaxially glabrous (sometimes the midrib hairy), elliptic, 1.5–5.5 cm by, 0.7–3.2 cm, base cuneate or rounded, margin entire; strongly recurved or revolute; apex rounded or shortly acuminate or acute, pairs of lateral veins 3–6, intramarginal vein present, reticulation on lower surface distinct or rather obscure, coarse. Petiole 3–5 mm. Inflorescence a (branched) spike, sometimes much reduced, axis 0.5–1 cm, glabrous or hairy (sometimes glabrescent in fruit), (brown) pilose. Bracts 0.5–1 mm long, bracteoles 0.5 mm, caducous under fruit (sometimes already under flower). Flowers: Ovary glabrous, 0.5–1 mm high, calyx glabrous or with only a few hairs, 0.5–0.8 mm, calyx lobes 0.5–0.8 mm, corolla 3 mm, disk glabrous or hairy, flat, low cylindrical, or annular, 5-glandular or 5-stellate or not obviously 5-glandular, stamens 25–30, style glabrous or with hairy base. Fruits ovoid, 5–7 mm by, 3–5 mm.

Distribution — Outside Malesia: New Caledonia.

Ecology — generally not on ultrabasic soil.

Note — Differs from var. baptica mainly in leaf size.

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Symplocos montana (Vieill.) Brongn. & Gris var. baptica (Brongn. & Gris) Noot.

Symplocos montana (Vieill.) Brongn. & Gris var. baptica (Brongn. & Gris) Noot., Bull. Mus. Nat. Hist. Nat. Paris 4e sér. 11 section B Adansonia (1989) 299. — Symplocos baptica Brongn. et Gris, Bull. Soc. Bot. France 13 (1866) 430; Noot. Fl. Nouv. Caled. 9 (1980) 142.

Habit: Shrub or tree, 1.5–10 m tall. Twigs glabrous, slender or normal. Leaf blade abaxially glabrous (sometimes the midrib hairy), elliptic to obovate, 4–7 cm by, 2–5 cm, base attenuate-cuneate, margin entire; strongly recurved or revolute; apex rounded or acute, pairs of lateral veins 5–7, intramarginal vein present, reticulation on lower surface distinct or rather obscure, coarse. Petiole 5.1–30 mm. Inflorescence a (branched) spike, sometimes much reduced or a (branched) raceme, sometimes much reduced, axis 2–5 cm, hairy (sometimes glabrescent in fruit), puberulous or tomentellous. Pedicels 0–5 mm. Flowers: Ovary glabrous or hairy, pubescent, 1–1.4 mm high, calyx glabrous or with only a few hairs or hairy, appressedly pubescent, 1–1.4 mm, calyx lobes 1–1.4 mm, corolla 4–6 mm, flat, low cylindrical, or annular, stamens 25–50, style glabrous or with hairy base. Fruits ovoid or ellipsoid or oblong, 9–10 mm by, 5–6 mm.

Distribution — Outside Malesia: New Caledonia.

Ecology — generally not on ultrabasic soil.

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Symplocos montana (Vieill.) Brongn. & Gris var. munda (Symplocos Moore) Noot.

Symplocos montana (Vieill.) Brongn. & Gris var. munda, Noot.,Bull. Mus. Nat. Hist. Nat. Paris 4e sér. 11 section B Adansonia (1989) 301. — Symplocos munda Symplocos Moore, J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 45 (1921) 415; Noot. Fl. Nouv. Caled. 9 (1980) 154.

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Habit: Shrub, 0.4–2 m tall. Twigs glabrous or hairy at least when young, slender or normal. Leaves evenly distributed or growing in flushes and some concentration of leaves on the nodes, leaf blade abaxially glabrous (sometimes the midrib hairy), elliptic or obovate, 2–10 cm by, 1–5 cm, base cuneate or rounded, margin glandular dentate, denticulate, or crenate or entire; strongly recurved or revolute; apex rounded or shortly acuminate or acute, pairs of lateral veins 4–6, intramarginal vein present, reticulation on lower surface distinct or rather obscure, coarse. Petiole 0–6 mm. Inflorescence a (branched) spike, sometimes much reduced or a (branched) raceme, sometimes much reduced, axis 1.1–5 cm, glabrous. Bracts 1–2 mm long, bracteoles 0.5–1.5 mm, caducous under fruit (sometimes already under flower). Pedicels 0.3 mm. Flowers: Ovary glabrous, 1–1.5 mm high, calyx glabrous or with only a few hairs, 1–1.25 mm, calyx lobes 1–1.25 mm, corolla 3–4 mm, disk hairy, flat, low cylindrical, or annular, 5-glandular or 5-stellate or not obviously 5-glandular, stamens 25–70, style hairy halfway up. Fruits ovoid or flask-shaped, ampulliform or ellipsoid ampulliform, 8–15 mm by, 4–7 mm.

Distribution — Outside Malesia: New Caledonia.

Ecology — generally on ultrabasic soil.

Note — Differs from var. baptica mainly in leaf size.

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Symplocos montana (Vieill.) Brongn. & Gris var. tortuosa (Guillaumin) Noot.

Symplocos montana (Vieill.) Brongn. & Gris var. tortuosa (Guillaumin) Noot.,Bull. Mus. Nat. Hist. Nat. Paris 4e sér. 11 section B Adansonia (1989) 299. — Symplocos tortuosa Guillaumin, Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. 71 (1924) 944; Noot. Fl. Nouv. Caled. 9 (1980) 157.

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Habit: Shrub or tree, 2–15 m tall. Twigs glabrous, slender or normal. Leaves evenly distributed or growing in flushes and some concentration of leaves on the nodes, leaf blade abaxially glabrous (sometimes the midrib hairy), elliptic or obovate, 7–18 cm by, 2–9 cm, base attenuate-cuneate, margin entire; strongly recurved or revolute; apex rounded or shortly acuminate or acute, pairs of lateral veins 5–9, intramarginal vein present, reticulation on lower surface distinct or rather obscure, coarse. Petiole 6–25 mm. Inflorescence a (branched) spike, sometimes much reduced or a (branched) raceme, sometimes much reduced or a glomerule or fascicle, axis 2.5–6 cm, hairy (sometimes glabrescent in fruit), (brown) pilose. Bracts 1.5–2 mm long, bracteoles 0.5–1 mm, persistent or caducous under fruit (sometimes already under flower). Pedicels 0–2 mm. Flowers: Ovary glabrous or hairy, 1–1.5 mm high, calyx glabrous or with only a few hairs or hairy or ciliate or ciliolate, 1–1.4 mm, calyx lobes 1–1.4 mm, corolla 3–6 mm, disk hairy, flat, low cylindrical, or annular or pulvinate or globose, 5-glandular or 5-stellate, stamens 30–120, style with hairy base or hairy halfway up. Fruits ovoid or flask-shaped, ampulliform or ellipsoid ampulliform, 8 mm by, 4 mm.

Distribution — Outside Malesia: New Caledonia.

Ecology — generally not on ultrabasic soil.

Note — Differs from var. baptica mainly in leaf size.

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Symplocos montana (Vieill.) Brongn. & Gris var. ultrabasica Noot.

Symplocos montana (Vieill.) Brongn. & Gris var. ultrabasica Noot., Bull. Mus. Nat. Hist. Nat. Paris 4e sér. 11 section B Adansonia (1989) 300. — Type MacKee 17018.

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Habit: Shrub, 0.5–2 m tall. Twigs glabrous, slender or normal. Leaves evenly distributed or growing in flushes and some concentration of leaves on the nodes, leaf blade abaxially glabrous (sometimes the midrib hairy), elliptic or narrowly elliptic, 4.5–10 cm by, 1.4–5.5 cm, base attenuate-cuneate, margin entire; strongly recurved or revolute; apex rounded or shortly acuminate, pairs of lateral veins 5–7, intramarginal vein present, reticulation on lower surface distinct or rather obscure, coarse. Petiole 3–13 mm. Inflorescence a (branched) spike, sometimes much reduced or a glomerule or fascicle, axis 0.7–2 cm, hairy (sometimes glabrescent in fruit), (brown) pilose. Bracts 1.5 mm long, bracteoles 1 mm, with bracteoles hairy outside, caducous under fruit (sometimes already under flower). Flowers: Ovary glabrous, 1 mm high, calyx hairy, appressedly pubescent, 1–1.2 mm, calyx lobes 1–1.2 mm, corolla 4 mm, disk glabrous or hairy, flat, low cylindrical, or annular, 5-glandular or 5-stellate, stamens 40–60, style glabrous or with hairy base. Fruits cylindrical or ellipsoid or oblong, 10–15 mm by, 4–6 mm.

Distribution — Outside Malesia: New Caledonia.

Ecology — restricted to ultrabasic soil.

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Symplocos multibracteata Noot.

Symplocos multibracteata Noot., Rev. Sympl. (1975) 241.

Habit: Shrub or tree, 0–4 m tall. Twigs hairy at least when young, tomentose or pilose. Leaf blade abaxially glabrous (sometimes the midrib hairy) or hairy beneath at least when young (handlens!), sparsely appressedly pilose (sometimes nearly glabrous), elliptic or ovate, 5–14 cm by, 2.5–6.5 cm, base cordate (sometimes obliquely) or rounded, base angle 90–140 degrees, margin glandular dentate, denticulate, or crenate, apex acuminate, acumen 5–10 mm, pairs of lateral veins 7–13, intramarginal vein present. Petiole 2–10 mm. Inflorescence flowers solitary or up to 3 from the axil of a leave (if flowers solitary often several to many bracts), axis 0–2 cm, glabrous. Bracts 4–8 mm long; semi-elliptic or broadly semi-elliptic, several; with bracteoles hairy outside, pubescent. Flowers: Ovary glabrous, 2–3 mm high, calyx hairy, appressedly pubescent, 3–5 mm, calyx lobes 3–5 mm, corolla 5–8 mm, disk hairy, 5-glandular or 5-stellate, stamens 80–180, style glabrous. Fruits ovoid to ellipsoid or oblong to spindle shaped, 17–22 mm by, 8–10 mm, calyx lobes persistent. Seeds per locule 1.

Distribution — In Malesia: New Guinea.

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Symplocos nairii A.N. Henry & R. Gopalan

Symplocos nairii A.N. Henry & R. Gopalan, Journal Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 81 (1984) 169. — Type: Henry 68830 (CAL, iso MH) India Tamil Nadu.

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Habit: Shrub or tree, 0–8 m tall. Twigs glabrous. Leaf blade abaxially glabrous (sometimes the midrib hairy), elliptic or ovate, 8–12 cm by, 4–7 cm, base cordate (sometimes obliquely), margin glandular dentate, denticulate, or crenate, apex rounded or acute, tip acute or obtuse, pairs of lateral veins 8–12. Petiole 2–4 mm. Inflorescence flowers solitary or up to 3 from the axil of a leave (if flowers solitary often several to many bracts) or a fascicle of racemes, axis 0–2 cm, glabrous. Bracts 0–11 mm long; ovate; bracteoles 0–11 mm, with bracteoles hairy outside, pubescent, persistent. Flowers: Ovary glabrous, 1–2 mm high, calyx hairy, appressedly pubescent, 2–4 mm, calyx lobes 2–4 mm, ovate or semi-circular, corolla 3–4.5 mm, disk glabrous, 5-glandular or 5-stellate, stamens 30–35, style with hairy base. Fruits cylindrical or ellipsoid or oblong, 8–20 mm by, 5–6 mm, calyx lobes persistent, smooth.

Distribution — Outside Malesia: India incl. Himalayan States and Ceylon (Tamil Nadu).

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Symplocos neocaledonica (Vieill.) Noot.

Symplocos neocaledonica (Vieill.) Noot., Adansonia 3 (1989) 305.

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Habit: Shrub or tree, 1–12 m tall. Twigs glabrous or hairy at least when young, pubescent or tomentose, thick or very thick, at least 8 mm. Leaves crowded at the end of the branchlets or of the flushes in false whorls or in whorls or growing in flushes and some concentration of leaves on the nodes, leaf blade abaxially glabrous (sometimes the midrib hairy) or hairy beneath at least when young (handlens!), pubescent, broadly obovate to obovate to narrowly obovate, 13–80 cm by, 4.55–22 cm, base cordate (sometimes obliquely) or rounded or gradually tapering towards base of petiole, apex rounded or shortly acuminate or acute, pairs of lateral veins 10–18, intramarginal vein present, secondary veins transverse to nerves, coarse. Petiole 0–10 mm (often thick to very thick). Inflorescence a (branched) spike, sometimes much reduced or a (branched) raceme, sometimes much reduced, axillar or axillar but many from wood beneath the leaves, hairy (sometimes glabrescent in fruit), pubescent or villous. Bracts 1–4 mm long, bracteoles 1–2 mm, with bracteoles glabrous outside (sometimes ciliate or ciliolate) or hairy outside, pubescent or pilose, persistent. Pedicels 0–6 mm. Flowers: Ovary glabrous or hairy, 1–2 mm high, calyx glabrous or with only a few hairs, 1.5–2 mm, calyx lobes 1–1.4 mm, corolla 5 mm, disk glabrous or hairy, flat, low cylindrical, or annular or pulvinate or globose, stamens 15–60, style glabrous or hairy. Fruits flask-shaped, ampulliform or ellipsoid ampulliform, 9–13 mm by, 4–8 mm.

Distribution — Outside Malesia: New Caledonia.

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Symplocos nivea Brand

Symplocos nivea Brand, Noot., Rev. Sympl. (1975) 241.

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Habit: Tree, 0–18 m tall. Twigs glabrous. Terminal buds small, but growth discontinuous, often scales leaving large scars, outer scales glabrous, the inner scales often hairy on midrib and apex. Leaf blade abaxially glabrous (sometimes the midrib hairy), elliptic or narrowly elliptic, 7–11 cm by, 2–4.5 cm, base cuneate or attenuate-cuneate, base angle 30–50 degrees, margin glandular dentate, denticulate, or crenate, apex acuminate, tip acute or obtuse, acumen 3–13 mm, pairs of lateral veins 5–8, intramarginal vein present, close to the margin, reticulation on lower surface distinct, coarse or fine. Petiole 7–10 mm. Inflorescence a (branched) raceme, sometimes much reduced or a panicle (of racemes), hairy (sometimes glabrescent in fruit), villous. Bracts 2.5–3 mm long; semi-elliptic, bracteoles narrowly elliptic; bracteoles 2.5 mm, with bracteoles glabrous outside (sometimes ciliate or ciliolate) or hairy outside, caducous under fruit (sometimes already under flower). Pedicels 0–5 mm. Flowers: Ovary glabrous, 1 mm high, calyx glabrous or with only a few hairs, 2.5–3 mm, calyx lobes 1–2 mm, becoming longer by tearing, corolla 5 mm, disk hairy, 5-glandular or 5-stellate, stamens 100–150, style with hairy base.

Distribution — In Malesia: Malay Peninsula.

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Symplocos nokoensis (Hayata) Kanehira

Symplocos nokoensis (Hayata) Kanehira, Noot., Rev. Sympl. (1975) 241; Wu & Noot., Fl. China 15 (1996) 244; Nagamasu, Fl. Taiwan IId ed., 4 (1998) 121.

Habit: Shrub. Twigs hairy at least when young, puberulous. Leaf blade abaxially glabrous (sometimes the midrib hairy), elliptic or broadly elliptic or ovate or broadly ovate or obovate, 1–2.3 cm by, 0.8–1.2 cm, base broadly cuneate or rounded, base angle 40–90 degrees, margin glandular dentate, denticulate, or crenate, apex rounded or acute, pairs of lateral veins 3–5. Petiole 1–3 mm. Inflorescence flowers solitary or up to 3 from the axil of a leave (if flowers solitary often several to many bracts), axis 0–1 cm. Bracts 2–4 mm long; several; with bracteoles glabrous outside (sometimes ciliate or ciliolate) or hairy outside. Flowers: Ovary glabrous, 0.5 mm high, calyx glabrous or with only a few hairs, calyx lobes 2 mm, corolla 2–3 mm, disk glabrous, style glabrous. Fruits ovoid, 7 mm by, 5 mm.

Distribution — Outside Malesia: China (Taiwan).

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Symplocos obovatifolia Merr.

Symplocos obovatifolia Merr., Noot., Rev. Sympl. (1975) 242.

Habit: Twigs glabrous. Terminal buds glabrous. Leaf blade abaxially glabrous (sometimes the midrib hairy), obovate, 7.5–11 cm by, 3.5–6 cm, base cuneate, base angle 25–60 degrees, apex rounded or shortly acuminate, acumen 0–2 mm, pairs of lateral veins 7–9, reticulation on lower surface distinct, coarse or fine. Petiole 7–12 mm (winged towards the apex). Inflorescence a (branched) spike, sometimes much reduced or a glomerule or fascicle, axis 0–1.5 cm, glabrous. Bracts 2–3 mm long, bracteoles 2–3 mm, with bracteoles glabrous outside (sometimes ciliate or ciliolate), persistent. Flowers: Ovary glabrous, calyx glabrous or with only a few hairs, 3-lobed, 2 mm, calyx lobes 2 mm, semi-circular or semi-elliptic, not becoming longer by tearing, disk glabrous, 5-glandular or 5-stellate, style with hairy base. Fruits ellipsoid or oblong, 9–12 mm by, 5 mm, smooth, locules 3. Seeds per locule 3; seed and/or embryo straight.

Distribution — In Malesia: Philippines (Luzon).

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Symplocos obtusa Wall. ex G. Don var. obtusa

Symplocos obtusa Wall., Cat. (1828) 4424 , nomen ex G. Don, Gen. Hist. 4: 3. 1837; DC., Prod. 8.(1844) 255; Thw., Enum. Pl. Zeyl. (1860) 185, incl. vars obovata and major; Clarke in Hook. f., Fl. Br. Ind. 3 (1882) 583; Trimen, Handb. Fl. Ceylon 3 (1895) 105; Alston in Trimen, Handb. Fl. Ceylon 6 (1931) 186; Noot., Rev. Sympl. (1975) 243; Rev. Handb. Flora Ceylon 3 (1981) 465.

Habit: Shrub or tree, 0–15 m tall, by 0–30 cm diam. Twigs glabrous. Leaf blade abaxially glabrous (sometimes the midrib hairy), narrowly ovate or obovate or broadly obovate, 2–18 cm by, 1.2–10 cm, base cuneate, apex rounded or shortly acuminate, acumen 0–5 mm, pairs of lateral veins 5–10, intramarginal vein present. Petiole 2–20 mm. Inflorescence a (branched) spike, sometimes much reduced or a (branched) raceme, sometimes much reduced or flowers solitary or up to 3 from the axil of a leave (if flowers solitary often several to many bracts), axis 2–15 cm, glabrous. Bracts 1.5–6 mm long (soemtimes bracts leaf-like and then inflorescence branched, forming a transition to the 1-flowered inflorescences); semi-elliptic or ovate; with bracteoles glabrous outside (sometimes ciliate or ciliolate), caducous under fruit (sometimes already under flower). Pedicels 0–10 mm. Flowers: Ovary glabrous, 1.5–3 mm high, calyx glabrous or with only a few hairs, 1–1.5 mm, calyx lobes 1–1.5 mm, corolla 4–9 mm, disk glabrous or hairy, stamens 25–70, style with hairy base. Fruits ellipsoid or oblong, 7–16 mm by, lengthwise ribbed.

