Flora of Thailand

Euphorbiaceae

The website deviates from the Flora of Thailand, where Sauropus is still separate and united with Synostemon.

 

16. Breynia

 

P.C. van Welzen, H.-J. Esser, K. Pruesapan, J.J. Bruhl & I.R.H. Telford

 

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Genus description

Identification key

Species descriptions

 

Breynia

 

J.R.Forst. & G.Forst., Char. Gen. Pl.: 145. 1776, nom. cons.; Mόll.Arg. in DC., Prodr. 15, 2: 438. 1866; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 26: 224. 1972; Whitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2: 73. 1973; G.L. Webster, Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 81: 46. 1994; Chakrab. & Gangop., J. Econ. Tax. Bot. 20: 501. 1996; Welzen, Thai For. Bull. 28: 55, Fig. 1. 2000; Welzen & Esser in Welzen et al., Thai For. Bull. 28: 74. 2000; Radcl.-Sm., Gen. Euphorbiacearum: 46. 2001; Welzen & Esser in Chayam. & Welzen, Fl. Thailand 8, 1: 132. 2005; G.L.Webster in Kubitzki, Fam. Gen. Vasc. Pl. 11: 80. 2014; Welzen et al., Blumea 59: 89. 2014. — Melanthesa Blume, Bijdr.: 590. 1826. — Agyneia Vent., Descr. Pl. Nouv.: t. 23. 1800 (non L.). — Sauropus Blume, Bijdr.: 595. 1826; Mόll.Arg. in DC., Prodr. 15, 2: 129. 1866; Pax & K.Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenr. IV.147.xv: 215. 1922; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 26: 330. 1972; Kew Bull. Add. Ser. 4: 190. 1975; Kew Bull. 35: 669. 1980; G.L.Webster, Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 81: 46. 1994; Welzen, Thai For. Bull. 28: 57, fig. 10. 2000; Radcl.-Sm., Gen. Euphorbiacearum: 43. 2001; Welzen, Blumea 48: 331. 2003; in Welzen & Chayam., Fl. Thailand 8, 2: 521. 2007; G.L.Webster in Kubitzki, Fam. & Gen. Vasc. Pl. 11: 79. 2014. — Melanthesopsis Mόll.Arg., Linnaea 32: 74. 1863; in DC., Prodr. 15, 2: 436. 1866. — Ceratogynum Wight, Ic. 5: 26. 1852. — Diplomorpha Griff., Notul. Pl. Asiat. 4: 479. 1854. — Breyniopsis Beille, Bull. Soc. Bot. France 72: 157. 1975. — Heterocalymnantha Domin, Bibl. Bot. 89: 313. 1927.

 

Herbs to trees, monoecious; stem often with 4 raised ribs. Indumentum of simple hairs or absent. Stipules triangular, (early to) late caducous. Leaves distichous, simple; blade symmetric, basally attached, margin entire, surfaces without glands, drying greenish to brownish to blackish above, greenish to dirty brownish and sometimes glaucous-papillate beneath; venation usually indistinct, pinnate, nerves looped and closed near margin, veins reticulate. Inflorescences ramiflorous or cauliflorous racemes to usually axillary fascicles of single to several bracteate flowers, pistillate at the top of branches, staminate at lower nodes, the latter often in short bracteate racemes with a few flowers apically. Flowers actinomorphic, pedicellate, hanging down; calyx dish-shaped to urceolate, 6-lobed, imbricate; petals, disc, and pistillode absent. Staminate flowers: calyx thin to very thick, lobes minute to distinct, with internal scale at lobe insertion, in some species 3 lobes apically inflexed and grown with adaxial midrib, then scales lacking; stamens 3, united into central vertical androphore, with either split 3 ways, horizontal or ascending (group without scales) and anthers underneath or androphore ot split and anthers longitudinally along it, anthers 2-thecate. Pistillate flowers: calyx persistent, lobes apically mucronate; ovary bell-shaped, 3-locular, apically flat to emarginate, outer margin with or without lobes, inside with 3 simple or split stigmas, in one part of genus these horizontal; ovules 2 per locule. Fruits rhegmas, ovoid, not lobed, tardily dehiscent, smooth, glabrous but sometimes papillate at apex, usually thin-walled and woody when dry, sometimes slighlty fleshy outside, yellow to red. Seeds sharply trigonous, smooth, without or with yellow to reddish sarcotesta.