Distribution — Outside Malesia: India incl. Himalayan States and Ceylon, Ceylon.

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Symplocos obtusa Wall. ex G. Don var. cucullata Thwaites

Symplocos obtusa Wall., Thw., Enum. Pl. Zeyl. 185. 1860 var. cucullata Thw. — Symplocos cucullata Brand in Pflanzenr. Heft 6: 56. 1901. In Noot., Rev. Sympl. (1975) 243 under var.obtusa; Noot. Rev. Handb. Flora Ceylon 3 (1981) 466.

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Habit: Shrub or tree, 0–15 m tall, by 0–30 cm diam. Twigs glabrous (very thick). Leaves crowded at the end of the branchlets or of the flushes in false whorls, leaf blade abaxially glabrous (sometimes the midrib hairy), elliptic or broadly elliptic to obovate or broadly obovate, 2–18 cm by, 1.2–10 cm, base rounded; strongly recurved or revolute; apex rounded or shortly acuminate, acumen 0–5 mm, pairs of lateral veins 5–10, intramarginal vein present. Petiole 1–11 mm (thick). Inflorescence a (branched) spike, sometimes much reduced or a (branched) raceme, sometimes much reduced or flowers solitary or up to 3 from the axil of a leave (if flowers solitary often several to many bracts), axis 2–15 cm, glabrous. Bracts 1.5–6 mm long (soemtimes bracts leaf-like and then inflorescence branched, forming a transition to the 1-flowered inflorescences); semi-elliptic or ovate; with bracteoles glabrous outside (sometimes ciliate or ciliolate), caducous under fruit (sometimes already under flower). Pedicels 0–10 mm. Flowers: Ovary glabrous, 1.5–3 mm high, calyx glabrous or with only a few hairs, 1–1.5 mm, calyx lobes 1–1.5 mm, corolla 4–9 mm, disk glabrous or hairy, stamens 25–70, style with hairy base. Fruits ellipsoid or oblong, 7–16 mm by, lengthwise ribbed.

Distribution — Outside Malesia: Ceylon.

Note — Possibly a hybrid between var. obtusa and S, cordifolia Thw,.

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Symplocos obtusa Wall. ex G. Don var. pedicellata Clarke

Symplocos obtusa var. pedicellata. (Clarke) Noot., Rev. Sympl. 243. 1975; Rev. Handb. Flora Ceylon 3 (1981) 457. — Symplocos laeta Thw., Enum. PI. Zeyl. 184. 1860 — Symplocos laeta var. pedicellata Clarke in Hook. f., Fl. Br. Ind. 3: 584. 1882. — Symplocos rufescens Thw. l.c. — Symplocos versicolor Clarke in Hook. f., Fl. Br. Ind. 3: 584. 1882.

Habit: Shrub or tree, 0–15 m tall, by 0–30 cm diam. Twigs glabrous. Leaf blade abaxially glabrous (sometimes the midrib hairy), elliptic or ovate, 3.5–9.5 cm by, 1.5–5 cm, base cuneate or attenuate-cuneate, apex acuminate, acumen 3–10 mm, pairs of lateral veins 5–10, intramarginal vein present. Petiole 3–20 mm (thin). Inflorescence a (branched) spike, sometimes much reduced or a (branched) raceme, sometimes much reduced or flowers solitary or up to 3 from the axil of a leave (if flowers solitary often several to many bracts), axis 2–15 cm, glabrous. Bracts 1.5–6 mm long (soemtimes bracts leaf-like and then inflorescence branched, forming a transition to the 1-flowered inflorescences); semi-elliptic or ovate; with bracteoles glabrous outside (sometimes ciliate or ciliolate), caducous under fruit (sometimes already under flower). Pedicels 0–10 mm. Flowers: Ovary glabrous, 2 mm high, calyx glabrous or with only a few hairs, 0.75–1 mm, calyx lobes 0.75–1 mm, corolla 4–9 mm, disk glabrous or hairy, stamens 25–70, style with hairy base. Fruits ellipsoid or oblong, 7–16 mm by, lengthwise ribbed.

Distribution — Outside Malesia: Ceylon.

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Symplocos odoratissima (Bl.) Choisy ex Zoll. var. odoratissima

Symplocos odoratissima (Bl.) Choisy ex Zoll. var. odoratissima, Noot., Rev. Sympl. (1975) 245.

Habit: Tree, 0–30 m tall, by 0–50 cm diam. Twigs glabrous or hairy at least when young, pubescent or tomentose or tomentellous. Terminal buds glabrous or pubescent. Leaf blade abaxially glabrous (sometimes the midrib hairy) or hairy beneath at least when young (handlens!), pubescent, elliptic or obovate, 7–40 cm by, 2–12 cm, base cuneate or attenuate-cuneate or rounded, apex acuminate, tip obtuse, acumen 5–30 mm, pairs of lateral veins 5–16. Petiole 10–50 mm. Inflorescence a (branched) raceme, sometimes much reduced or a panicle (of racemes), axis 5–30 cm, hairy (sometimes glabrescent in fruit), tomentellous. Bracts 3–5 mm long, bracteoles 0.5–2 mm, with bracteoles hairy outside, hairy at the adaxial surface, tomentellous, caducous under fruit (sometimes already under flower). Pedicels 3–7 mm. Flowers: Ovary hairy, 1.5–2.5 mm high, calyx hairy, tomentellous, 0.5–1.5 mm, calyx lobes 0.5–1.5 mm, semi-circular, not becoming longer by tearing, corolla 5–8 mm, hairy (densely tomentose or tomentellous), disk hairy, 5-glandular or 5-stellate, stamens 100–150, style with hairy base. Fruits ovoid or flask-shaped, ampulliform or ellipsoid ampulliform, 8–20 mm by, 5–10 mm, mesocarp fleshy, shrunk when dry, with high ridges or ribs.

Distribution — In Malesia: Sumatra, Malay Peninsula, Java, Lesser Sunda Is., Borneo, Philippines, Sulawesi, Moluccas.

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Symplocos odoratissima (Bl.) Choisy ex Zoll. var. wenzelii (Merr.) Noot.

Symplocos odoratissima (Bl.) Choisy ex Zoll. var. wenzelii (Merr.) Noot., Rev. Sympl. (1975) 248.

Habit: Tree, 0–30 m tall, by 0–50 cm diam. Twigs hairy at least when young, pubescent or tomentose or pilose. Terminal buds glabrous or pubescent. Leaf blade abaxially hairy beneath at least when young (handlens!), pubescent, elliptic or obovate, 15–27 cm by, 7–16 cm, base cuneate or rounded, apex acuminate, tip obtuse, acumen 5–30 mm, pairs of lateral veins 5–16. Petiole 10–50 mm. Inflorescence a (branched) raceme, sometimes much reduced or a panicle (of racemes), axis 5–30 cm, hairy (sometimes glabrescent in fruit), tomentellous. Bracts 3–5 mm long, bracteoles 0.5–2 mm, with bracteoles hairy outside, hairy at the adaxial surface, tomentellous, caducous under fruit (sometimes already under flower). Pedicels 3–7 mm. Flowers: Ovary hairy, 1.5–2.5 mm high, calyx hairy, tomentellous, 0.5–1.5 mm, calyx lobes 0.5–1.5 mm, semi-circular, not becoming longer by tearing, corolla 5–8 mm, hairy (densely tomentose or tomentellous), disk hairy, 5-glandular or 5-stellate, stamens 100–150, style with hairy base. Fruits ovoid or obovoid or subglobose, 15–27 mm by, 12–20 mm, mesocarp thick, corky or woody.

Distribution — In Malesia: Borneo, Philippines.

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Symplocos oligandra Beddome

Symplocos oligandra Beddome, Noot., Rev. Sympl. (1975) 248.

Habit: Twigs hairy at least when young, sparsely appressedly fine-pilose. Terminal buds appressedly puberulous. Leaf blade abaxially glabrous (sometimes the midrib hairy), elliptic or obovate, 2.5–4 cm by, 1–2.2 cm, base cuneate, base angle 20–30 degrees, apex acuminate or acute, acumen 0–3 mm, pairs of lateral veins 6–10, reticulation on lower surface rather obscure, coarse. Petiole 3–5 mm. Inflorescence a (branched) spike, sometimes much reduced or a (branched) raceme, sometimes much reduced, axis 0–1 cm, hairy (sometimes glabrescent in fruit), sparsely fine short hairy. Bracteoles 1.5 mm, bracts with bracteoles hairy outside, puberulous, caducous under fruit (sometimes already under flower). Flowers: Ovary glabrous, 1.5–2 mm high, calyx hairy, appressedly puberulous, 1.5 mm, calyx lobes 1.5 mm, triangular, corolla 2.5–3 mm, disk hairy, flat, low cylindrical, or annular, 5-glandular or 5-stellate, stamens 8–12, style glabrous. Fruits ellipsoid or oblong, 10 mm by, 5 mm.

Distribution — Outside Malesia: India incl. Himalayan States and Ceylon.

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Symplocos olivacea Merr.

Symplocos olivacea Merr., Noot., Rev. Sympl. (1975) 249.

Habit: Twigs glabrous but the very apex appressedly pubescent. Terminal buds pubescent. Leaf blade abaxially glabrous (sometimes the midrib hairy) or hairy beneath at least when young (handlens!), sparsely appressedly pilose (sometimes nearly glabrous), elliptic, 7–10 cm by, 3–4 cm, base cuneate, base angle 40–50 degrees, apex acuminate, acumen 5–12 mm, pairs of lateral veins 8–11, intramarginal vein present. Petiole 3–5 mm. Hairy (sometimes glabrescent in fruit), pubescent. Bracts 1 mm long, bracteoles 1.5 mm, with bracteoles hairy outside, pubescent, persistent. Flowers: Ovary hairy, sericeous, 0.5 mm high, calyx hairy, appressedly pubescent, 1 mm, calyx lobes 0.75 mm, ovate, corolla 3 mm, disk hairy, pulvinate or globose, stamens 35–45, style with a few hairs towards base.

Distribution — Outside Malesia: Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodja.

Symplocos ophirensis Clarke ssp. ophirensis var. ophirensis

Symplocos ophirensis Clarke ssp. ophirensis var. ophirensis Noot., Rev. Sympl. (1975) 252.

Habit: Shrub or tree, 0–6 m tall. Twigs glabrous or hairy at least when young. Leaf blade abaxially glabrous (sometimes the midrib hairy), elliptic or narrowly elliptic, 5.5–11.5 cm by, 1.5–6 cm, base cuneate or rounded, base angle 30–90 degrees, apex rounded or acute, pairs of lateral veins 5–6, intramarginal vein present, reticulation on lower surface distinct, fine. Petiole 2–3 mm. Inflorescence a (branched) raceme, sometimes much reduced or a glomerule or fascicle, axis 0–10 cm, hairy (sometimes glabrescent in fruit), pubescent or puberulous or sparsely fine short hairy. Bracts 0.5–1.5 mm long, bracteoles 0.5–1.5 mm, with bracteoles hairy outside, persistent or caducous under fruit (sometimes already under flower). Pedicels 1–3 mm. Flowers: Ovary hairy, pubescent or puberulous or sparsely appressedly fine hairy, calyx hairy, appressedly pubescent or appressedly puberulous or sparsely appressedly pilose, 0.5–1 mm, calyx lobes 0.5–1 mm, not becoming longer by tearing, corolla 3–5 mm, disk hairy, 5-glandular or 5-stellate, stamens 20–60, style glabrous. Fruits ovoid or cylindrical, 6–12 mm by, 5–6 mm, (irregularly, shallowly) length-wise grooved.

Distribution — In Malesia: Malay Peninsula.

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Symplocos ophirensis Clarke ssp. ophirensis var. densireticulata Noot.

Symplocos ophirensis Clarke ssp. ophirensis var. densireticulata Noot., Rev. Sympl. (1975) 252.

Habit: Shrub or tree. Twigs hairy at least when young, pubescent or tomentose. Terminal buds pubescent. Leaf blade abaxially hairy beneath at least when young (handlens!), pubescent, elliptic or narrowly elliptic or ovate or narrowly ovate, 3.5–12 cm by, 1.5–4.5 cm, base cuneate or broadly cuneate or cordate (sometimes obliquely) or rounded, base angle 30–60 degrees, margin glandular dentate, denticulate, or crenate or entire, apex acuminate or long acuminate or acute, acumen 0–15 mm, pairs of lateral veins 6–12, intramarginal vein present or absent, reticulation on lower surface distinct, fine. Petiole 2–9 mm. Inflorescence a (branched) raceme, sometimes much reduced, axis 0–3 cm, hairy (sometimes glabrescent in fruit), pubescent. Bracts 2 mm long, bracteoles 1 mm, with bracteoles hairy outside, pubescent, caducous under fruit (sometimes already under flower). Pedicels 1–3 mm. Flowers: Ovary hairy, pubescent, 1 mm high, calyx hairy, appressedly pubescent, 1–1.5 mm, calyx lobes 1 mm, triangular, not becoming longer by tearing, corolla 2–2.5 mm, disk hairy, inconspicuous, 5-glandular or 5-stellate, stamens 20–60, style glabrous. Fruits ovoid or ellipsoid or oblong, 5–8 mm by, 4–5 mm, calyx lobes persistent, smooth.

Distribution — In Malesia: Malay Peninsula, Sulawesi.

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Symplocos ophirensis Clarke ssp. cumingiana (Brand) Noot. var. cumingiana

Symplocos ophirensis ssp. cumingiana (Brand) Noot. var. cumingiana, Noot, rev. Sympl. (1975) 254.

Habit: Shrub, 0–6 m tall. Twigs glabrous or hairy at least when young or glabrous but with some (appressed or patent) hairs, sparsely appressedly fine-pilose or minutely hairy. Leaf blade abaxially glabrous (sometimes the midrib hairy), elliptic or narrowly elliptic or obovate or narrowly obovate, 6–18 cm by, 3–7 cm, base cuneate or attenuate-cuneate or rounded, base angle 30–90 degrees, apex rounded or acuminate, pairs of lateral veins 8–16, intramarginal vein present or absent, reticulation on lower surface distinct or rather obscure, coarse. Petiole 3–15 mm. Inflorescence a (branched) spike, sometimes much reduced or a (branched) raceme, sometimes much reduced, axis 0.5–5 cm, hairy (sometimes glabrescent in fruit), pubescent or puberulous or sparsely fine short hairy. Bracts 0.5–1.5 mm long, bracteoles 0.5–1.5 mm, with bracteoles glabrous outside (sometimes ciliate or ciliolate) or hairy outside, persistent or caducous under fruit (sometimes already under flower), ovary visible. Pedicels 1–3 mm. Flowers: Ovary glabrous or hairy, pubescent, 0.8–1.5 mm high, calyx glabrous or with only a few hairs or hairy, appressedly pubescent, 0.5–1 mm, calyx lobes 0.5–1 mm, not becoming longer by tearing, corolla 3–4.5 mm, disk glabrous or hairy, 5-glandular or 5-stellate, stamens 20–60, style glabrous. Fruits ovoid or cylindrical or ellipsoid or oblong, 5–12 mm by, 6–8 mm, with high interrupted ridges. Seed and/or embryo curved.

Distribution — In Malesia: Borneo, Philippines, Sulawesi.

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Symplocos ophirensis Clarke ssp. cumingiana (Brand) Noot. var. pachyphylla (Merr.) Noot.

Symplocos ophirensis ssp. cumingiana (Brand) Noot. var. pachyphylla (Merr.) Noot., Rev. Sympl. (1975) 254.

Habit: Shrub or tree, 0–6 m tall. Twigs glabrous. Leaf blade abaxially glabrous (sometimes the midrib hairy), elliptic or narrowly elliptic, 10–20 cm by, 6–8.5 cm, base cuneate or attenuate-cuneate or rounded, base angle 30–90 degrees, apex rounded or acute, pairs of lateral veins 8–12, intramarginal vein present or absent, reticulation on lower surface distinct or rather obscure, coarse. Petiole 7–20 mm. Inflorescence a (branched) spike, sometimes much reduced or a (branched) raceme, sometimes much reduced, axis 0–10 cm, hairy (sometimes glabrescent in fruit), pubescent or puberulous or sparsely fine short hairy. Bracts 1.5 mm long, bracteoles 3 mm, with bracteoles hairy outside, pubescent, persistent or caducous under fruit (sometimes already under flower). Flowers: Ovary glabrous, 2.5 mm high, calyx hairy, appressedly pubescent, 1.5 mm, calyx lobes 1.5 mm, not becoming longer by tearing, corolla 5 mm, disk glabrous, 5-glandular or 5-stellate, stamens 75–100, style glabrous. Fruits ovoid or ellipsoid or oblong, 10–15 mm by, 6–8 mm, calyx lobes persistent, with high interrupted ridges. Seed and/or embryo curved.

Distribution — In Malesia: Philippines.

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Symplocos ophirensis Clarke ssp. perakensis (King & Gamble) Noot. var. lingaensis Noot.

Symplocos ophirensis ssp. perakensis (King & Gamble) Noot. var. lingaensis Noot., Rev. Sympl. (1975) 255.

Habit: Shrub or tree, 0–6 m tall, by 0–50 cm diam. Twigs glabrous. Terminal buds glabrous. Leaf blade abaxially glabrous (sometimes the midrib hairy), narrowly elliptic, 7–12 cm by, 2–3.5 cm, base cuneate or rounded, base angle 30–50 degrees, apex caudate, acumen 10–35 mm, pairs of lateral veins 4–7, intramarginal vein present, reticulation on lower surface distinct, fine. Petiole 5 mm. Inflorescence flowers solitary or up to 3 from the axil of a leave (if flowers solitary often several to many bracts), axis 0–1 cm, hairy (sometimes glabrescent in fruit), pubescent or puberulous or sparsely fine short hairy. Bracts 0.5–1.5 mm long, bracteoles 0.5–1.5 mm, with bracteoles hairy outside, persistent or caducous under fruit (sometimes already under flower). Pedicels 1–4 mm. Flowers: Ovary hairy, pubescent or puberulous or sparsely appressedly fine hairy, calyx hairy, appressedly puberulous, 0.5–1 mm, calyx lobes 0.5–1 mm, not becoming longer by tearing, corolla 2–3 mm, disk hairy, 5-glandular or 5-stellate, stamens 30–50, style with hairy base. Fruits ovoid or cylindrical, 6–12 mm by, 5–6 mm, (irregularly, shallowly) length-wise grooved.

Distribution — In Malesia: Malay Peninsula.

Symplocos ophirensis Clarke ssp. perakensis (King & Gamble) Noot. var. perakensis

Symplocos ophirensis ssp. perakensis (King & Gamble) Noot. var. perakensis, Noot., Rev. Sympl. (1975) 254.

Habit: Tree, 0–18 m tall, by 0–50 cm diam. Twigs glabrous. Terminal buds glabrous. Leaf blade abaxially glabrous (sometimes the midrib hairy), elliptic or narrowly elliptic, 5–11 cm by, 2–4.5 cm, base cuneate or attenuate-cuneate, base angle 35–45 degrees, apex long acuminate, acumen 10–20 mm, pairs of lateral veins 4–7, intramarginal vein present, reticulation on lower surface distinct, fine. Petiole 3–6 mm. Inflorescence a (branched) raceme, sometimes much reduced or a panicle (of racemes), axis 1–4 cm, hairy (sometimes glabrescent in fruit), pubescent or puberulous or sparsely fine short hairy. Bracts 0.5–1.5 mm long, bracteoles 0.5–1.5 mm, with bracteoles hairy outside, persistent or caducous under fruit (sometimes already under flower). Pedicels 1–34 mm. Flowers: Ovary hairy, pubescent or puberulous or sparsely appressedly fine hairy, calyx hairy, appressedly pubescent, 0.5–1 mm, calyx lobes 0.5–1 mm, not becoming longer by tearing, corolla 2–3 mm, disk hairy, 5-glandular or 5-stellate, stamens 30–50, style hairy. Fruits flask-shaped, ampulliform or ellipsoid ampulliform, 6–12 mm by, 4–6 mm, (irregularly, shallowly) length-wise grooved.

Distribution — In Malesia: Malay Peninsula, Philippines.

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Symplocos ophirensis Clarke ssp. perakensis (King & Gamble) Noot. var. sumatrana Noot.

Symplocos ophirensis ssp. perakensis (King & Gamble) Noot. var. sumatrana Noot., Rev. Sympl. (1975) 256.

Habit: Shrub or tree, 0–18 m tall, by 0–50 cm diam. Twigs glabrous or hairy at least when young. Terminal buds pubescent. Leaf blade abaxially glabrous (sometimes the midrib hairy), elliptic or narrowly elliptic, 6–10 cm by, 2–4 cm, base cuneate or rounded, base angle 30–45 degrees, apex acuminate, acumen 10–18 mm, pairs of lateral veins 4–7, intramarginal vein present, reticulation on lower surface distinct, fine. Petiole 4–9 mm. Inflorescence a (branched) raceme, sometimes much reduced or a panicle (of racemes), axis 1.5–6 cm, hairy (sometimes glabrescent in fruit), pubescent or puberulous or sparsely fine short hairy. Bracts 0.5–1.5 mm long, bracteoles 0.5–1.5 mm, with bracteoles hairy outside, persistent or caducous under fruit (sometimes already under flower). Pedicels 1–4 mm. Flowers: Ovary hairy, pubescent or puberulous or sparsely appressedly fine hairy, calyx hairy, appressedly puberulous, 0.5–1 mm, calyx lobes 0.5–1 mm, not becoming longer by tearing, corolla 2–3 mm, disk hairy, flat, low cylindrical, or annular or pulvinate or globose, 5-glandular or 5-stellate, stamens 30–50, style glabrous. Fruits flask-shaped, ampulliform or ellipsoid ampulliform, 6–12 mm by, 4–6 mm, (irregularly, shallowly) length-wise grooved.

Distribution — In Malesia: Sumatra.

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Symplocos ovatilobata Noot.

Symplocos ovatilobata Noot., Rev. Sympl. (1975) 256; Wu & Noot., Fl. China 15 (1996) 243.

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Habit: Shrub or tree. Twigs hairy at least when young. Leaf blade abaxially hairy beneath at least when young (handlens!), (young) leaves with long hairs, ovate or obovate, 2–7 cm by, 1–3 cm, base cordate (sometimes obliquely) or rounded, base angle 90–100 degrees, margin glandular dentate, denticulate, or crenate, apex acuminate or caudate, pairs of lateral veins 5–8. Petiole 2–3 mm. Inflorescence flowers solitary or up to 3 from the axil of a leave (if flowers solitary often several to many bracts). Bracts 2–4 mm long; (narrowly) triangular, one or several, bracteoles (narrowly) triangular; bracteoles 2–3 mm, with bracteoles hairy outside, persistent. Flowers: Ovary glabrous or hairy, 0.5–1 mm high, calyx hairy, 2.5–3 mm, not symmetrically cleft, calyx lobes 2.5–3 mm, narrowly triangular or narrowly ovate, not becoming longer by tearing, corolla 3–5 mm, 5 lobed, disk glabrous or hairy, cylindrical, 0.5–1 mm high, stamens 25–35, filaments glabrous. Fruits flask-shaped, ampulliform or ellipsoid ampulliform, 9–10 mm by.

Distribution — Outside Malesia: China (Hainan).

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Symplocos oxyphylla Wall. ex DC.

Symplocos oxyphylla Wall. ex DC, Noot., Rev. Sympl. (1975) 257.

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Habit: Twigs glabrous. Terminal buds pubescent. Leaf blade abaxially glabrous (sometimes the midrib hairy), elliptic, 7–15 cm by, 3–5 cm, base attenuate-cuneate, base angle 20–50 degrees, apex acuminate, acumen 7–20 mm, pairs of lateral veins 6–9, intramarginal vein present, not close to the margin, reticulation on lower surface rather obscure, coarse. Inflorescence a (branched) raceme, sometimes much reduced or a panicle (of racemes), axis 0–4 cm, hairy (sometimes glabrescent in fruit), puberulous. Bracts 0.5–1 mm long, bracteoles 0.7–1 mm, with bracteoles hairy outside, puberulous, caducous under fruit (sometimes already under flower) (or the bracteoles persistent). Pedicels 0–1.5–3 mm. Flowers: Ovary glabrous, 0.5–1 mm high, calyx glabrous or with only a few hairs, 0.5 mm, calyx lobes 0.5 mm, triangular or semi-circular, corolla 3–5 mm, disk glabrous, stamens 45–55, style with hairy base. Fruits ovoid, 9 mm by, 6 mm, calyx lobes persistent, stone ampulliform, (irregularly, shallowly) length-wise grooved. Seeds per locule 1.

Distribution — Outside Malesia: India incl. Himalayan States and Ceylon, Burma, Thailand.

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Symplocos paniculata (Thunb.) Miquel.

Symplocos paniculata (Thunb.) Miquel, Noot., Rev. Sympl. (1975) 258; Wu & Noot, Fl. China 15 (1996) 252. — Symplocos chinensis (Lour.) Druce, Rep. Bot. Exch. Cl. Br. Isles 4 (1917) 650; Nagamasu, Fl. Taiwan IId ed., 4 (1998) 105

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Habit: Deciduous, shrub or tree. Twigs glabrous or hairy at least when young, pubescent or silky or villous or pilose. Leaf blade abaxially glabrous (sometimes the midrib hairy) or hairy beneath at least when young (handlens!), adaxially glabrous or hairy at least when young, elliptic or ovate or obovate, 1.5–11 cm by, 1–5.5 cm, base cuneate or cordate (sometimes obliquely) or rounded, base angle 30–95 degrees, margin glandular dentate, denticulate, or crenate, apex rounded or acuminate or acute, acumen 0–12 mm, pairs of lateral veins 4–10. Petiole 0–13 mm. Inflorescence a (branched) raceme, sometimes much reduced or a panicle (of racemes), terminal, axis 2–10 cm, glabrous or hairy (sometimes glabrescent in fruit), minutely pilose or pubescent or villous. Bracts 1–3 mm long, with bracteoles glabrous outside (sometimes ciliate or ciliolate) or hairy outside, caducous under fruit (sometimes already under flower). Flowers: Ovary glabrous or hairy, 1–1.5 mm high, calyx glabrous or with only a few hairs or hairy, 5-lobed, calyx lobes 1–1.5 mm, corolla 3–6 mm, disk glabrous or hairy, stamens 25–50. Fruits ovoid or subglobose, 3–8 mm by.

Distribution — Outside Malesia: China, Japan, Corea, India incl. Himalayan States and Ceylon, Burma.

Note — Nagamasu (Contr. Biol. Lab. Kyota Univ. 28 (1993) 195) recognises several species, forming together his section Palura. I failed when I tried to identify some collections already in the first lead. So the leaves are definitely not glaucos on the undersurface in what is identified by Nagamasu as Symplocos tanakana. That, and the bark being transversely fissured (a character I could not observe) are the only differences between Symplocos tanakana and the rest of his species. The differences between his Symplocos coreana ans Symplocos sawafutagi are , a.o.: Leaves ovate to obovate versus Leaves obovate to elliptic. In my opinion the latter is part of the first. And: apex acuminate to caudate versus abruptly acuminate to acuminate. According to me this is a continous variation. Part of the variability in Symplocos paniculata probably is due to different ecology, therefore populations may differ from each other because they have a different ecology. So his Symplocos coreana occurs often on ridges or on mountain slopes and Symplocos sawafutagi is found in deciduous forest, usually on alluvium in shaded places along streamlets. The different in habitat being responsible for the differences, they should be designated as ecotypes, not species.

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Symplocos paucinervia Noot.

Symplocos paucinervia Noot., Rev. Sympl. (1975) 262; Wu & Noot, Fl. China 15 (1996) 248.

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Habit: Shrub. Twigs glabrous. Terminal buds finely short pubescent. Leaf blade abaxially glabrous (sometimes the midrib hairy), narrowly elliptic, 4–8 cm by, 1–3 cm, base narrowly cuneate, base angle 15–30 degrees, apex acuminate, pairs of lateral veins 3–5. Petiole 5–7 mm. Inflorescence a (branched) raceme, sometimes much reduced, axis 3–5 cm, hairy (sometimes glabrescent in fruit), puberulous to tomentellous. Bracts 3–4 mm long, with bracteoles hairy outside, caducous under fruit (sometimes already under flower). Flowers: Ovary glabrous, 0.8–1.2 mm high, calyx hairy, 5-lobed, 1.5–2 mm, calyx lobes 1.5 mm, corolla 5–6 mm, disk hairy, stamens 20–35.

Distribution — Outside Malesia: China (Kwangsi).

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Symplocos paucistaminea F. v. Muell. & Bailey ex F.M. Bailey

Symplocos paucistaminea Noot., Rev. Sympl. (1975) 262; Brunonia 4 (1981) 313..

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Habit: Shrub or tree (to 18 m.). Twigs hairy at least when young, pubescent or tomentose (spreadingly). Leaf blade abaxially hairy beneath at least when young (handlens!), pubescent (sparsely, midrib densely pubescent), adaxially hairy at least when young (sparsely (minutely) pubescent), elliptic or obovate, 8–28 cm by, 3–10 cm, base cuneate or rounded, margin glandular dentate, denticulate, or crenate or entire, apex acuminate (abruptly), acumen 6–20 mm, pairs of lateral veins 6–12, intramarginal vein present. Petiole 5–14 mm. Inflorescence a (branched) spike, sometimes much reduced, axillar or axillar but many from wood beneath the leaves, axis 0–5 cm (becoming longer in fruit), hairy (sometimes glabrescent in fruit), pubescent (densely, spreadingly). Bracts 2 mm long; ovate, bracteoles ovate; bracteoles 1.5 mm, with bracteoles hairy outside (spreadingly), persistent. Flowers: Ovary glabrous, 0.75 mm high, calyx glabrous or with only a few hairs or hairy, tomentose, 1–1.5 mm, calyx lobes 0.8–1.2 mm (ovate), corolla 2.5–4 mm, disk glabrous or hairy, cylindrical, 0.5–1 mm high, stamens 10–20(–60), style glabrous. Fruits flask-shaped, ampulliform or ellipsoid ampulliform, 4–7 mm by, 4 mm, stone ampulliform, (irregularly, shallowly) length-wise grooved (and cylindrical neck). Seeds per locule 1; seed and/or embryo curved.

Distribution — Outside Malesia: Australia (North Queensland); — In Malesia: New Guinea (Milne Bay district).

Ecology — rain forest, 0–1400 m.

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Symplocos pedunculata Noot.

Symplocos pedunculata Noot., Rev. Sympl. (1975) 263.

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Habit: Shrub. Twigs hairy at least when young, patently long hairy, hairs 1.5–3 mm. Terminal buds pubescent. Leaf blade abaxially hairy beneath at least when young (handlens!), (young) leaves with long hairs, ovate, 7–11 cm by, 3–4 cm, base cordate (sometimes obliquely), base angle 120–160 degrees, margin glandular dentate, denticulate, or crenate, apex acuminate, acumen 7–15 mm, pairs of lateral veins 7–8, intramarginal vein present, reticulation on lower surface rather obscure, fine. Petiole 1–4 mm. Inflorescence a (branched) raceme, sometimes much reduced, axis 0–3 cm, hairy (sometimes glabrescent in fruit), pubescent. Bracts 2–3 mm long, bracteoles 2 mm, with bracteoles hairy outside, pubescent, persistent. Pedicels 1–4 mm. Flowers: Ovary hairy, pubescent, 1.5 mm high, calyx glabrous or with only a few hairs, 1.5 mm, calyx lobes 1.25 mm, corolla 4 mm, disk hairy, 5-glandular or 5-stellate, stamens 50–100, style with hairy base.

Distribution — Outside Malesia: Thailand.

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Symplocos pendula Wight var. pendula

Symplocos pendula Wight var. pendula, Noot., Rev. Sympl. (1975) 40; Rev. Handb. Flora Ceylon 3 (1981) 457; Wu & Noot, Fl. China 15 (1996) 252.

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Habit: Shrub or tree. Twigs glabrous or hairy at least when young. Leaf blade abaxially glabrous (sometimes the midrib hairy), elliptic or obovate, 2.5–12.5 cm by, 1–6 cm, base cuneate or rounded, base angle 30–90 degrees, apex acute, pairs of lateral veins 4–11. Petiole 1–15 mm. Inflorescence a (branched) raceme, sometimes much reduced, axis 1–4.5 cm, hairy (sometimes glabrescent in fruit) (to nearly glabrous), tomentellous. Flowers: Ovary glabrous, calyx glabrous or with only a few hairs (ciliate), petals connate at least halfway up, corolla 5–17 mm, disk hairy, stamens with distinct staminal tube adnate to corolla. Fruits spindle shaped, 10–15 mm by, 3–6 mm.

Distribution — Outside Malesia: China, India incl. Himalayan States and Ceylon; — In Malesia: Malay Peninsula.

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Symplocos pendula Wight var. hirtistylis (Clarke) Noot.

Symplocos pendula Wight var. hirtistylis (Clarke) Noot., Rev. Sympl. (1975) 42; Noot. & Vidal, Fl. Cambodge, Laos & Vietnam 16 (1977) 15; Wu & Noot, Fl. China 15 (1996) 252.

Symplocos sonoharai Koiz.

Symplocos sonoharai Koidz., Pl. Nov. Amamai-Oshima (1928) 6; Nagamasu, Fl. Taiwan IId ed., 4 (1998) 123.

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Habit: Shrub or tree. Twigs glabrous or hairy at least when young. Leaf blade abaxially glabrous (sometimes the midrib hairy), elliptic or broadly elliptic or obovate or circular, 2.5–12.5 cm by, 1–6 cm, base cuneate or rounded, base angle 30–90 degrees, apex acute, pairs of lateral veins 4–11. Petiole 1–15 mm. Inflorescence a (branched) raceme, sometimes much reduced, axis 1–4.5 cm, hairy (sometimes glabrescent in fruit), tomentellous. Flowers: Ovary hairy, calyx hairy, petals connate at least halfway up, corolla 5–17 mm, disk hairy, stamens with distinct staminal tube adnate to corolla. Fruits spindle shaped, 10–15 mm by, 3–6 mm.

Distribution — Outside Malesia: China, Japan, Burma, Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodja; — In Malesia: Sumatra, Malay Peninsula, Borneo, Philippines, Sulawesi, Moluccas, New Guinea.

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Symplocos pilosa Rehder

Symplocos pilosa Rehder, Noot., Rev. Sympl. (1975) 263; Wu & Noot, Fl. China 15 (1996) 248.

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Habit: Shrub or tree. Twigs hairy at least when young, villous. Leaf blade abaxially hairy beneath at least when young (handlens!), (young) leaves with long hairs, adaxially glabrous, elliptic or narrowly elliptic or narrowly obovate, 7–15 cm by, 2.5–5 cm, base cuneate or cordate (sometimes obliquely), base angle 50–120 degrees, margin glandular dentate, denticulate, or crenate, apex caudate, pairs of lateral veins 7–12. Petiole 5–8 mm. Inflorescence a (branched) raceme, sometimes much reduced, axis 1.6–4 cm, hairy (sometimes glabrescent in fruit), villous (patently long pilose). Bracts 2–5 mm long, with bracteoles hairy outside, persistent. Flowers: Ovary hairy, 1 mm high, calyx glabrous or with only a few hairs or hairy, 5-lobed, calyx lobes 1–1.5 mm, corolla 4–6 mm, disk glabrous, stamens 60–70. Fruits cylindrical, 14 mm by, 4 mm.

Distribution — Outside Malesia: China (Yunnan).

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Symplocos poilanei Guillaumin

Symplocos glomerata var. poilanei (Guillaumin) Noot., Rev. Sympl. (1975) 203; Noot. & Vidal, Fl. Cambodge, Laos & Vietnam 16 (1977) 41; Wu & Noot, Fl. China 15 (1996) 251.

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Habit: Shrub or tree. Twigs glabrous. Terminal buds finely short pubescent. Leaves crowded at the end of the branchlets or of the flushes in false whorls or in whorls or evenly distributed, leaf blade abaxially glabrous (sometimes the midrib hairy), elliptic or obovate, 4–14 cm by, 1.5–6 cm, base cuneate or attenuate-cuneate, base angle 10–70 degrees, margin glandular dentate, denticulate, or crenate or entire, apex rounded or acuminate, pairs of lateral veins 7–14. Petiole 7–15 mm. Inflorescence a (branched) spike, sometimes much reduced or a glomerule or fascicle, axis 0.5–1.5 cm, hairy (sometimes glabrescent in fruit), pubescent or tomentose. Bracts 2–3 mm long, with bracteoles hairy outside, persistent. Flowers: Ovary glabrous, 1 mm high, calyx glabrous or with only a few hairs, 1.2–2 mm, calyx lobes 1–1.5 mm, corolla 4 mm, disk glabrous, stamens 40–70. Fruits cylindrical, 6–9 mm by, 3 mm.

Distribution — Outside Malesia: China, Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodja (Annam, Tonkin, Symplocos China incl. Hainan and Taiwan).