    Genus of 50 or more species, ranging from India and Sri Lanka to S. China, S.E. Asia (main diversity), Malesia, to Australia; 36 species in Thailand of which two are only known from cultivation. Classification: Subfam. Phyllanthoideae, tribe Phyllantheae, subtribe Flueggeinae. The infrageneric classification, basically by Pax & Hoffmann (1922), seemingly does not satisfy (Airy Shaw, 1980) and is, therefore, omitted here.

    Notes.— 1. The term asperities is used for a kind of stiff papillae, present on the leaves or stems in some species.

2. Breynia disticha J.R.Forst. & G.Forst. forma nivosa (Bull) Croizat ex Radcl.-Sm. [= Breynia nivosa (Bull) Small], the ‘snow bush’, is an ornamental shrub in many tropical regions. It has membranous, apically rounded and green-white-red variegated leaves. Although not yet recorded for Thailand, it might be found here.

 

Key to the species

 

1a.

Vegetative parts hairy (though sometimes very sparsely so; use hand lens or microscope)

2

1b.

Vegetative parts glabrous (but sometimes with asperities = stiff papillae)

9

2a.

Branches with 2, then often flattened, or 4 ridges. Ovary with erect, splitting stigmas, in fruit surrounded by a lobed ridge

24. Breynia quadrangularis

2b.

Branches round (or somewhat angular). Ovary with horizontal stigmas or erect reduced, non-splitting stigmas, but alwys fruit without apical ridge around the stigmas (unknown for S. amabilis)

3

3a.

Stigma reduced, erect, not split. Anthers vertical along androphore. Stipules 1-2 mm long

9. Breynia discigera

3b.

Stigmas flat, apically split and curved. Androphore apically splitting with anthers underneath branches (horizontal anthers) or anthers vertical in B. villosa (then stipules 2.1-4 mm long)

4

4a.

Plants subshrubs on limestone

5

4b.

Plants subshrubs to shrubs growing in other habitats

7

5a.

Leaf blades slightly peltate. Outer bark dark brown and flaking

7. Breynia carnosa

5b.

Leaf blades basally attached. Outer bark green and not flaking

6

6a.

All leaf blades more or less equal in size, longer than wide, ovate, not variegated. Stipules ca 1.2 mm long. Ovaries completely covered with short papillae

19. Breynia lithophila

6b.

Basal leaf blades small, wider than long, upper ones longer than wide but elliptic, variegated. Stipules 2—3.2 mm long. Ovaries smooth except for the papillae on the stigmas lobes

26. Breynia repens

7a.

Leaves with convex margins, blade 1–3.8 cm broad, length/widt ratio 1.4–2.2. Staminate flowers with distinct calyx lobes. Pistillate flowers with 3 smaller and 3 larger calyx lobes, in fruit up to 5.8 by 3.8 mm and 9.2 by 4.5 mm, respectively

16. Breynia hirsuta

7b.

Leaves with straight, almost parallel margins, gradually tapering towards each other, blade 0.7-2.2 cm broad, length/width ratio 1.1-3.4. Staminate flowers without distinct calyx lobes. Pistillate flowers with equal lobes, 0.4-1.3 by 0.7-1.2 mm

8

8a.

Leaf base slightly emarginate, apex rounded. Staminate flowers c. 4 mm in diameter on up to 6 mm long pedicels; stamens with horizontal anthers, hanging under split connective. Pistillate flowers c. 3 mm in diameter on up to 4 mm long pedicels

1. Breynia amabilis

8b.