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Symplocos polyandra (Blanco) Brand

Symplocos polyandra (Blanco) Brand, Noot., Rev. Sympl. (1975) 264.

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Habit: Shrub or tree, 0–30 m tall. Twigs glabrous or hairy at least when young, puberulous, thick (usually with many leaf scars). Leaves crowded at the end of the branchlets or of the flushes in false whorls or evenly distributed, leaf blade abaxially glabrous (sometimes the midrib hairy) or hairy beneath at least when young (handlens!), covered with numerous stomata wich are visible as low papillae with hand-lens, minutely (scattered) hairy, elliptic or narrowly elliptic or obovate or narrowly obovate, 9–22 cm by, 2.5–7 cm, base attenuate-cuneate, base angle 25–35 degrees, margin entire, apex rounded or shortly acuminate or cuneate-obtuse, tip obtuse, pairs of lateral veins 10–15, intramarginal vein present, reticulation on lower surface distinct, coarse. Petiole 15–40 mm. Inflorescence a (branched) spike, sometimes much reduced, axillar but many from wood beneath the leaves, axis 4–15 cm, hairy (sometimes glabrescent in fruit), puberulous. Bracts 1.5–2 mm long, bracteoles 1.5–2 mm, with bracteoles hairy outside, puberulous, persistent. Flowers: Ovary hairy, puberulous, calyx hairy, appressedly puberulous, 2–3 mm, calyx lobes 2 mm, broadly triangular or semi-circular, corolla 8–10 mm, disk glabrous or hairy, flat, low cylindrical, or annular or pulvinate or globose, stamens 50–120, style glabrous. Fruits ellipsoid or oblong, 7–12 mm by, 5–8 mm, calyx lobes persistent, (irregularly, shallowly) length-wise grooved or smooth, locules 3. Seeds per locule 3; seed and/or embryo straight.

Distribution — In Malesia: Islands off Sumatra and Borneo in the South China Sea, Borneo, Philippines, Sulawesi.

Ecology — Prim. and sec. forests, often on kerangas.

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Symplocos pseudobarberina Gontscharow

Symplocos pseudobarberina Gontscharow, Noot., Rev. Sympl. (1975) 266; Noot. & Vidal, Fl. Cambodge, Laos & Vietnam 16 (1977) 56; Wu & Noot., Fl. China 15 (1996) 245.

Habit: Shrub or tree, -10 m tall. Twigs glabrous. Leaf blade abaxially glabrous (sometimes the midrib hairy), elliptic or ovate, 5–10 cm by, 1.5–4 cm, base cuneate or attenuate-cuneate, base angle 30–90 degrees, apex acuminate or long acuminate or caudate, pairs of lateral veins 3–9. Petiole 5–15 mm. Inflorescence a (branched) raceme, sometimes much reduced, axis 3–7 cm, glabrous. Bracts 1–2 mm long, with bracteoles glabrous outside (sometimes ciliate or ciliolate), persistent. Flowers: Ovary glabrous, 1 mm high, calyx glabrous or with only a few hairs, calyx lobes 0.3–0.5 mm, corolla 1.5–4 mm, disk glabrous, stamens 20–40. Fruits ovoid or ovoid-oblong or flask-shaped, ampulliform or ellipsoid ampulliform, 6–8 mm by, 3–6 mm.

Distribution — Outside Malesia: China, Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodja.

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Symplocos pulchra Wight ssp. pulchra

Symplocos pulchra Wight ssp. pulchra, Noot., Rev. Sympl. (1975) 266.

Habit: Twigs hairy at least when young, patently long hairy, hairs 3–4 mm, slender or normal. Terminal buds with long hairs. Leaf blade abaxially hairy beneath at least when young (handlens!), (young) leaves with long hairs, adaxially hairy at least when young, elliptic or narrowly elliptic, 7–19 cm by, 3–6.5 cm, base cordate (sometimes obliquely) or rounded, base angle 90–130 degrees, margin glandular dentate, denticulate, or crenate, ciliate (long), apex acuminate, tip acute, acumen 5–15 mm, pairs of lateral veins 7–9 (much curved upwards, the lowermost reaching nearly halfway up), intramarginal vein at least towards the apex, coarse or fine. Petiole 3–6 mm. Inflorescence a (branched) spike, sometimes much reduced (few flowered), axis 0–6 cm, hairy (sometimes glabrescent in fruit), patently long hairy. Bracts 4–5 mm long; (narrowly) triangular to linear, bracteoles (narrowly) triangular to linear; bracteoles 2–3 mm, with bracteoles hairy outside, more or less patently hairy, persistent. Flowers: Ovary glabrous, 1.5–2 mm high, calyx glabrous or with only a few hairs or hairy towards the margin, pubescent only towards the apex, 1.75–2.5 mm, calyx lobes 2 mm, ovate, corolla 8–9 mm, disk hairy, 5-glandular or 5-stellate, stamens 80–120, style with hairy base.

Distribution — Outside Malesia: India incl. Himalayan States and Ceylon (Nilgiris).

Image
•pulchra-pulchrahabit.jpg.
•pulchra-pulchraleaf.jpg.
•pulchra-pulchratwig.jpg.
•pulchra-pulchraflowers.jpg.

Symplocos pulchra ssp. coriaceae Gopalan & Henry

Symplocos pulchra ssp. coriaceae Gopalan & Henry, J. Econ. Tax. Bot. 12 (1988) 481.

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Habit: Shrub or tree, 0–3 m tall. Twigs hairy at least when young, patently long hairy (hirsute), hairs 0–3 mm. Terminal buds with conspicuous leathery scales, growth discontinuous. Leaf blade abaxially hairy beneath at least when young (handlens!), minutely (scattered) hairy or pilose, adaxially glabrous, elliptic or narrowly elliptic or obovate or narrowly obovate, 9–12 cm by, 3–4.5 cm, base cordate (sometimes obliquely) or rounded, base angle 40–90 degrees, margin glandular dentate, denticulate, or crenate, not ciliate, apex acuminate or acute, acumen 0–7 mm, pairs of lateral veins 5–10, intramarginal vein present (obscure), close to the margin, secondary veins transverse to nerves, reticulation on lower surface rather obscure or fine reticulation only visible with transmitted light, fine. Petiole 2–4 mm. Inflorescence a (branched) spike, sometimes much reduced, axis 1–2 cm, hairy (sometimes glabrescent in fruit), (patently) hirsute. Bracts 1.5–2.5 mm long; ovate, bracteoles ovate; bracteoles 1.5–2.5 mm, with bracteoles hairy outside, glabrous at the adaxial side, hirsute, caducous under fruit (sometimes already under flower). Flowers: Flowers bisexual, ovary hairy, hirsute, 0.8–1.2 mm high, calyx hairy, hirsute, 2–3 mm, calyx lobes 2.5–3 mm, ovate or triangular, corolla 4–5 mm, disk hairy, 5-glandular or 5-stellate, stamens 15–25, stamens only connate at the base, in 5 bundles, filaments glabrous, style with hairy base. Fruits cylindrical or ellipsoid or oblong, 8–11 mm by, 5 mm, calyx lobes persistent, (irregularly, shallowly) length-wise grooved.

Distribution — Outside Malesia: India incl. Himalayan States and Ceylon (Travancora).

Ecology — In evergreen forests, rather rare.

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Symplocos pulchra Wight ssp. hispidula (Thw.) Noot.

Symplocos pulchra Wight ssp. hispidula (Thw.) Noot., Rev. Sympl. (1975) 266; Rev. Handb. Fl. Ceylon 3 (1981) 473.

Habit: Twigs hairy at least when young, patently long hairy. Leaf blade abaxially hairy beneath at least when young (handlens!), (young) leaves with long hairs, adaxially hairy at least when young, elliptic or broadly elliptic or ovate or broadly ovate, 6–15 cm by, 3.2–9.5 cm, base cordate (sometimes obliquely) or rounded, margin glandular dentate, denticulate, or crenate or entire, apex shortly acuminate, pairs of lateral veins 6–10, intramarginal vein present. Petiole 5–8 mm. Inflorescence a (branched) raceme, sometimes much reduced, axis 0–10 cm, hairy (sometimes glabrescent in fruit), patently long hairy. Bracts 5–8 mm long; ovate, bracteoles linear; bracteoles 5 mm, with bracteoles hairy outside, pilose, caducous under fruit (sometimes already under flower). Flowers: Ovary hairy, densely appressedly long hairy, 1.5 mm high, calyx hairy, 2–3 mm, calyx lobes 1.5–2.5 mm, corolla 5–7 mm, disk hairy, 5-glandular or 5-stellate, stamens 75–100, style with hairy base. Fruits ellipsoid or oblong or flask-shaped, ampulliform or ellipsoid ampulliform, 15 mm by, 5 mm.

Distribution — Outside Malesia: Ceylon.

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•pulchra-hispidhabit.jpg.
•pulchra-hispidleaf.jpg.
•pulchra-hispidtwig.jpg.
•pulchra-hispidflowerbud.jpg. bract.

Symplocos pulchra ssp. villosa (Brand) Noot.

Symplocos pulchra ssp. villosa (Brand) Noot., Rev. Sympl. (1975) 268.

Habit: Tree, 0–10 m tall. Twigs hairy at least when young, patently long hairy, hairs 0–3 mm. Terminal buds with conspicuous leathery scales, growth discontinuous, with long hairs. Leaf blade abaxially hairy beneath at least when young (handlens!), (young) leaves with long hairs, adaxially glabrous or hairy at least when young (glabrescent), elliptic or narrowly elliptic, 5–11 cm by, 2–3.5 cm, base cuneate or rounded, base angle 40–90 degrees, margin glandular dentate, denticulate, or crenate, apex acuminate, acumen 5–15 mm, pairs of lateral veins 8–11, intramarginal vein present (obscure), close to the margin, secondary veins transverse to nerves, reticulation on lower surface rather obscure or fine reticulation only visible with transmitted light, fine. Petiole 3–7 mm. Inflorescence flowers solitary or up to 3 from the axil of a leave (if flowers solitary often several to many bracts), axis 1–1.5 cm, hairy (sometimes glabrescent in fruit), sericeous. Bracts 4–6 mm long; several; with bracteoles hairy outside, sericeous. Flowers: Ovary hairy, sericeous, 2 mm high, calyx hairy, appressedly sericeous, 3 mm, calyx lobes 2.5–3 mm, narrowly semi-elliptic, corolla 4–5 mm, 5-glandular or 5-stellate, stamens 40–50, style glabrous or with hairy base. Fruits cylindrical, 13 mm by, 5 mm, calyx lobes persistent, (irregularly, shallowly) length-wise grooved.

Distribution — Outside Malesia: India incl. Himalayan States and Ceylon (Travancora).

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•pulchra-villosaleaf.jpg.
•pulchra-villosainflor.jpg.
•pulchra-villosaflower.jpg.
•pulchra-villosafruit.jpg.

Symplocos pulvinata Noot.

Symplocos pulvinata Noot., Rev. Sympl. (1975) 269.

Habit: Tree (sparely foliaged), 0–20 m tall. Twigs glabrous, thick. Terminal buds with conspicuous leathery scales, growth discontinuous, glabrous. Leaf blade abaxially glabrous (sometimes the midrib hairy) (coriaceous), elliptic or obovate, 12–21 cm by, 4.5–10.5 cm, base cuneate or attenuate-cuneate, base angle 30–50 degrees, margin glandular dentate, denticulate, or crenate, apex acuminate or acute, acumen 0–5 mm, pairs of lateral veins 8–12, reticulation on lower surface rather obscure, coarse. Petiole 15–30 mm. Inflorescence a (branched) spike, sometimes much reduced, axis 0–3 cm, glabrous. Bracts 5–7 mm long; broadly semi-elliptic, bracteoles broadly ovate; bracteoles 4 mm, with bracteoles glabrous outside (sometimes ciliate or ciliolate), persistent. Flowers: Ovary glabrous, 1–2 mm high, calyx glabrous or with only a few hairs or ciliate or ciliolate, 3 mm, calyx lobes 2–2.5 mm, semi-elliptic, corolla 5 mm, 3(-4) lobed, disk glabrous, conical, stamens 20–35, style glabrous. Fruits ovoid, 13 mm by, 6–8 mm, mesocarp fleshy, rather thick, with rather high lengthwise ridges in the basal half, low ridges in the apical half, in the middle a deep transverse groove, locules 1. Seeds per locule 1.

Distribution — In Malesia: New Guinea.

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•pulviinfl.jpg.
•pulvi_oldflower.jpg.

Symplocos pyriflora Ridl.

Symplocos pyriflora Ridl., Noot., Rev. Sympl. (1975) 270.

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Habit: Shrub or tree. Twigs glabrous, slender or normal or thick. Terminal buds with conspicuous leathery scales, growth discontinuous, glabrous. Leaf blade abaxially glabrous (sometimes the midrib hairy), elliptic, 5–15 cm by, 2.2–6 cm, base cuneate to rounded, base angle 30–90 degrees, apex acuminate (faintly), tip obtuse, acumen 0–15 mm, pairs of lateral veins 9–14, intramarginal vein present, close to the margin, reticulation on lower surface distinct or rather obscure, coarse or fine. Petiole 3–10 mm. Inflorescence a (branched) raceme, sometimes much reduced or a panicle (of racemes), axillar or terminal, glabrous or hairy (sometimes glabrescent in fruit), pubescent. Bracts 8 mm long; semi-elliptic or (narrowly) triangular, bracteoles ovate; bracteoles 5 mm, with bracteoles glabrous outside (sometimes ciliate or ciliolate), caducous under fruit (sometimes already under flower). Pedicels 0–3 mm. Flowers: Ovary glabrous, 1.5–2 mm high, calyx glabrous or with only a few hairs, 3–5 mm, not symmetrically cleft or symmetrically cleft, calyx lobes 2–3 mm, semi-elliptic, becoming longer by tearing, corolla 8–10 mm, disk hairy, 5-glandular or 5-stellate, stamens 90–150, style with hairy base. Fruits ovoid or ellipsoid or oblong, 12–18 mm by, 7–11 mm, calyx lobes persistent, (irregularly, shallowly) length-wise grooved or smooth, locules 1.

Distribution — In Malesia: Malay Peninsula.

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•pyriflora.jpg.
•pyrileaf.jpg.
•pyrifruit.jpg.

Symplocos pyrifolia Wall. ex G. Don

Symplocos pyrifolia Wall. ex G. Don, Noot., Rev. Sympl. (1975) 270; Wu & Noot, Fl. China 15 (1996) 247.

Habit: Shrub or tree. Twigs glabrous or glabrous but base of young twigs hairy between scars of bud scales. Leaf blade abaxially glabrous (sometimes the midrib hairy), elliptic or narrowly elliptic, 6–15.5 cm by, 2–4.5 cm, base cuneate or attenuate-cuneate, base angle 25–30 degrees (-80), margin glandular dentate, denticulate, or crenate or entire, apex acuminate, pairs of lateral veins 7–13. Petiole 10–20 mm. Inflorescence a (branched) spike, sometimes much reduced or a (branched) raceme, sometimes much reduced or a spike, forming a pseudo cone in bud or a raceme, forming a pseudocone in bud, axis 2–5 cm, hairy (sometimes glabrescent in fruit), pubescent. Bracts 6–7 mm long, with bracteoles hairy outside, caducous under fruit (sometimes already under flower). Flowers: Ovary glabrous, 1.5 mm high, calyx hairy or glabrous but the lobes hairy, calyx lobes 1–1.75 mm, corolla 5 mm, disk hairy, stamens 30–35. Fruits cylindrical or ellipsoid or oblong, 6–10 mm by, 3–7 mm.

Distribution — Outside Malesia: China, India incl. Himalayan States and Ceylon.

Image
•pyrifoliahabit.jpg.
•pyrifolialeaf.jpg.
•pyrifoliaflower.jpg. calyx lobes sparsely appressedly pubescent.
•pyrifoliafruit.jpg.

Symplocos racemosa Roxb. var. racemosa

Symplocos racemosa Roxb. var. racemosa, Noot., Rev. Sympl. (1975) 271; Noot. & Vidal, Fl. Cambodge, Laos & Vietnam 16 (1977) 58; Wu & Noot, Fl. China 15 (1996) 247.

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Habit: Shrub or tree. Twigs glabrous or hairy at least when young, pubescent. Leaf blade abaxially glabrous (sometimes the midrib hairy) or hairy beneath at least when young (handlens!), (young) leaves with long hairs, adaxially glabrous or hairy at least when young, elliptic or narrowly elliptic, 7–22 cm by, 1.5–8 cm, base cuneate or attenuate-cuneate or rounded, base angle 10–90 degrees, pairs of lateral veins 4–12. Petiole 7–20 mm. Inflorescence a (branched) raceme, sometimes much reduced, axis 4–17 cm, hairy (sometimes glabrescent in fruit), pubescent or tomentose or woolly. Bracts 2–4 mm long, with bracteoles hairy outside, caducous under fruit (sometimes already under flower). Flowers: Ovary glabrous, 1–1.5 mm high, calyx glabrous or with only a few hairs, calyx lobes 1–2.75 mm, corolla 4–6 mm, disk hairy, stamens 80–120. Fruits ellipsoid or oblong, 8–11 mm by, 4–7 mm. Seed and/or embryo straight.

Distribution — Outside Malesia: China, India incl. Himalayan States and Ceylon, Burma, Thailand, Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodja.

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•racem-racemhabit.jpg.
•racem-racemleaf.jpg.
•racem-raceminflor.jpg.
•racem-racemflower.jpg.
•racem-racemfruit.jpg.

Symplocos racemosa Roxb. var. palauensis (Koidz.) Noot.

Symplocos racemosa Roxb. var. palauensis (Koidz.) Noot., Rev. Sympl. (1975) 274.

Habit: Shrub or tree. Twigs hairy at least when young or glabrous but with some (appressed or patent) hairs, pubescent. Leaf blade abaxially glabrous (sometimes the midrib hairy) or hairy beneath at least when young (handlens!), (young) leaves with long hairs, adaxially glabrous or hairy at least when young, elliptic or narrowly elliptic or ovate or narrowly ovate, 5–22 cm by, 1.5–8 cm, base attenuate-cuneate or rounded, base angle 10–90 degrees, pairs of lateral veins 4–12. Petiole 7–20 mm. Inflorescence a (branched) raceme, sometimes much reduced, axis 4–17 cm, hairy (sometimes glabrescent in fruit), pubescent or tomentose or woolly. Bracts 2–4 mm long, with bracteoles hairy outside, caducous under fruit (sometimes already under flower). Flowers: Ovary glabrous, 1–1.5 mm high, calyx glabrous or with only a few hairs, calyx lobes 1–2.75 mm, corolla 4–6 mm, disk hairy, stamens 80–120. Fruits ellipsoid or oblong, 8–11 mm by, 5–10 mm. Seed and/or embryo curved (S-corkscrew).

Distribution — Outside Malesia: Pacific Islands.