Leaf base cuneate, apex acute, often mucronulate. Staminate flowers 2.2-3 mm in diameter on up to 4 mm long pedicels; stamens with vertical anthers and united connectives. Pistillate flowers c. 2 mm in diameter on up to 0.7-1(-2.5 in fruit) mm long pedicels

35. Breynia villosa

9a.

Rheophyte with very short lateral shoots (up to 4 mm long) with (1)2(3) leaves (the leaves appear to be on the main stem!)

15. Breynia heteroblasta

9b.

Normal herbs to trees, no rheophytes, lateral shoots much longer (usually much more than 10 cm), with more than 3 leaves per branch

10

10a.

Plants cauliflorous and/or ramiflorous (flowering branches more than 3 mm thick), flowers directly on the stem or on inflorescences of more than 2 cm long

11

10b.

Plants with axillary flowers (flowering branches less than 3 mm thick), flowers directly in the axil or on short, usually less then 1 cm long, inflorescences

16

11a.

Flowers and fruits on the stem (axils of fallen off leaves). Leaves obovate, blade 7.6-13 cm long. Bark not corky

29. Breynia spatulifolia

11b.

Flowers and fruits on inflorescences. Leaves ovate to elliptic (to obovate: then blade 7.7-24.2 cm long and bark very corky with longitudinal fissures)

12

12a.

Inflorescences short, up to 2 cm long, branching. Leaves ovate, blade 2.6-10.1 cm long

33. Breynia thorelii

12b.

 Inflorescences much longer than 2 cm, up to 7-51 cm long, not (or very shortly) branching. Leaves ovate (then blade 3.7-7.3 cm long) to elliptic (to obovate) (then blade up to 26 cm long)

13

13a.

Leaves ovate to triangular, base truncate, blade 3.7-7.3 cm long. Stem apically densely set with broken off stipules and scars of branches

22. Breynia poomae

13b.

Leaves (ovate to) elliptic (to obovate), base attenuate to cuneate, blade 6.5-26 cm long. Stem rather smooth

14

14a.

Inflorescences up to 7.5 cm long. Staminate flowers 12-13 mm in diameter. Bark not corky, not fissured.— P

10. Breynia discocalyx

14b.

Inflorescences 12-51 cm long. Staminate flowers 3.7-7 mm in diameter — N, SW; P: bark of older branches with thick fissured cork

15

15a.

Bark of older branches with a thick corky layer (try with finger nail), often with longitudinal fissures. Staminate flowers 3.7-4 mm in diameter; pistillate flowers 4.3-7.7 mm in diameter.— P

30. Breynia suberosa

15b.

Bark of older branches without thick cork layer. Staminate flowers 6-7 mm in diameter; pistillate flowers 11-12 mm in diameter.— N, SW

34. Breynia thyrsiflora

16a.

Staminate calyx campanulate to urceolate, either all lobes united and opening closed in bud by scales (anthers along androphore) or 3 lobes folded inwards and grown together with raised midrib, 3 others apically involute; scales absent and anthers upright

17

16b.

Staminate calyx flat, lobed or not lobed, lobes not folded inwards, midribs not raised; scales present; anthers underneath horizontally split androphore

27

17a.

Pistillate flowers with horizontal stigmas; calyx without scales, 3 calyx lobes folded inwards, stamens upright, anthers not vertically along the androphore

18

17b.

Pistillate flowers with upright, often reduced stigmas; calyx lobes united, not folded inwards, with (small) scales closing the flower in bud; anthers vertically along an androphore

22

18a.

Leaf blades ovate to elliptic, apex acute.— P

19

18b.

Leaf blades obovate, apex truncate to round. Asperities on young branches absent.— N, NE, E, SE

20

19a.

Leaf blades 3.5-7.5 by 2-4.1 cm, length/width ratio 1.7-1.9, coriaceous, glaucous when dry

31. Breynia subterblanca

19b.

Leaf blades 2.9-7 by 0.9-2.6 cm, length/width ratio 1.9-3.2, chartaceous, not glaucous when dry

32. Breynia temii

20a.

Leaf blades 0.5-1.2 by 0.3-0.7 cm, drying dark brown above, smooth

17. Breynia kerrii

20b.

Leaf blades 0.7-2.7 by 0.3-1.1 cm, drying greyish greenish (smooth) or light greyish brown above (granular impression)

21

21a.

Nerves, also tertiary ones, visible, but not distinctly raised; basal nerve ending just below or above middle, drying light greyish brownish above, giving granular impression

14. Breynia granulosa

21b.

Nerves, also tertiary ones, well-visible and raised; basal nerve ending far below leaf middle; drying greenish, smooth

23. Breynia pulchella

22a.

Calyx of pistillate flowers membranous, distinctly enlarging in fruit, then 6—17 mm in diameter and larger than the fruit. Leaves oblong-elliptic, papery, rather small, 0.6—2 cm wide, apex rounded to rarely acute. Stigmas usually united into a style

27. Breynia retusa

22b.

Calyx of pistillate flowers chartaceous to coriaceous, slightly to distinctly enlarging in fruit, then 2—10 mm in diameter and smaller to larger than the fruit. Leaves ovate to elliptic, papery to coriaceous, usually larger, 0.9—4 cm wide, apex acute to acuminate. Stigmas separate, not united

23

23a.

Calyx of pistillate flowers distinctly enlarging in fruit, becoming 5.5—8 mm in diameter and larger than the fruit. Stigmas 1.1—1.3(—2 in fruit) mm long, usually slightly to distinctly divided at the apex. Pistillate flowers and fruits usually in groups. Leaves distinctly acute to acuminate at apex

24

23b.

Calyx of pistillate flowers slightly enlarging in fruit, becoming up to 5 mm in diameter and smaller than the fruit. Stigmas 0.2—0.3 mm long, undivided. Pistillate flowers and fruits solitary. Leaves acute at apex

25

24a.

Stigmas divided for at least half their length (c. 0.5 mm) in flowers, recurved to horizontally spreading

11. Breynia fruticosa

24b.

Stigmas divided for much less than half their length in flowers (to 0.2 mm), erect to slightly recurved

13. Breynia glauca

25a.

Leaves chartaceous to coriaceous, margin recurved, distinctly glaucous beneath with veinlets invisible. Ovary obconical. Fruits with a thin fleshy outer part, drying blackish-brown 

25. Breynia racemosa

25b.

Leaves membranous to chartaceous, margin flat, slightly glaucous beneath with veinlets distinctly visible. Ovary cylindrical. Fruits without a fleshy outer part, drying reddish-brown

26

26a.

Calyx in fruit c. (4—)5 mm in diam., nearly as wide as the fruit. Fruits apically with a crown

8. Breynia coronata

26b.

Calyx in fruit 2—3(—4) mm in diam., distinctly smaller than the fruit. Fruits apically smooth, without a crown

36. Breynia vitis-idaea

27a.

(At least some, sometimes 1 or 2) leaves with blade longer than 5 cm, ovate (to elliptic), papery (to pergamentaceous). Staminate pedicel (take ripe flowers!) 4.5-15 mm long. Pistillate pedicel (take ripe flowers or fruits) 3.2-63 mm long. Staminate calyx usually not or hardly lobed (n.b. S. androgynus keys out in both leads)

28

27b.

(All or the great majority of) leaves with blade shorter than 5 cm long, ovate to obovate, if some leaves longer than 5 cm then: leaves coriaceous (if papery follow other lead). Staminate pedicel 0.6-6(-13) mm long. Pistillate pedicel 1.2-4.8 mm long. Staminate calyx usually lobed

31

28a.

Pistillate pedicel 25-63 mm long. Staminate flowers 3.3-4 mm in diameter. Leaf blades 8.2-20 cm long

20. Breynia macrantha

28b.