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•racem-palauhabit.jpg.
•racem-palauleaf.jpg.
•racem-palauinfl.jpg.
•racem-palaufruit.jpg.

Symplocos ramosissima Wall. ex G.Don

Symplocos ramosissima Wall. ex G.Don, Noot., Rev. Sympl. (1975) 274; Noot. & Vidal, Fl. Cambodge, Laos & Vietnam 16 (1977) 60; Wu & Noot, Fl. China 15 (1996) 246.

Habit: Shrub or tree. Twigs glabrous or hairy at least when young, pubescent. Leaf blade abaxially glabrous (sometimes the midrib hairy) or hairy beneath at least when young (handlens!), minutely (scattered) hairy, elliptic or narrowly elliptic or ovate or narrowly ovate, 6–12 cm by, 2–4 cm, base cuneate or rounded, base angle 30–80 degrees, margin glandular dentate, denticulate, or crenate, apex acuminate or caudate, pairs of lateral veins 4–10. Petiole 4–12 mm. Inflorescence a (branched) raceme, sometimes much reduced, axis 1.5–3 cm, hairy (sometimes glabrescent in fruit), minutely pilose or pubescent or puberulous (apressedly). Bracts 1–3 mm long, with bracteoles glabrous outside (sometimes ciliate or ciliolate). Flowers: Ovary hairy, 1–1.5 mm high, calyx glabrous or with only a few hairs, calyx lobes 1 mm, corolla 3–5 mm, disk glabrous, stamens 25–70 (or more). Fruits ellipsoid or oblong, 9–12 mm by, 4–5 mm.

Distribution — Outside Malesia: China, India incl. Himalayan States and Ceylon, Burma, Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodja.

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•ramosisleaf.jpg.
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•ramosisflower.jpg.
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Symplocos ramosissima Wall. ex G. Don var. xylopyrena (C.Y. Wu ex Y.F. Wu) Noot, comb. nov.

Symplocos ramosissima Wall. ex G. Don var. xylopyrena (C.Y. Wu ex Y.F. Wu) Noot, comb. nov. — Symplocos xylopyrena C.Y. Wu ex Y.F. Wu, Acta Phytotax. Sinica 20 (1982) 91; Wu & Noot, Fl. China 15 (1996) 246.

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Habit: Shrub or tree. Twigs glabrous or hairy at least when young, pubescent. Leaf blade abaxially glabrous (sometimes the midrib hairy) or hairy beneath at least when young (handlens!), minutely (scattered) hairy, elliptic or narrowly elliptic, 9–14 cm by, 3.5–4.5 cm, base cuneate, base angle 30–60 degrees, margin glandular dentate, denticulate, or crenate, apex acuminate or caudate, pairs of lateral veins 11–13. Petiole 8–10 mm. Inflorescence a (branched) raceme, sometimes much reduced, axis 0.8–1.2 cm, hairy (sometimes glabrescent in fruit), minutely pilose or pubescent or puberulous. Bracts 1–3 mm long, with bracteoles glabrous outside (sometimes ciliate or ciliolate). Flowers: Ovary hairy, 1.7 mm high, calyx glabrous or with only a few hairs, calyx lobes 1 mm, corolla 6 mm, disk glabrous. Fruits ellipsoid or oblong, 30 mm by, 10 mm.

Distribution — Outside Malesia: China (Tibet, Yunnan).

Symplocos rayae Noot.

Symplocos rayae Noot., Blumea 30 (1984) 73.

Habit: Tree (1 m tall). Twigs hairy at least when young, pubescent or tomentose. Terminal buds with conspicuous leathery scales, growth discontinuous, pubescent. Leaves crowded at the end of the branchlets or of the flushes in false whorls or in whorls, leaf blade abaxially hairy beneath at least when young (handlens!), pilose, elliptic or obovate, 24–35 cm by, 8–12 cm, base cuneate or attenuate-cuneate, base angle 20–30 degrees, margin glandular dentate, denticulate, or crenate, apex acuminate, acumen 15–30 mm, pairs of lateral veins 9–13, intramarginal vein absent (except towards the apex), secondary veins transverse to nerves, reticulation on lower surface distinct, fine. Petiole 12–15 mm (densely appressedly hairy). Inflorescence a glomerule or fascicle, hairy (sometimes glabrescent in fruit), pubescent. Bracts 4–6 mm long (boat shaped), bracteoles 3–4 mm, with bracteoles hairy outside, pubescent. Flowers: Ovary hairy, pubescent (appressedly), 1.5–2.5 mm high, calyx hairy, 2–2.5 mm, calyx lobes 1.5–2 mm, corolla 4 mm, hairy (densely tomentose or tomentellous) (sparsely appressedly), disk hairy, stamens 55–65, style with hairy base.

Distribution — In Malesia: Borneo.

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Symplocos riangensis Noot.

Symplocos riangensis Noot., Blumea 30 (1984) 74.

Habit: Shrub (c. 1 m high). Twigs hairy at least when young, tomentose (dark brown). Leaves distichously arranged, leaf blade abaxially hairy beneath at least when young (handlens!), finely appressedly pilose, narrowly elliptic, 14–36 cm by, 5–11 cm, base cordate (sometimes obliquely), margin entire, apex acuminate, acumen 15–40 mm, pairs of lateral veins 9–16, intramarginal vein present, close to the margin (3–6 mm from margin), secondary veins transverse to nerves, reticulation on lower surface distinct, fine. Petiole 5–12 mm (very thick). Inflorescence a (branched) raceme, sometimes much reduced, axillar or axillar but many from wood beneath the leaves, axis 0–1.5 cm, hairy (sometimes glabrescent in fruit), villous. Bracts 1.5–2 mm long, bracteoles 1–1.5 mm, with bracteoles hairy outside, more or less patently hairy. Flowers: Ovary hairy, pubescent (appressedly to patently), 1 mm high, calyx hairy, 1.5–2 mm, calyx lobes 1.5–2 mm, corolla 4 mm, flat, low cylindrical, or annular, 5-glandular or 5-stellate, stamens 26–30, style with a few hairs towards base. Fruits ellipsoid or oblong, 15–23 mm by, 10–12 mm (probably 6 when dry). Seed and/or embryo straight.

Distribution — In Malesia: Borneo.

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•riangensishabit.jpg.
•riangensisleaf.jpg.
•riangensisinflor.jpg.
•riangensisfruits.jpg. living ellipsoidal.

Symplocos robinsonii Ridley var. robinsonii

Symplocos robinsonii Ridley, J. Fed. Mal. St. Mus. 8 (1917) 60; Noot. Rev. Sympl. (1975) 277.— Type: Robinson & Kloss 199 (BM, K) Sumatra, West coast, Korinchi Peak.

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Habit: Twigs hairy at least when young, tomentose. Terminal buds more or less appressedly pilose. Leaf blade abaxially hairy beneath at least when young (handlens!), sparsely appressedly pilose (sometimes nearly glabrous), elliptic, 3–9 cm by, 2–3.7 cm, base cuneate or attenuate-cuneate, base angle 30–60 degrees, margin glandular dentate, denticulate, or crenate, apex acuminate, acumen 2–10 mm, pairs of lateral veins 7–10, intramarginal vein present or absent, secondary veins transverse to nerves, reticulation on lower surface distinct or rather obscure or fine reticulation only visible with transmitted light, coarse or fine. Petiole 4–10 mm. Inflorescence a (branched) raceme, sometimes much reduced, axis 0–2 cm, hairy (sometimes glabrescent in fruit), pubescent (rusty). Bracts 1.5 mm long; ovate, bracteoles ovate; bracteoles 1 mm, with bracteoles hairy outside, pubescent, caducous under fruit (sometimes already under flower). Pedicels 0–3 mm. Flowers: Ovary hairy, pubescent, 1.5 mm high, calyx hairy, appressedly pubescent, 1 mm, calyx lobes 0.77–1 mm, ovate, corolla 4 mm, disk with some hairs, flat, low cylindrical, or annular, stamens 25–40, style glabrous. Fruits ellipsoid or oblong, 7 mm by, 3 mm, smooth, locules 3. Seed and/or embryo straight.

Distribution — In Malesia: Sumatra (Mt. Kerintji).

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Symplocos robinsonii Ridley var. angustifolia Noot.

Symplocos robinsonii Ridley var. angustifolia Noot. Rev. Sympl. (1975) 278. — Type: Bünnemeijer 735 (L, iso BO), Sumatra, NW slope of Mt. Talamau (Mt. Ophir).

Habit: Twigs hairy at least when young, pubescent or puberulous or sparsely appressedly fine-pilose. Terminal buds pubescent. Leaf blade abaxially glabrous (sometimes the midrib hairy) or hairy beneath at least when young (handlens!), sparsely appressedly pilose (sometimes nearly glabrous), elliptic or narrowly elliptic, 5–9.5 cm by, 2–3 cm, base cuneate or attenuate-cuneate, base angle 20–40 degrees, margin glandular dentate, denticulate, or crenate, apex acuminate, acumen 5–12 mm, pairs of lateral veins 8–14, intramarginal vein present, secondary veins transverse to nerves, reticulation on lower surface distinct or rather obscure, fine. Petiole 5–12 mm. Inflorescence a (branched) raceme, sometimes much reduced, axis 0–2 cm, hairy (sometimes glabrescent in fruit), minutely pilose. Bracts 1 mm long; ovate, bracteoles ovate; bracteoles 0.75 mm, with bracteoles hairy outside, minutely pilose, caducous under fruit (sometimes already under flower). Pedicels 0–3 mm. Flowers: Ovary hairy, minutely appressedly puberulous, 1–1.5 mm high, calyx hairy or thinly appressedly pubescent, minutely appressedly puberulous, 1 mm, calyx lobes 0.5–0.75 mm, ovate, corolla 4 mm, disk hairy, flat, low cylindrical, or annular, 5-glandular or 5-stellate, stamens 30–40, style glabrous.

Distribution — In Malesia: Sumatra (W. Coast).

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•robin-angustiflower.jpg.
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Symplocos robinsonii Ridley var. latifolia Noot.

Symplocos robinsonii Ridley var. latifolia Noot. Rev. Sympl. (1975) 277. — Type: M. Jacobs 4410 (L, iso A, K, SING), Sumatra, Symplocos slope Mt. Kerintji.

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Habit: Twigs hairy at least when young, pubescent. Terminal buds pubescent. Leaf blade abaxially glabrous (sometimes the midrib hairy) or hairy beneath at least when young (handlens!), sparsely appressedly pilose (sometimes nearly glabrous), elliptic or broadly elliptic, 3–6 cm by, 2–4 cm, base cuneate or attenuate-cuneate, base angle 30–60 degrees, margin glandular dentate, denticulate, or crenate or entire, apex shortly acuminate, acumen 2–5 mm, pairs of lateral veins 7–8, intramarginal vein present or absent, secondary veins transverse to nerves, reticulation on lower surface distinct, fine. Petiole 4–7 mm. Inflorescence a (branched) raceme, sometimes much reduced, axis 2.1–4 cm, hairy (sometimes glabrescent in fruit), sparsely fine short hairy. Bracts 1–1.5 mm long; ovate, bracteoles ovate; bracteoles 1–1.5 mm, with bracteoles hairy outside, puberulous, caducous under fruit (sometimes already under flower). Pedicels 0–4 mm. Flowers: Ovary hairy, puberulous, 1–1.5 mm high, calyx hairy, appressedly puberulous or sparsely appressedly pilose, 1.4–2 mm, calyx lobes 1–1.25 mm, semi-circular, corolla 5 mm, disk hairy, flat, low cylindrical, or annular, 5-glandular or 5-stellate, stamens 35–55, style with hairy base. Fruits ellipsoid or oblong, 10 mm by, 6 mm, calyx lobes persistent, (irregularly, shallowly) length-wise grooved, locules 3. Seeds per locule 1–3; seed and/or embryo straight.

Distribution — In Malesia: Sumatra (Atjeh, W. Coast).

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•robin-latihabit.jpg.
•robin-latileaf.jpg.
•robin-latiinfl.jpg.
•robin-latiflower.jpg. ovary + calyx puberulous!.
•robin-latiddfruit.jpg.
•robin-latifruit.jpg.

Symplocos robinsonii Ridley var. pilosa Noot.

Symplocos robinsonii Ridley var. pilosa Noot. Rev. Sympl. (1975) 278. — Type: W. Meijer 5839 (L) W. Sumatra.

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Habit: Twigs hairy at least when young, pubescent. Terminal buds pubescent. Leaf blade abaxially hairy beneath at least when young (handlens!), finely appressedly pilose, elliptic, 4–6.5 cm by, 1.5–3.5 cm, base cuneate, base angle 40–50 degrees, margin glandular dentate, denticulate, or crenate, apex acuminate or acute, acumen 0–8 mm, pairs of lateral veins 6–10, intramarginal vein present, secondary veins transverse to nerves, reticulation on lower surface distinct or fine reticulation only visible with transmitted light, coarse. Petiole 3–7 mm. Inflorescence a (branched) raceme, sometimes much reduced, axis 0–1 cm, hairy (sometimes glabrescent in fruit), pubescent. Bracts 1.5–2 mm long; ovate, bracteoles ovate; bracteoles 1–1.5 mm, with bracteoles hairy outside, pubescent, caducous under fruit (sometimes already under flower). Pedicels 0–2 mm. Flowers: Ovary hairy, puberulous, calyx hairy or thinly appressedly pubescent, sparsely appressedly pilose, 1.5 mm, calyx lobes 1 mm, ovate or semi-elliptic, corolla 4–5 mm, disk hairy or with some hairs, flat, low cylindrical, or annular, 5-glandular or 5-stellate, stamens 30–45, style glabrous.

Distribution — In Malesia: Sumatra (W. Coast).

Image
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•robin-pilosflowers.jpg. ovary and calyx fine puberulous.

Symplocos rosea Beddome

Symplocos rosea Beddome, Trans. Linn. Soc. 25 (1866) 219. — Symplocos macrophylla Wall. ex DC ssp. rosea (Beddome) Noot. Revision Sympl. Old World (1975) 229. — Symplocos rosea var. glabrior Clarke, Fl. Br. Ind. 3 (1882) 583. — Symplocos barberi Gamble, Kew Bull. (1921) 219.

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Habit: Shrub, 0–15 m tall, by 0–20 cm diam. Twigs glabrous or hairy at least when young. Terminal buds small, but growth discontinuous, often scales leaving large scars, (densely) appressedly pilose. Leaf blade abaxially glabrous (sometimes the midrib hairy) or hairy beneath at least when young (handlens!), sparsely appressedly pilose (sometimes nearly glabrous), elliptic or narrowly elliptic or obovate or narrowly obovate, 7–16 cm by, 2.5–6 cm, base cuneate or cordate (sometimes obliquely), base angle 30–50 degrees (-130), margin glandular dentate, denticulate, or crenate, apex acuminate, tip acute, acumen 6–25 mm, pairs of lateral veins 6–15, intramarginal vein present or absent, secondary veins transverse to nerves, reticulation on lower surface rather obscure, coarse. Petiole 3–12 mm. Inflorescence a (branched) raceme, sometimes much reduced, axis 0–4 cm, hairy (sometimes glabrescent in fruit), pubescent or (brown) pilose. Bracts 3–6 mm long, bracteoles 2–3 mm, with bracteoles hairy outside, pubescent, caducous under fruit (sometimes already under flower). Pedicels 0–2.5 mm. Flowers: Ovary glabrous or hairy, pubescent, 1–1.5 mm high, calyx hairy, appressedly pubescent, 1–1.5 mm, calyx lobes 1–1.5 mm, semi-elliptic, rounded, not becoming longer by tearing, corolla 2–4 mm, 5 lobed, disk hairy, pulvinate or globose, 5-glandular or 5-stellate, stamens 60–120, style glabrous or with a few hairs towards base. Fruits ovoid or narrowly ovoid, 12–20 mm by, 4–6 mm, (irregularly, shallowly) length-wise grooved. Seed and/or embryo straight.

Distribution — Outside Malesia: India incl. Himalayan States and Ceylon (Kerala and Madras).

Ecology — Alt. c. 600.

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Symplocos rubiginosa Wall. ex DC

Symplocos rubiginosa Wall. ex DC, Noot. Rev. Sympl. (1975) 279.

Habit: Shrub or tree, 0–30 m tall, by 0–50 cm diam. Twigs glabrous or hairy at least when young, pubescent or tomentose or tomentellous, thick. Terminal buds pubescent. Leaf blade abaxially hairy beneath at least when young (handlens!), sparsely appressedly pilose (sometimes nearly glabrous) or densely appressedly pilose or patently soft villous or pilose, elliptic or narrowly elliptic or obovate or narrowly obovate, 15–45 cm by, 5.7–17 cm, base cuneate or attenuate-cuneate, base angle 20–40 degrees, margin glandular dentate, denticulate, or crenate, apex shortly acuminate or acuminate, acumen 5–20 mm, pairs of lateral veins 9–17, intramarginal vein absent or at least towards the apex, secondary veins transverse to nerves, reticulation on lower surface distinct, fine. Petiole 10–25 mm. Inflorescence a (branched) spike, sometimes much reduced or a spike, forming a pseudo cone in bud, axillar or axillar but many from wood beneath the leaves, axis 1–8 cm, hairy (sometimes glabrescent in fruit), tomentellous. Bracts 3–5 mm long; boat-shaped or ovate, bracteoles ovate or boat-shaped; bracteoles 2–3 mm, with bracteoles hairy outside, pubescent or sericeous, caducous under fruit (sometimes already under flower). Flowers: Ovary hairy, pubescent or tomentellous, 1–2 mm high, calyx hairy, densely appressedly silky or appressedly pubescent or tomentellous, 1.5–3 mm, symmetrically cleft, calyx lobes 0.5–2 mm, becoming longer by tearing, corolla 4–5 mm, glabrous or ciliolate or sparsely stiff hairy towards the outer base, disk glabrous or hairy, 5-glandular or 5-stellate, stamens 60–100, style glabrous or hairy or with hairy base. Fruits ovoid or ellipsoid or oblong, 8–12 mm by, 5–8 mm, calyx lobes persistent, lengthwise grooved with a depression or transverse groove at one side near the base, locules 1. Seeds per locule 1; seed and/or embryo curved.

Distribution — In Malesia: Sumatra, Malay Peninsula, Borneo.

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•rubiginosabuds.jpg. in bud a pseudo-cone, bracts surpassing the buds.
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Symplocos salicioides Noot.

Symplocos salicioides Noot., Rev. Symploc. (1975) 280. — Type: R. Pullen 1548 (CANB, iso LAE) New Guinea, Sepik distr.

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Habit: Shrub. Twigs hairy at least when young, pubescent. Terminal buds pubescent. Leaf blade abaxially hairy beneath at least when young (handlens!), pubescent, narrowly elliptic, 3.5–7 cm by, 0.7–1.4 cm, base cuneate or rounded, base angle 30–80 degrees, apex acuminate or acute, acumen 10 mm, pairs of lateral veins 6–9, intramarginal vein present, reticulation on lower surface rather obscure, coarse. Petiole 3–4 mm. Inflorescence flowers solitary or up to 3 from the axil of a leave (if flowers solitary often several to many bracts). Bracts 2 mm long, bracteoles 1 mm, with bracteoles hairy outside, pubescent. Flowers: Ovary hairy, pubescent, 1.25 mm high, calyx hairy, appressedly pubescent, 1–1.25 mm, calyx lobes 1–1.25 mm, triangular, corolla 2–2.5 mm, disk hairy, stamens 15–20, style hairy halfway up. Fruits cylindrical or ellipsoid or oblong, 13–15 mm by, 5 mm.

Distribution — In Malesia: New Guinea.

Symplocos singuliflora Guillaumin

Symplocos singuliflora Guillaumin, Noot., Rev. Symploc. (1975) 281; Noot. & Vidal, Fl. Cambodge, Laos & Vietnam 16 (1977) 61.

Habit: Twigs hairy at least when young, pubescent (appressedly). Terminal buds pubescent. Leaf blade abaxially hairy beneath at least when young (handlens!), pilose, ovate, 2–6 cm by, 1.1–2.5 cm, base rounded, base angle 90 degrees, margin glandular dentate, denticulate, or crenate, apex acuminate, acumen 3–8 mm, pairs of lateral veins 4–7, intramarginal vein present, reticulation on lower surface distinct or rather obscure, fine. Petiole 1–2 mm. Inflorescence flowers solitary or up to 3 from the axil of a leave (if flowers solitary often several to many bracts). Bracts 1 mm long; several; bracteoles 1 mm, with bracteoles hairy outside, pubescent. Pedicels 1–2 mm (appressedly pubescent). Flowers: Ovary hairy, puberulous, 1 mm high, calyx hairy, 1–1.5 mm, calyx lobes 1–1.5 mm, corolla 3 mm, disk hairy, cylindrical, 0.5–1 mm high, stamens 25–35, style glabrous. Fruits ovoid to flask-shaped, ampulliform or ellipsoid ampulliform, 9–10 mm by, 3.5 mm.

Distribution — Outside Malesia: Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodja (Tonkin).

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Symplocos spectabilis Brand

Symplocos spectabilis Brand, Pfl. R. Heft 6 (1901) 69; Noot., Rev. Symploc. (1975) 281; Wu & Noot, Fl. China 15 (1996) 252.

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Habit: Tree, 0–7 m tall. Twigs glabrous, very thick, at least 8 mm. Leaf blade abaxially glabrous (sometimes the midrib hairy), obovate, 15–20 cm by, 5–7 cm, base cuneate or rounded, base angle 30–60 degrees, margin glandular dentate, denticulate, or crenate or entire, cartilaginous, apex shortly acuminate, acumen 5–7 mm, pairs of lateral veins 14–18, intramarginal vein present or absent, secondary veins transverse to nerves, reticulation on lower surface rather obscure, coarse. Petiole 25–30 mm. Inflorescence a glomerule or fascicle, axillar but many from wood beneath the leaves. Bracts 3–4 mm long, bracteoles 2–3 mm, with bracteoles hairy outside, tomentose. Flowers: Ovary glabrous, 0.5–1 mm high, calyx ciliate or ciliolate, 1.5 mm, calyx lobes 1 mm, semi-circular, corolla 5–7 mm, disk glabrous, stamens 20–30, style glabrous.

Distribution — Outside Malesia: China, Burma.

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Symplocos stellaris Brand var. stellaris

Symplocos stellaris Brand var. stellaris, Noot., Rev. Symploc. (1975) 283; Wu & Noot, Fl. China 15 (1996) 250; Nagamasu, Fl. Taiwan IId ed., 4 (1998) 124.

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Habit: Shrub or tree. Twigs hairy at least when young, tomentellous. Leaf blade abaxially glabrous (sometimes the midrib hairy), not glaucous or glaucous, narrowly elliptic, 6–23 cm by, 1.8–5 cm, base cuneate or broadly cuneate or attenuate-cuneate, base angle 20–70 degrees, margin entire (strongly revolute), apex acuminate or acute, pairs of lateral veins 7–15. Petiole 10–37 mm. Inflorescence a glomerule or fascicle, axillar but many from wood beneath the leaves, axis 1 cm. Bracts 2–3.5 mm long, with bracteoles glabrous outside (sometimes ciliate or ciliolate) or hairy outside, persistent, forming a calycle hiding the ovary. Flowers: Ovary glabrous, 1–1.5 mm high, calyx glabrous but the lobes hairy or ciliate or ciliolate, woolly towards apex or tomentose, calyx lobes 0.5–1 mm, corolla 5–8 mm, disk glabrous, cylindrical, 0.5–1 mm high, stamens 20–30. Fruits cylindrical or narrowly ovoid, 10 mm by, 2.5–5 mm.

Distribution — Outside Malesia: China, Japan.

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•stellarisleaf.jpg. underside, veins obscure.
•stellarisleaf1.jpg. upperside, veins clear.

Symplocos stellaris Barnd var aenea (Hand.-Mazz.) Noot.

Symplocos stellaris Barnd var aenea (Hand.-Mazz.) Noot., Rev. Symploc. (1975) 283; Wu & Noot, Fl. China 15 (1996) 250.

Habit: Shrub or tree. Twigs glabrous. Leaf blade abaxially glabrous (sometimes the midrib hairy), not glaucous or glaucous, narrowly elliptic, 6–23 cm by, 1.8–5 cm, base broadly cuneate, base angle 20–70 degrees, margin glandular dentate, denticulate, or crenate (not revolute), apex acuminate or acute, pairs of lateral veins 7–15. Petiole 10–30 mm. Inflorescence a glomerule or fascicle, axillar but many from wood beneath the leaves, axis 1 cm. Bracts 2–3.5 mm long, with bracteoles glabrous outside (sometimes ciliate or ciliolate) or hairy outside, persistent, forming a calycle hiding the ovary. Flowers: Ovary glabrous, 1–1.5 mm high, calyx ciliate or ciliolate, calyx lobes 0.5–1 mm, corolla 5–8 mm, disk glabrous, cylindrical, 0.5–1 mm high, stamens 45–55. Fruits cylindrical or narrowly ovoid, 10 mm by, 2.5–5 mm.

Distribution — Outside Malesia: China.

Symplocos sulcata Kurz

Symplocos sulcata Kurz, J. As. Soc. Bengal Pt 2, Nat. Hist. 46 (1870) 65; Wu & Noot, Fl. China 15 (1996) 247. — Symplocos macrophylla Wall. ex DC. var. sulcata (kurz) Noot, Noot., Rev. Symploc. (1975) 231; Noot. & Vidal, Fl. Cambodge, Laos & Vietnam 16 (1977) 40.

Habit: Shrub or tree. Twigs hairy at least when young, tomentose or villous. Leaf blade abaxially hairy beneath at least when young (handlens!), minutely (scattered) hairy or (young) leaves with long hairs, narrowly elliptic or narrowly ovate or narrowly obovate, 9–18 cm by, 2.5–6 cm, base cuneate, base angle 20–70 degrees, margin glandular dentate, denticulate, or crenate, apex acuminate or caudate, pairs of lateral veins 6–17, secondary veins transverse to nerves or not clearly transverse to nerves. Petiole 4–13 mm. Inflorescence a (branched) raceme, sometimes much reduced or a raceme, forming a pseudocone in bud or a glomerule or fascicle, axis 1.1–3 cm, hairy (sometimes glabrescent in fruit), pubescent or puberulous or villous. Bracts 3–5 mm long, with bracteoles hairy outside, caducous under fruit (sometimes already under flower). Flowers: Ovary hairy, 1–1.5 mm high, calyx hairy, calyx lobes 1–2.5 mm, corolla 4 mm, disk hairy, stamens 30–60. Fruits cylindrical or ellipsoid or oblong, 7–10 mm by, 4 mm.

Distribution — Outside Malesia: China, Burma, Thailand, Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodja.

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Symplocos sumatrana Brand

Symplocos sumatrana Brand, Pfl. R. Heft 6 (1901) 62; Noot. Rev. Symploc. (1975) 283. — Type: Beccari 106 (K, iso BM, L). Sumatra, Mt. Singgalan.

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Habit: Twigs hairy at least when young, tomentose or patently long hairy. Terminal buds with conspicuous leathery scales, growth discontinuous, pubescent. Leaf blade abaxially hairy beneath at least when young (handlens!), pubescent, narrowly elliptic or narrowly ovate, 6–14 cm by, 2–4 cm, base cordate (sometimes obliquely) or rounded, base angle 90–100 degrees, margin glandular dentate, denticulate, or crenate, apex acuminate, acumen 3–15 mm, pairs of lateral veins 7–15, intramarginal vein present, secondary veins transverse to nerves, reticulation on lower surface distinct, fine. Petiole 5–7 mm. Inflorescence a (branched) spike, sometimes much reduced or a (branched) raceme, sometimes much reduced, axis 2–4 cm, hairy (sometimes glabrescent in fruit), tomentose. Bracteoles 2.5 mm, bracts with bracteoles hairy outside, long pilose, caducous under fruit (sometimes already under flower). Pedicels 0–4 mm. Flowers: Ovary hairy, sericeous, 1.5 mm high, calyx hairy, densely appressedly long hairy, 2 mm, calyx lobes 2 mm, semi-elliptic, corolla 5 mm, glabrous or ciliolate or with some appressed hairs at the base, disk hairy, pulvinate or globose, stamens 45–70, style with a few hairs towards base. Fruits ellipsoid or oblong, 10 mm by, 6 mm, calyx lobes persistent, lengthwise ribbed, locules 3. Seeds per locule 1, or 2, or 3; seed and/or embryo straight.

Distribution — In Malesia: Sumatra (Atjeh).

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Symplocos sumuntia Buch. Ham. ex D. Don

Symplocos sumuntia Buch. Ham. ex D. Don, Noot. Rev. Symploc. (1975) 283; Noot. & Vidal, Fl. Cambodge, Laos & Vietnam 16 (1977) 62; Wu & Noot., Fl. China 15 (1996) 243. Symplocos caudata Wall. ex G. Don, Gen. Syst. 4 (1837) 3; Nagamasu, Fl.Taiwan IId ed. 4 (1998) 104.

Symplocos decora Hance, J. Bot. 12 (1874) 369; Nagamasu, Fl. Taiwan IId ed., 4 (1998) 110. Symplocos sasakii Hayata, Icon. Pl. Formos. 5 (1915) 114, f. 36; Nagamasu, Fl. Taiwan IId ed., 4 (1998) 122.

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Habit: Shrub or tree. Twigs glabrous, slender or normal. Leaf blade abaxially glabrous (sometimes the midrib hairy), elliptic or narrowly elliptic or ovate, 2–13 cm by, 0.7–4.5 cm, base cuneate or attenuate-cuneate or rounded, base angle 20- 30–60 degrees (-90), margin glandular dentate, denticulate, or crenate, apex acuminate or long acuminate or caudate, acumen 3–20 mm, pairs of lateral veins 4–8. Petiole 1.5–15 mm. Inflorescence a (branched) raceme, sometimes much reduced, axis 1.1–6 cm, glabrous or hairy (sometimes glabrescent in fruit), pubescent or villous. Bracts 1–5 mm long, with bracteoles hairy outside, caducous under fruit (sometimes already under flower). Flowers: Ovary glabrous or hairy, 1–2 mm high, calyx glabrous or with only a few hairs or hairy, calyx lobes 0.3–1.5 mm, corolla 4–8 mm, disk glabrous, stamens 25–40. Fruits ovoid or ellipsoid or oblong or flask-shaped, ampulliform or ellipsoid ampulliform, 6–15 mm by, 3–6 mm.

Distribution — Outside Malesia: China, Japan, Corea, India incl. Himalayan States and Ceylon, Burma, Thailand, Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodja; — In Malesia: Malay Peninsula.

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Symplocos sumuntia Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don var. modesta (Brand) Noot. var. nov.

Symplocos sumuntia Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don var. modesta (Brand) Noot. — Symplocos modesta Brand (1901), Noot., Rev. Sympl. (1975) 239; Wu & Noot, Fl. China 15 (1996) 246; Nagamasu, Fl. Taiwan IId ed., 4 (1998) 117.

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Habit: Shrub or tree. Twigs glabrous. Leaf blade abaxially glabrous (sometimes the midrib hairy), elliptic or ovate, 2–8 cm by, 1.2–3 cm, base cuneate or attenuate-cuneate or rounded, base angle 40–70 degrees, margin glandular dentate, denticulate, or crenate, apex caudate, pairs of lateral veins 5–7. Petiole 1.5–5 mm. Inflorescence a (branched) raceme, sometimes much reduced, axis 3.5–4 cm, glabrous or hairy (sometimes glabrescent in fruit), pubescent (sparsely). Bracts 1–1.5 mm long, with bracteoles glabrous outside (sometimes ciliate or ciliolate), caducous under fruit (sometimes already under flower). Flowers: Ovary glabrous, 1.25–2 mm high, calyx glabrous or with only a few hairs, calyx lobes 1 mm, corolla 4–6 mm, disk glabrous, stamens 20–30. Fruits ovoid or flask-shaped, ampulliform or ellipsoid ampulliform, 12 mm by, 4–5 mm.

Distribution — Outside Malesia: China (Taiwan).

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Symplocos theaefolia D. Don

Symplocos theaefolia D. Don Prod. Fl. Nepal. (1825) 145; G. Don, Gen. Syst. 4 (1837) 2, excl. syn. Symplocos attenuata Wall. ex DC; Clarke, Fl. Br. Ind. 3 (1882) 575; Brand, Pfl. R. Heft 6 (1901) 66 (" Symplocos theifolia"); Brandis, Indian trees (1906) 441; Gamble, Fl. Pres. Madras 5 (1923) 784; Backer & Bakh. f. Fl Java 2 (1965) 205. - Eugeniodes theaefolium O.K. Rev. Gen. Pl. 2 (1891) 409. - Symplocos racemosa (non Roxburg) DC, Prod. 8 (1844) 255; Brandis, For. Fl. (1874) 300. Type: Hamilton (BM), Nepal, Narainhetty.

Laurus lucida Tbunb. ex Murray, Syst. Veg. ed. 14 (1784) 384; Thunb., Fl. Jap. (1784) 174.— Hopea lucida Thunb., Icon. PI. Jap. 2 (1800) t. 4. — Dicalix lucida Hara, Enum. Sperm. Jap. 1 (1948) 105. -Type: Thunberg (UPS, microfiche!), Japan.

Symplocos lucida (non Wall. ex G. Don, 1837 or 8 Mar. - 8 Apr. 1838) sensu Sieb. & Zucc., Fl. Jap. 1 (1837 or early 1838) 55, t. 24, p. p., quoad descr. et tab., excl. typ. et syn. Myrtus laevis; Matsumura, Ind. Pl. Jap. 2(2) (1912) 487; Makino & Nemoto, Fl. Jap. ed. 2 (1931) 921; Ohwi, Fl. Jap. (1953) 933; Kitamura & Murata, Wood. Pl. Jap. 1 (1971) 99, t. 120; Nooteboom, Leiden Bot. Ser. 1 (1975) 217; Noot. & Vidal, Fl. Cambodge, Laos & Vietnam 16 (1977) 48; Nagamasu, Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 38 (1987) 288; Murata in Satake et al., Wild Fl. Jap. Wood. Pl. 2 (1989) 172, pl. 189–4, 5; Shimabuku, Check List Ryukyu Is. (1990) 353. -Symplocos japonica A. DC., Prodr. 8 (1844) 255, excl. typ.; Sieb. & Zucc., Fam. Nat. 2 (1846) 133; Miq., Prol. Fl. Jap. (1867) 265; Franch. & Sav., Enum. Pl. Jap. 1 (1875) 307; Brand, Pfl. R. Heft 6: 31 (1901); Wu & Noot., Fl. China 15 (1996) 242. — Bobua japonica Miers, J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 17 (1879) 306, excl. typ.; Nakai, Tr. & Shr. ed. 1 (1922) 233, t. 130; op. cit. ed. 2 (1927) 315, t. 147.

Symplocos setchuensis Brand, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 29 (1900) 528; Nagamasu Fl. Taiwan IId ed., 4 (1998) 122.

Symplocos tanakae Matsumura, Bot. Mag. Tokyo 15 (1901) 79; Ind. Pl. Jap. 2 (1912) 288; Ohwi, Fl. Jap. (1953) 933; Kitamura & Murata, Wood. Pl. Jap. 1 (1971) 99, t. 119; Nagamasu, Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 38 (1987) 290; Murata in Satake et al., Wild Fl. Jap. Wood. Pl. 2 (1989) 172, pl. 179–3; Nagamasu Contr. Biol. Lab. Kyoto Univ. 28 (1993) 245, fig. 3–21 & 4b. map 18, plate 67a. — Bobua tanakae Masamune, Prel. Rep. Veg. Yakus.: 110 (1929); Fl. Geo. Yakus.: 365 (1934). — Dicalix tanakae Hara, Enum. Sperm. Jap. 1 (1948) 107.—Type: Symplocos Tanaka 436 (TI!), Ins. Tanegashima, Japan.

Symplocos zentaroana Makino ex Yanagida, J. Jap. Forestry Soc. 20 (1938) 115, no. 532, fig. 531, nom. nud., descr. in jap.

Symplocos kawakamii Hayata, Icon. Pl. Form. 5 (1915) 104, t. 30; Makino & Nemoto, Fl. Jap. (1925) 372; Toyoda, Fl. Bonin Is. (1981) 175, photo 80, t. 80; Nagamasu, Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 38 (1987) 287; Murata in Satake et al., Wild Fl. Jap. Wood. Pl. 2 (1989) 104, pl. 188–3; Nagamasu Contr. Biol. Lab. Kyoto Univ. 28 (1993) fig. 3–22, map 18, plate 67b - c. — Bobua kawakimii Nakai, [Rigakkai 26 (1928) 7, nomen, non vidi] Bot. Mag. Tokyo 44 (1930) 24; Nemoto, Fl. Jap. Suppl. (1936) 581. — Dicalix kawakamii Hara, Enum. Sperm. Jap. 1 (1948) 104. — Type: T. kawakami (TI!) Bonin Ils.

Symplocos otomoi Rehder & Wilson, J. Arn. Arb. 1 (1919) 119. - Type: H. otomo (A!) Chichijima, Bonin Is.