Pistillate pedicel 3.2-20 mm long. Staminate flowers 2.5-18.5 mm in diameter (if smaller than 4 mm then leaf blades 1.8-9.1 mm long). Leaf blades 2.2-13 cm long

29

29a.

Leaves usually gradually tapering into an obtuse to acute apex. Stigmas forming an incomplete circle. Leaves 1.8-9.1 cm long. Fruits fleshy and inflated, 14-16 by 9-15 mm

3. Breynia androgyna

29b.

Leaves sinuately (abruptly) tapering into an acuminate apex.  Stigmas  (full grown flowers!) forming more than a complete circle. Leaf blades 2.2-13 cm long. Fruits either not fleshy, not inflated, 7-8 by 9-11 mm or fleshy and inflated, 13-31 by 13-23 mm

30

30a.

Young branches often with minute asperities between ribs. Petioles on upper surface and basal part of midrib also with minute asperities. Pistillate flowers 4-8 mm in diameter. Fruits not fleshy, not inflated, 7-8 by 9-11 mm; column absent. Seeds not hollow on inside.— N, NE

12. Breynia garrettii

30b.

Young branches without asperities, just like petioles and leaves. Pistillate flowers 7.5-9.5(-14.5 in fruit) mm in diameter. Fruits fleshy, inflated, 18-31 by 14-23 mm; column present. Seeds strongly hollow on inside.— SE, P

18. Breynia lanceolata

31a.

Leaves ovate, with asperities along margin above. Stems with 4 raised ribs, always few young branches with asperities on ribs

28. Breynia similis

31b.

Leaves ovate to elliptic to obovate, smooth above. Stems with 2 or 4 raised ribs, always all without asperities (but sometimes asperities between ribs or on leaves)

32

32a.

Staminate flowers with calyx lobed deeply divided (up to scales), apices acute; sometimes smaller lobes not developed and calyx seemingly triangular and 3-lobed

33

32b.

Staminate flowers with calyx not lobed or if lobed then lobes not or far less divided, apices usually rounded

34

33a.

 Leaves (ovate to) elliptic, blade 2.1-5.1 cm long, 1.5-3 times longer than wide, margin with asperities. Staminate flowers 3.5-5.2 mm in diameter (sometimes smaller lobes not developed and calyx triangular, 3-lobed). Pistillate flowers 6.3-9 mm in diameter

2. Breynia amoebiflora

33b.

Leaves (elliptic to) obovate, blade 2-3.2 cm long, 1.3-2 times longer than wide, margins without asperities. Staminate flowers 2-3.2 mm in diameter, all lobes developed. Pistillate flowers 3.5-5 mm in diameter

4. Breynia asteranthos

34a.

Leaves with distinctly raised venation (also tertiary ones) on both sides, usually cells filled with silica visible as dots on top of venation (microscope!)

21. Breynia orbicularis

34b.

Leaves with a flat or hardly raised venation above, no silica filled cells visible

35

35a.

Leaves ovate (to elliptic), blade 1.8-9.1 by 0.5-4 cm, papery (6-10 nerves per side) or coriaceous (5-7 nerves per side). Fruits woody when dry or fleshy and inflated, 7-16 by 5.5-15 mm

36

35b.

Leaves (ovate to) obovate, blade 0.6-4.1 by 0.5-2 cm, papery to chartaceous, nerves 6-8. Fruits woody when dry, 5-5.5 by c. 4 mm

37

36a.

Leaves papery (to pergamentaceous), usually drying greenish;  nerves 6-10 per side. Staminate flowers 2.5-18.5 mm in diameter. Pistillate pedicel 3.2-14 mm long. Fruits fleshy, inflated, 14-16 by 9-15 mm

3. Breynia androgyna

36b.

Leaves coriaceous, usually drying deep warm brown; nerves 5-7 per side. Staminate flowers 3-4.8 mm in diameter. Pistillate pedicel 1.2-4.8 mm long. Fruits thin-walled, woody when dry, not inflated, 7-7.5 by 5.5-6 mm

5. Breynia bicolor

37a.