Symplocos boninensis Rehder & Wilson, J. Arn. Arb. 1: (1919) 119, excl pl. ex Ins. Chichijima.; Makino & Nemoto, Fl Jap. ed. 2 (1931)918; Nooteboom, Leid. Bot. Ser. 1 (1975)133, excl. syn. Bobua pergracilis; Toyoda, Fl. Bonin Is. (1981)154, photo 69, t. 69; Nagamasu, Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 38 (1987)287; Murata in Satake et al., Wild Fl. Jap. Wood. Pl 2 (1989)172, pl. 190–5; Nagamasu Contr. Biol. Lab. Kyoto Univ. 28 (1993) 245, fig. 3–20 & 4a, map 17, plate 66d. —Dicalix boninensis Hara, Enum. Sperm. Jap. 1: 104 (1948). —Type: E.H. Wilson 8336 (A!, isotypes in BM, E!, K!), Mukoh-jima, Bonin Ils.

Symplocos nakaharae (Hayata) Masamune, Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. For, 30 (1940) 62; Nagamasu, Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 38 (1987) 289; Murata in Satake et al., Wild. Fl. Jap. Wood. Pl. 2 (1989) 172; Nagamasu, Contr. Biol. Lab. Kyoto Univ. 28 (1993) 238, Fig. 3–17, Map 16, Plate 66a. — Symplocos japonica A. DC. var. nakaharai Hayata, Icon. Pl. Form. 5 (1915) 103. — Type: G. Nakaharae (TI!) Nagotake, Okinawa Is. Ryukyus.

Symplocos pergracilis (Nakai) Yamazaki, J. Jap. Bot. 44 (1969) 366; Toyoda, Fl. Bonin Is. (1981) 155, photo 70, t. 70; Nagamasu, Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 38 (1987) 290; Murata in Satake et al., Wild Fl. Jap. Wood. Pl. 2 (1989) 172, pl. 189–1, 2; Nagamasu Contr. Biol. Lab. Kyoto Univ. 28 (1993) 243, fig. 3–19, map 17, plate 66c — Bobua pergracilis Nakai, [Rigakkai 26(5) (1928) 7, nomen, non vidi] Bot. Mag. Tokyo 44 (1930) 24; Nemoto, Fl. Jap. Suppl. (1936) 583. — Dicalix pergracilis Hara, Enum. Sperm. Jap. 1 (1948) 106. --Type: H. Toyoshima (TI!), Takeda bokujyo insulac Chichijimae, Bonin Isis.

Symplocos boninensis sensu Rehder & Wilson, J. Arn. Arb. 1 (1919) 119, p. p., quoad pl. ex Chichijima; Nooteboom, Leid. Bot. Ser. 1 (1975) 133.

Symplocos shilanansis Y.C. Liu & F.Y. Lu Quart. J. Chinese Forest 10 (1977) 90

Symplocos simaoensis Y.Y. Qian, Bull. Bot. Res. North-East. Forest. Inst., 9(1)(1989) 41

Symplocos migoi Nagamasu Fl. Taiwan IId ed., 4 (1998) 116. — Type: M. Tamura, T. Shimizu & M.T. Kao 21397 (KYO, iso TAI) Taiwan, Mt. Taiping, Ilan, c. 2000 m.

.

Habit: Shrub or tree. Twigs glabrous (slightly angled to winged). Terminal buds with conspicuous leathery scales, growth discontinuous; 6–15 mm long; glabrous. Leaf blade abaxially glabrous (sometimes the midrib hairy), elliptic or narrowly elliptic or obovate or narrowly obovate, 4–13 cm by, 1.5–5 cm, base cuneate or attenuate-cuneate or rounded, margin glandular dentate, denticulate, or crenate or entire, apex acuminate or caudate, tip acute or obtuse, acumen 5–25 mm, midvein adaxially prominent or flat, pairs of lateral veins 4–15. Petiole 5–15 mm. Inflorescence a (branched) spike, sometimes much reduced or a (branched) raceme, sometimes much reduced or a glomerule or fascicle, axillar, axis 1–6 cm, glabrous or hairy (sometimes glabrescent in fruit), pubescent or puberulous. Bracts 1–3 mm long, persistent. Flowers: Ovary glabrous, 0.5–2 mm high, calyx glabrous or with only a few hairs, calyx lobes 1–3 mm, corolla 3–5 mm, disk hairy, pulvinate or globose, 5-glandular or 5-stellate, stamens 10–80, style glabrous or hairy. Fruits ellipsoid or oblong, 5–18 mm by, 4–13 mm, calyx lobes persistent, locules 2–3.

Distribution — Outside Malesia: China, India incl. Himalayan States and Ceylon, Burma, Thailand, Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodja; — In Malesia: Sumatra, Malay Peninsula, Java, Lesser Sunda Is., Philippines, Sulawesi.

Note — This species is very variable and local populations may be recognised as separate taxa. Nagamasu did so for Japan, but in stead of using the appropriate status of variety he assigned to them the status of species. I decided to give Nagamasu's taxa the status of variety. It would take years to recognise also (many) varieties on mainland Asia. In his key the lead to his Symplocos nakaharae abd his Symplocos kuroki, specimens with bracteoles 2 mm long and corolla 3.5–4 mm long can not be identified.

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Symplocos theaefolia D. Don var. boninensis (Rehder & Wilson) Noot.

Symplocos boninensis Rehder & Wilson, J. Arn. Arb. 1: (1919)119, excl pl. ex Ins. Chichijima. Noot. Rev. Sympl. (1975) 133.

Habit: Tree (small). Twigs glabrous, slender or normal (zigzag). Terminal buds with conspicuous leathery scales, growth discontinuous; 8–15 mm long; glabrous or outer scales glabrous, the inner scales often hairy on midrib and apex. Leaf blade abaxially glabrous (sometimes the midrib hairy), elliptic, 6–9 cm by, 2.5–5 cm, base attenuate-cuneate, base angle 40–60 degrees, margin glandular dentate, denticulate, or crenate or entire, apex rounded, midvein adaxially prominent or flat, pairs of lateral veins 5–8 (hardly prominent beneath), intramarginal vein present, reticulation on lower surface rather obscure. Petiole 8–30 mm. Inflorescence flowers solitary or up to 3 from the axil of a leave (if flowers solitary often several to many bracts) or a glomerule or fascicle, axis 0–1 cm. Bracts 1.5–3.5 mm long; broadly ovate, several; bracteoles 1.5–3 mm, with bracteoles glabrous outside (sometimes ciliate or ciliolate). Flowers: Ovary glabrous, 1 mm high, calyx glabrous or with only a few hairs, 3–4 mm, calyx lobes 3 mm, broadly ovate, corolla 5–6 mm, disk hairy, pulvinate or globose, 5-glandular or 5-stellate, stamens 60–100, style hairy. Fruits obovoid (narrowly), 16–25 mm by, 8–13 mm, calyx lobes persistent (bending inwards), mesocarp thick, chartaceous, stone trigonous, (irregularly, shallowly) length-wise grooved, locules 3. Seeds per locule 1; seed and/or embryo straight.

Distribution — Outside Malesia: Japan (Bonin).

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Symplocos theaefolia D. Don var. kuroki (Nagamasu) Noot.

Symplocos kuroki Nagamasu Contr. Biol. Lab. Kyoto Univ. 28 (1993) 240, fig. 3–18 & 4c, Map 16, Plate 66b.

Habit: Tree. Twigs terete or slightly ridged (young twigs ridged below petioles). Terminal buds with conspicuous leathery scales, growth discontinuous; 6–15 mm long; glabrous. Leaf blade abaxially glabrous (sometimes the midrib hairy), elliptic or narrowly elliptic or obovate or narrowly obovate (coriaceous), 4–7 cm by, 1.5–3.5 cm, base cuneate or attenuate-cuneate, margin glandular dentate, denticulate, or crenate or entire; not strongly recurved or revolute; apex shortly acuminate to acuminate, tip obtuse, midvein adaxially prominent or flat, pairs of lateral veins 5–9, reticulation on lower surface rather obscure. Petiole 5–15 mm. Inflorescence a (branched) spike, sometimes much reduced or a glomerule or fascicle, axis 0–1.5 cm, hairy (sometimes glabrescent in fruit), puberulous. Bracts 2–3 mm long; broadly ovate, bracteoles broadly ovate (to kidney shaped); bracteoles 2.5–3 mm, with bracteoles hairy outside, pubescent, persistent. Flowers: Ovary glabrous, 1–1.5 mm high, calyx glabrous or with only a few hairs or hairy, appressedly pubescent, 1.5–2.5 mm, calyx lobes 1.5–2.5 mm, ovate to broadly ovate, corolla 3.5–5 mm, disk hairy, pulvinate or globose, 5-glandular or 5-stellate, stamens 25–40, style glabrous. Fruits ellipsoid or oblong, 9–13 mm by, 6–9 mm, calyx lobes persistent (forming a blunt beak), mesocarp thick, corky or woody, stone ellipsoid, smooth, locules 2 (-3). Seeds per locule 1–2 (-3); seed and/or embryo curved; J-shaped, or slightly curved.

Distribution — Outside Malesia: Japan (Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu).

Ecology — Warm temperate evergreen forest.

Note — In his key the lead to his Symplocos nakaharae and his Symplocos kuroki, specimens with bracteoles 2 mm long and corolla 3.5–4 mm long can not be identified. Thus only the geography can be used.

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Symplocos theaefolia D. Don var. nakaharae

Symplocos nakaharae (Hayata) Masamune, Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. For, 30 (1940) 62; Nagamasu, Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 38 (1987) 289.

Habit: Tree (small). Twigs terete or slightly ridged (young twigs ridged below petioles). Terminal buds with conspicuous leathery scales, growth discontinuous; 3–10 mm long; glabrous. Leaf blade abaxially glabrous (sometimes the midrib hairy), elliptic or narrowly elliptic (coriaceous), 4–8 cm by, 1.5–4.5 cm, base cuneate or attenuate-cuneate, margin glandular dentate, denticulate, or crenate or entire; strongly recurved or revolute; apex acuminate, tip obtuse, midvein adaxially prominent or flat, pairs of lateral veins 5–8. Petiole 4–10 mm. Inflorescence a spike, forming a pseudo cone in bud or a glomerule or fascicle, axis 0–1 cm, hairy (sometimes glabrescent in fruit), puberulous. Bracts 1–1.5 mm long; ovate to semi-circular, bracteoles broadly ovate (to kidney shaped); bracteoles 1.5–2 mm, with bracteoles hairy outside, pubescent (sparsely), persistent. Flowers: Ovary glabrous, 0.8–1.2 mm high, calyx glabrous or with only a few hairs, 1–2 mm, calyx lobes 1–2 mm, ovate to broadly ovate, disk hairy, pulvinate or globose, 5-glandular or 5-stellate, stamens 20–35, style glabrous or with hairy base. Fruits ellipsoid or oblong, 6–10 mm by, 5–7 mm, calyx lobes persistent (forming a blunt beak), mesocarp thick, corky or woody, stone ellipsoid, smooth, locules 2 (-3). Seeds per locule 1 (-2); seed and/or embryo curved; J-shaped to slightly curved.

Distribution — Outside Malesia: Japan (Ryukyu).

Ecology — Subtropical evergreen forest, often on ridges.

Symplocos theaefolia D. Don var. pergracilis (Nakai) Noot. stat. nov.

Symplocos pergracilis (Nakai) Yamazaki, J. Jap. Bot. 44 (1969) 366; Nagamasu, Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 38 (1987) 290.

Habit: Tree (small). Twigs terete or slightly ridged (young twigs ridged below petioles); slender or normal (1–2 mm thick). Terminal buds with conspicuous leathery scales, growth discontinuous; 6–15 mm long; glabrous. Leaf blade abaxially glabrous (sometimes the midrib hairy), obovate to narrowly obovate, 2.5–6 cm by, 1–3 cm, base attenuate-cuneate, margin glandular dentate, denticulate, or crenate or entire; not strongly recurved or revolute, or strongly recurved or revolute; apex rounded or shortly acuminate or acute, tip obtuse, midvein adaxially prominent or flat (often slightly sulcate), pairs of lateral veins 6–8. Petiole 7–15 mm. Inflorescence flowers solitary or up to 3 from the axil of a leave (if flowers solitary often several to many bracts), axis 0–0.5 cm. Bracts 2–3.5 mm long; broadly semi-elliptic or semi-circular, several; with bracteoles glabrous outside (sometimes ciliate or ciliolate), persistent. Flowers: Ovary glabrous, 0.8–1.2 mm high, calyx glabrous or with only a few hairs, 3.3–3.7 mm, calyx lobes 3–3.5 mm, semi-circular (to kidney shaped), corolla 6–7 mm, disk hairy, pulvinate or globose (to flat), 5-glandular or 5-stellate, stamens 100–120, style glabrous or with a few hairs towards base. Fruits obovoid or ellipsoid or oblong (narrowly), 18–25 mm by, 7–12 mm, calyx lobes persistent (erect or spreading, forming a crown), mesocarp thick, corky or woody, stone trigonous, smooth (or slightly grooved), locules 3. Seeds per locule 1–2; seed and/or embryo straight.

Distribution — Outside Malesia: Japan (Bonin).

Ecology — Subtropican dry evergreen forest.

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Symplocos theaefolia D. Don var. tanakae (Matsumura) Noot. stat nov.

Symplocos tanakae Matsumura, Bot. Mag. Tokyo 15 (1901) 79.

Habit: Twigs young twigs ridged below petioles. Terminal buds with conspicuous leathery scales, growth discontinuous; 7–14 mm long; glabrous. Leaf blade abaxially glabrous (sometimes the midrib hairy), narrowly elliptic to narrowly obovate, 7–13 cm by, 2–4 cm, base attenuate-cuneate, margin glandular dentate, denticulate, or crenate, apex rounded or acuminate, tip obtuse, midvein adaxially prominent or flat (sometimes slightly sulcate), pairs of lateral veins 8–14. Petiole 10–25 mm. Inflorescence a (branched) spike, sometimes much reduced or a glomerule or fascicle, axis 0–1 cm. Bracts 4–5 mm long; broadly ovate to semi-circular, bracteoles ovate to elliptic; bracteoles 3.5–4.5 mm, with bracteoles glabrous outside (sometimes ciliate or ciliolate) (or keel of bracteole ciliolate), persistent. Flowers: Ovary glabrous, 1.3–1.7 mm high, calyx glabrous or with only a few hairs, 3.5–4 mm, calyx lobes 3.5–4 mm, semi-elliptic to broadly ovate, corolla 6–7.5 mm, disk hairy, pulvinate or globose, 5-glandular or 5-stellate, stamens 60–75, style glabrous. Fruits subglobose to ellipsoid or oblong, 18–25 mm by, 15–20 mm, calyx lobes persistent, mesocarp thick, corky or woody, stone ellipsoid, (irregularly, shallowly) length-wise grooved or smooth, locules 3. Seeds per locule 1–2; seed and/or embryo curved; slightly curved to U-shaped.

Distribution — Outside Malesia: Japan (Shikoku, Kyushu).

Ecology — Warm temperate (montane) evergreen forest.

Symplocos theaefolia D. Don var. kawakamii (Hayata) Noot. stat. nov.

Symplocos kawakamii Hayata, Icon. Pl. Form. 5 (1915) 104, t. 30.

Habit: Shrub. Twigs conspicuously ridged. Terminal buds with conspicuous leathery scales, growth discontinuous; 3–5 mm long. Leaf blade abaxially glabrous (sometimes the midrib hairy), elliptic or ovate or obovate, 2–5 cm by, 0.7–2 cm, base attenuate-cuneate, margin entire; strongly recurved or revolute; apex rounded or emarginate, midvein adaxially prominent or flat (at leat near the base), pairs of lateral veins 5–7, reticulation on lower surface rather obscure (rugose on upper surface). Petiole 2–8 mm. Inflorescence a (branched) spike, sometimes much reduced or a glomerule or fascicle, axis 0.5–3 cm, glabrous or hairy (sometimes glabrescent in fruit), (brown) pilose (sparsely). Bracts 2–4 mm long; ovate to narrowly ovate, bracteoles ovate or (narrowly) triangular; bracteoles 2.5–3 mm, with bracteoles glabrous outside (sometimes ciliate or ciliolate), persistent. Flowers: Ovary glabrous, 1.3–1.7 mm high, calyx glabrous or with only a few hairs, 2.5–3 mm, calyx lobes 2.5–3 mm, ovate, corolla 6–8 mm, disk glabrous, flat, low cylindrical, or annular to pulvinate or globose, 5-glandular or 5-stellate, stamens 70–90, style glabrous. Fruits obovoid or subglobose, 14–22 mm by, 7–12 mm, calyx lobes persistent (forming a blunt beak), mesocarp thick, corky or woody, stone obovoid, smooth, locules 3. Seeds per locule 1–2; seed and/or embryo straight, or curved; slightly curved.

Distribution — Outside Malesia: Japan (Bonin).

Ecology — Subtropical dry shrub vegetation.

Note — This variety is obviously an adaptation to dry shrubby vegetation.

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Symplocos trichomarginalis Noot.

Symplocos trichomarginalis Noot., Rev. Sympl. (1975) 287. — Type: Clemens 33116 (L, iso BM, BO, G.) Borneo, Kinabalu, Marai parai.

.

Habit: Shrub, 0–4 m tall. Twigs hairy at least when young, pilose (appressednly, brown), hairs 0.5 mm. Leaves distichously arranged, leaf blade abaxially hairy beneath at least when young (handlens!), sparsely appressedly pilose (sometimes nearly glabrous), elliptic, 2–3.5 cm by, 1.1–1.7 cm, base cuneate or attenuate-cuneate or rounded, base angle 50–90 degrees, margin glandular dentate, denticulate, or crenate, beneath densely appressedly brown pilose, apex acuminate or mucronate, acumen 1–3 mm, pairs of lateral veins 5–7, reticulation on lower surface rather obscure. Petiole 2–4 mm. Inflorescence flowers solitary or up to 3 from the axil of a leave (if flowers solitary often several to many bracts). Bracts 3–5 mm long; one or several; bracteoles 3–5 mm, with bracteoles hairy outside, pilose, persistent. Pedicels 0–10 mm. Flowers: Ovary hairy, pilose, 1 mm high, calyx hairy, pilose, 3 mm, calyx lobes 3 mm, narrowly semi-elliptic, corolla 4 mm, disk glabrous, 5-glandular or 5-stellate, stamens 45–55, style glabrous. Fruits ovoid or ellipsoid or oblong, 8–9 mm by, 4.5 mm, calyx lobes persistent, (irregularly, shallowly) length-wise grooved, locules 1. Seeds per locule 1.

Distribution — In Malesia: Borneo (Sabag, Kinabalu).

Ecology — open places abnd forest edges, 1200 -- 1800 m.

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Symplocos tricoccata Noot.

Symplocos tricoccata Noot., Rev. Sympl. (1975) 288.

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Habit: Tree, 4–10 m tall. Twigs glabrous. Terminal buds glabrous. Leaf blade abaxially glabrous (sometimes the midrib hairy) (yellowish, olive green or water green), elliptic, 7–31 cm by, 4–12 cm, base cuneate or attenuate-cuneate, base angle 40–70 degrees, margin glandular dentate, denticulate, or crenate, apex acuminate, acumen 5–20 mm, pairs of lateral veins 5–10, intramarginal vein present, secondary veins transverse to nerves, reticulation on lower surface distinct or rather obscure, coarse. Petiole 5–15 mm. Inflorescence a (branched) spike, sometimes much reduced or a spike, forming a pseudo cone in bud or a glomerule or fascicle, axis 0–5 cm, glabrous. Bracts 1.5 mm long, bracteoles 1.5 mm, with bracteoles glabrous outside (sometimes ciliate or ciliolate). Flowers: Ovary glabrous, 2 mm high, calyx glabrous or with only a few hairs or ciliate or ciliolate, 2 mm, calyx lobes 1–1.75 mm, ovate, acute, corolla 5–8 mm, disk glabrous, 5-glandular or 5-stellate, stamens 40–120, style glabrous. Fruits ellipsoid or oblong, 12–16 mm by, 4–6 mm, 3-lobed in crossection, locules 3 (each cell circular in crossection). Seeds per locule 1–3; seed and/or embryo straight.

Distribution — In Malesia: Malay Peninsula, Borneo.

Ecology — Alt. 400–1500 m.

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Symplocos trisepala Merr.

Symplocos trisepala Merr., Philip. J. Sc. 12 (1917) b, Bot. 291; Noot. Rev. Symploc. (1975) 289.

Habit: Twigs glabrous or hairy at least when young, pilose. Leaf blade abaxially glabrous (sometimes the midrib hairy), elliptic, 5–9 cm by, 2.7–5 cm, base cordate (sometimes obliquely) or rounded, base angle 85–95 degrees, margin glandular dentate, denticulate, or crenate, apex acuminate, acumen 2–5 mm, pairs of lateral veins 7–9, intramarginal vein present, reticulation on lower surface distinct or rather obscure or fine reticulation only visible with transmitted light. Petiole 15–25 mm. Inflorescence a (branched) spike, sometimes much reduced, axis 1.5 cm, glabrous. Bracts 3–5 mm long, bracteoles 3–5 mm, with bracteoles glabrous outside (sometimes ciliate or ciliolate), persistent. Flowers: Ovary glabrous, 1 mm high, 3-lobed, 2.5–3 mm, calyx lobes 2.5–3 mm, semi-circular or semi-elliptic, corolla 5–6 mm, disk glabrous, 5-glandular or 5-stellate, stamens 40–70, style with hairy base.

Distribution — In Malesia: Philippines (Luzon).

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Symplocos ulotricha Ling

Symplocos ulotricha Ling, Acta.Phytotax. Sinica 1 (1951) 216; Noot. Rev. Symploc. (1975) 294, under dubius species; Wu & Noot, Fl. China 15 (1996) 250.

Habit: Tree. Twigs hairy at least when young, tomentose. Leaf blade abaxially hairy beneath at least when young (handlens!), (young) leaves with long hairs, narrowly elliptic or narrowly ovate, 7–15 cm by, 2.5–5.5 cm, base broadly cuneate or rounded, margin entire, apex rounded or acute, pairs of lateral veins 8–13. Petiole 10–18 mm. Inflorescence a glomerule or fascicle, axis 1 cm. Bracts 3 mm long, with bracteoles hairy outside, persistent, forming a calycle hiding the ovary. Flowers: Ovary glabrous, 1–1.5 mm high, calyx glabrous or with only a few hairs, calyx lobes 1.5–2 mm, corolla 6 mm, disk glabrous. Fruits cylindrical, 10 mm by.

Distribution — Outside Malesia: China.

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Symplocos unicarpa Noot.

Symplocos unicarpa Noot. Rev. Symploc, (1975) 289. — Type: NGF 31111 (L, iso A, BRI, CANB) Solomon Is.

Habit: Tree, 0–6 m tall. Twigs hairy at least when young, pilose. Terminal buds with conspicuous leathery scales, growth discontinuous. Leaf blade abaxially glabrous (sometimes the midrib hairy), elliptic or broadly elliptic or narrowly elliptic or ovate or narrowly ovate or broadly ovate, 4.5–12 cm by, 3–4.5 cm, base cuneate or cordate (sometimes obliquely), base angle 50–140 degrees, apex acuminate or long acuminate, acumen 7–25 mm, pairs of lateral veins 7–11, intramarginal vein present, reticulation on lower surface rather obscure, coarse. Petiole 5–7 mm. Inflorescence flowers solitary or up to 3 from the axil of a leave (if flowers solitary often several to many bracts). Bracts 1–3 mm long; broadly ovate, several; with bracteoles hairy outside, puberulous or pubescent. Flowers: Ovary glabrous, 1 mm high, calyx hairy, appressedly pubescent or appressedly puberulous, 2–3 mm, corolla 4–5 mm, disk glabrous, 5-glandular or 5-stellate, stamens 70–120, style glabrous. Fruits cylindrical or flask-shaped, ampulliform or ellipsoid ampulliform, 10–16 mm by, 3 mm, calyx lobes persistent.

Distribution — Outside Malesia: Solomon Is.

Ecology — rain forest, 0–900 m.

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Symplocos versteegii Brand

Symplocos cochinchinensis (Lour.) Symplocos Moore var. versteegii (Brand) Noot. Rev. Sympl. (1975) 176.

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Habit: Shrub or tree (to 5 m). Twigs hairy at least when young, tomentose or villous. Leaf blade abaxially glabrous (sometimes the midrib hairy) or hairy beneath at least when young (handlens!) (the midrib and nerves alsways hairy), tomentose or pilose (or the whole surface cob-webbed hairy), adaxially hairy at least when young, elliptic, 10–16 cm by, 4–6 cm, base cuneate, base angle 25–60 degrees, apex acuminate or acute or caudate, acumen 0–13 mm, pairs of lateral veins 6–14, reticulation on lower surface distinct. Petiole 6–18 mm. Inflorescence a glomerule or fascicle. Bracts 4–5 mm long (boat shaped), bracteoles 2–3 mm, with bracteoles hairy outside, pubescent or sericeous. Flowers: Flowers functionally unisexual, ovary glabrous, 1–2 mm high, calyx hairy, densely appressedly silky or densely appressedly long hairy or appressedly sericeous or densely appressedly red-brown hairy, 2–3 mm, calyx lobes 2–3 mm, corolla 4–6 mm, disk hairy, 5-glandular or 5-stellate, stamens 45–55 (only male flowers seen), style glabrous.

Distribution — In Malesia: New Guinea.

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•versteegiihabit1.jpg. Symplocos versteegii Brand.
•versteegiihabit2.jpg. Symplocos versteegii Brand.
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Symplocos verticillifolia Noot.

Symplocos verticillifolia Noot. Rev. Symploc. (1975) 290. -- Type: PNH 14397(L, iso A,K) Philippines, Samar.

.

Habit: Tree, 7–9 m tall. Twigs hairy at least when young, patently or oblique hirsute (bark spongy). Terminal buds with conspicuous leathery scales, growth discontinuous, with long hairs. Leaves in whorls, leaf blade abaxially hairy beneath at least when young (handlens!), pilose, obovate, 6.5–11 cm by, 2.2–5 cm, base cuneate, base angle 25–40 degrees, margin glandular dentate, denticulate, or crenate, apex acuminate, acumen 4–15 mm, pairs of lateral veins 6–9, intramarginal vein present, reticulation on lower surface distinct, coarse or fine. Petiole 8–15 mm. Inflorescence a (branched) spike, sometimes much reduced or a glomerule or fascicle, axis 3 cm, glabrous. Bracts 8–10 mm long; ovate, bracteoles narrowly ovate; bracteoles 4 mm, with bracteoles hairy outside, long pilose, persistent. Flowers: Ovary glabrous, calyx hairy, densely appressedly long hairy, 2–4 mm, calyx lobes 2–4 mm, narrowly triangular, disk hairy, flat, low cylindrical, or annular, stamens 70–120. Fruits cylindrical or ellipsoid or oblong, 10–12 mm by, 5 mm, calyx lobes persistent, (irregularly, shallowly) length-wise grooved, locules 3. Seeds per locule 1 (mostly); seed and/or embryo straight.

Distribution — In Malesia: Philippines (Samar).

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Symplocos vidalii Rolfe

Symplocos vidalii Rolfe, Kew Bull. (1912) 157; Merr. En.Philipp. 3 (1923) 302; Noot., Rev. Symploc. (1975) 290. — Type: Vidal 2141 (K, iso A) Luzon, Pov. Nueva Ecija.

Symplocos cagayanensis Brand, Philip. J.Sc. 7 (1912) Bot. 35; Merr. En. Philip. 3 (1923) 297. — Type: FB 16725 Curran (non vidi), Luzon, Prov. Cagayan, Mission river.

Habit: Twigs hairy at least when young, tomentose to villous. Terminal buds (densely) appressedly pilose. Leaf blade abaxially hairy beneath at least when young (handlens!), patently soft villous or pilose (especially on midrib), elliptic, 2.7–8 cm by, 1–3 cm, base cuneate to rounded, base angle 40–90 degrees, apex acuminate, acumen 2–8 mm, pairs of lateral veins 7–10, intramarginal vein present, reticulation on lower surface distinct, coarse or fine. Petiole 5–9 mm. Inflorescence a (branched) raceme, sometimes much reduced, axis 0–5 cm, hairy (sometimes glabrescent in fruit), villous. Bracts 2–3 mm long; linear, bracteoles linear; bracteoles 1.5–2.5 mm, with bracteoles hairy outside, villous. Pedicels 1–2 mm. Flowers: Ovary hairy, pilose, 1–1.5 mm high, calyx hairy, pilose, 1–1.5 mm, calyx lobes 1–1.5 mm, narrowly triangular, acute, corolla 2.5–3 mm, disk glabrous, 5-glandular or 5-stellate, stamens 17–30. Fruits cylindrical, 10 mm by, 3 mm, (irregularly, shallowly) length-wise grooved, locules 1. Seeds per locule 1; seed and/or embryo straight.

Distribution — In Malesia: Philippines (Luzon).

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Symplocos viridissima Brand

Symplocos viridissima Brand, Noot., Rev. Symploc. (1975) 290; Noot. & Vidal, Fl. Cambodge, Laos & Vietnam 16 (1977) 63; Wu & Noot., Fl. China 15 (1996) 245.

Habit: Shrub or tree. Twigs glabrous or hairy at least when young, pubescent. Leaf blade abaxially glabrous (sometimes the midrib hairy) or hairy beneath at least when young (handlens!), minutely (scattered) hairy, elliptic, 3.5–13 cm by, 1.5–4.5 cm, base cuneate, base angle 25–65 degrees, apex long acuminate or caudate, pairs of lateral veins 3–7. Petiole 1–7 mm. Inflorescence a (branched) raceme, sometimes much reduced, axis 0.8–2 cm, glabrous or hairy (sometimes glabrescent in fruit), pubescent or puberulous. Bracts 1–2 mm long, with bracteoles hairy outside, persistent. Flowers: Ovary hairy, 1–1.5 mm high, calyx hairy, calyx lobes 0.5–1 mm, corolla 3–5 mm, disk glabrous, stamens 30–50. Fruits flask-shaped, ampulliform or ellipsoid ampulliform, 7–10 mm by, 3–5 mm.

Distribution — Outside Malesia: China, India incl. Himalayan States and Ceylon, Burma, Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodja.

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•viridisleaf.jpg.
•viridisinflor.jpg.
•viridisflower.jpg. calyx and ovary finely short hairy.
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Symplocos whitfordii Brand

Symplocos whitfordii Brand, Philip. J. Sc. 3 (1908) Bot. 8; Merr., En. Philipp. 3 (19923) 302. — Type: Whitford 962 (K, NY, P) Luzon, Prov. of Tayabas.

Habit: Tree, 10–30 m tall. Twigs glabrous. Terminal buds glabrous. Leaf blade abaxially glabrous (sometimes the midrib hairy), elliptic or obovate, 2–5.7 cm by, 1–3 cm, base cuneate or attenuate-cuneate, base angle 20–50 degrees, margin glandular dentate, denticulate, or crenate, apex shortly acuminate or acuminate, acumen 1–7 mm, pairs of lateral veins 4–9, intramarginal vein present or absent, close to the margin or not close to the margin, reticulation on lower surface distinct or fine reticulation only visible with transmitted light, coarse. Petiole 2–9 mm. Inflorescence a (branched) raceme, sometimes much reduced, axis 1.5–3.5 cm, glabrous or hairy (sometimes glabrescent in fruit). Bracts semi-elliptic, bracteoles ovate or elliptic. Flowers: Corolla 5–7 mm, stamens 20–30. Fruits ovoid.

Distribution — In Malesia: Philippines.

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•whitfordinflor.jpg. raceme.
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Symplocos wikstroemifolia Hayata

Symplocos wikstroemifolia Hayata, Noot. Rev. Sympl. (1975) as synonym under S, cochinchinensis var. laurina; Noot. & Vidal, Fl. Cambodge, Laos & Vietnam 16 (1977) 53; Wu & Noot., Fl. China 15 (1996) 243; Nagamasu Fl. Taiwan IId ed., 4 (1998) 126. Symplocos microtricha Hand.-Mazz., Noot. Rev. Sympl. (1975) 239.

Habit: Shrub or tree, 0–20 m tall. Twigs hairy at least when young, puberulous or sparsely appressedly fine-pilose, thick. Terminal buds finely short pubescent or pubescent. Leaves crowded at the end of the branchlets or of the flushes in false whorls or evenly distributed, leaf blade abaxially hairy beneath at least when young (handlens!), minutely (scattered) hairy or finely appressedly pilose, elliptic or obovate or narrowly elliptic or narrowly obovate, 4–15.5 cm by, 1.2–4.5 cm, base cuneate or attenuate-cuneate or narrowly cuneate, base angle 20–35 degrees, margin glandular dentate, denticulate, or crenate or entire, apex acuminate or mucronate, tip acute or obtuse, acumen 0–10 mm, midvein adaxially prominent or flat or adaxially impressed, pairs of lateral veins 6–10, intramarginal vein present, close to the margin, reticulation on lower surface rather obscure. Petiole 3–10 mm. Inflorescence a (branched) spike, sometimes much reduced or a (branched) raceme, sometimes much reduced or a spike, forming a pseudo cone in bud or a raceme, forming a pseudocone in bud or a panicle of spikes, axis 1–2 cm, hairy (sometimes glabrescent in fruit), pubescent. Bracts 1–2 mm long; broadly ovate, bracteoles ovate; with bracteoles hairy outside, pubescent, caducous under fruit (sometimes already under flower). Flowers: Flowers bisexual and male, probably all flowers on a plant the same, ovary glabrous or hairy, minutely appressedly puberulous, ovary in male flowers 0.5 mm, 1–1.5 mm high, calyx glabrous or with only a few hairs or thinly appressedly pubescent, 1 mm, calyx lobes 1 mm, semi-circular or semi-elliptic, not becoming longer by tearing, corolla 2–3 mm, disk glabrous or hairy, pulvinate or globose, stamens 5–30, style glabrous. Fruits ovoid, 10–12 mm by, 6–8 mm, smooth. Seeds per locule 1; seed and/or embryo curved.

Distribution — Outside Malesia: China, Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodja; — In Malesia: Malay Peninsula (Cameron Highlands).

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•wikstroeleaf.jpg.
•wikstroeleafunders.jpg. Leaf undersurface with small hairs.
•wikstroeflower.jpg. calyx of male flower.
•wikstroefruit.jpg.

Symplocos wynadense (O.K.) Noot.

Symplocos wynadense (O.K.) Noot. Rev. Symploc. (1975) 293. —.

Habit: Twigs glabrous or hairy at least when young or glabrous but with some (appressed or patent) hairs, pilose. Terminal buds (densely) appressedly pilose. Leaf blade abaxially glabrous (sometimes the midrib hairy) or hairy beneath at least when young (handlens!), elliptic or ovate, 4.5–8 cm by, 1.7–3.7 cm, base attenuate-cuneate, base angle 35–50 degrees, apex acuminate or long acuminate, acumen 9–13 mm, pairs of lateral veins 4–6, intramarginal vein present, reticulation on lower surface rather obscure or fine reticulation only visible with transmitted light. Petiole 5–15 mm. Inflorescence a (branched) raceme, sometimes much reduced, axillar, axis 3–8 cm, hairy (sometimes glabrescent in fruit). Bracts 0–6 mm long; linear, bracteoles linear; bracteoles 1–2 mm, with bracteoles hairy outside, pilose, persistent. Pedicels 1–10 mm. Flowers: Ovary glabrous or hairy, pubescent, 1.5–2 mm high, calyx hairy, appressedly pubescent, 1.5 mm, calyx lobes 1.5 mm, corolla 6 mm, disk hairy, stamens 60–80, style glabrous. Fruits ellipsoid or oblong, 9–11 mm by, 5–7 mm.

Distribution — Outside Malesia: India incl. Himalayan States and Ceylon (Madras).

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Symplocos zizyphoides Stapf

Symplocos zizyphoides Stapf Trans.Linn. Soc.Bot.4 (1894) 205; Brand, Pfl.R. Heft 6 (1901) 65.

Habit: Shrub or tree, 0–10 m tall. Twigs hairy at least when young, pubescent. Terminal buds pubescent. Leaves distichously arranged (when dry rather light coloured beneatrh, dark brown to green above), leaf blade abaxially hairy beneath at least when young (handlens!), sparsely appressedly pilose (sometimes nearly glabrous) (especially on the midrib and towards the margins), elliptic to ovate, 2.5–5.5 cm by, 1–2.5 cm, base cuneate to rounded, base angle 50–90 degrees, margin glandular dentate, denticulate, or crenate, apex acuminate or abruptly oblique acuminate (faintly), acumen 4–6 mm, pairs of lateral veins 5–8, intramarginal vein present or absent, secondary veins transverse to nerves, reticulation on lower surface distinct. Petiole 1–2 mm. Inflorescence flowers solitary or up to 3 from the axil of a leave (if flowers solitary often several to many bracts), hairy (sometimes glabrescent in fruit), pubescent. Bracts 3–5 mm long; boat-shaped, bracteoles boat-shaped; bracteoles 2–3 mm, with bracteoles hairy outside, pubescent. Pedicels 0–12 mm. Flowers: Ovary hairy, pubescent, 1–1.5 mm high, calyx hairy, appressedly pubescent, 2 mm, calyx lobes 1–1.5 mm, ovate to triangular, corolla 4–6 mm, disk glabrous or with some hairs, inconspicuous, 5-glandular or 5-stellate, stamens 40–120, style glabrous or with a few hairs towards base. Fruits ovoid or ellipsoid or oblong, 10–12 mm by, 5–6 mm. Seeds per locule 1.

Distribution — In Malesia: Borneo (Sabah, Kinabalu).

Ecology — Subalpine shrub forest, alt. 2400–3700 m.

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•zizyphleaf.jpg.
•zizyphflower.jpg.
•zizyphfruit.jpg.

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