Plants often smelling of fenugreek (cumarin) when dry. Staminate calyx lobes not lobed to slightly emarginate. Stigmas horizontal. Usually asperities on young stems between raised ribs (search well!) 

6. Breynia brevipes

37b.

Plants never smelling of fenugreek when dry. Staminate calyx lobes apically divided, deep emarginate. Stigmas vertical. Asperities absent on branches

24. Breynia quadrangularis

 

1. Breynia amabilis (Airy Shaw) Welzen & Pruesapan in Welzen et al., Blumea 59: 91. 2014. — Sauropus amabilis Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 23: 49. 1969; Kew Bull. 26: 332. 1972; Welzen, Blumea 48: 338, map 1. 2003; in Welzen & Chayam., Fl. Thailand 8, 2: 525. 2007.

 

Woody herbs to small shrubs, up to 60 cm tall; branches hirsute, round. Stipules 1.8-2.5 by 0.2-0.5 mm, subhirsute. Leaves: petiole 1-1.5 mm long, hairy; blade ovate with almost parallel margins tapering towards the apex, 1.3-4.1 by 0.7-2.2 cm, length/width ratio 1.1-3.3, base slightly emarginate, margins flat, apex rounded, slightly hirsute on both sides, glabrescent; nerves 8 or 9, very distinct on both sides. Flowers in small groups or single, both sexes together. Staminate flowers c. 4 mm in diameter, brownish, glabrous except for a few hairs on the pedicel; pedicel c. 6 mm long, calyx not lobed, discoid with inrolled margin, c. 4 mm in diameter; stamens: androphore c. 0.2 mm high, apically splitting with anthers underneath, anthers horizontal, c. 0.3 by 0.3 mm, stamens horizontal. Pistillate flowers c. 3 mm in diameter; pedicel c. 4 mm long, stiff hairy; calyx with ovate lobes, latter c. 1.3 by 1 mm, equal, stiff hairy outside, glabrous inside; ovary c. 1 by 0.8 mm; stigmas c. 0.5 mm long, horizontal. Fruits unknown.

    T h a i l a n d. — NORTHERN: Nakhon Sawan (Hua Wai); NORTH-EASTERN: Loei (Pa Sala Chomwio, Wang Sapung).

    D i s t r i b u t i o n.— Endemic in Thailand (type: Hua Wai, Nakhon Sawan, PUT 4102, holo in K, iso in BK, L).

Breyamab-aste-map.gif (26836 bytes) (stars; Breynia asteranthos: dots)

    E c o l o g y.— Mixed deciduous forest. Altitude: 200-790 m.

    V e r n a c u l a r. — Tai bai yai (ใต้ใบใหญ่) (Northern).

 

2. Breynia amoebiflora (Airy Shaw) Welzen & Pruesapan in Welzen et al., Blumea 59: 89. 2014. — Sauropus amoebiflorus Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 23: 45. 1969; Kew Bull. 26: 332. 1972; Welzen, Blumea 48: 339, fig. 2c, map 2. 2003; in Welzen & Chayam., Fl. Thailand 8, 2: 526, Fig. 72C. 2007.

 

Breyamoe-male.gif (66699 bytes)

 

Small herbs to shrubs, glabrous; rootstock woody; branches with 4 ribs, latter without asperities. Stipules triangular to basally oblique to falcate, 0.8-5.5 by 0.3-3 mm. Leaves: petiole 1-1.2 mm long, pulvinate, with small asperities; blade (ovate to) elliptic, 2.1-5.1 by 0.7-1.6 cm, length/width ratio 1.5-3, pergamentaceous, base cuneate, margin reflexed with small asperities, apex rounded to acute, mucronulate, lighter below, midrib above often with asperities; venation distinct, nerves 6-9, some more distinct than others. Flowers in axillary fascicles, greenish to maroon, single or few together. Staminate flowers 3.5-5.2 mm in diameter, flat, often triangular; pedicel 2.7-4 mm long; calyx lobes flat, with scales, apex bifid up to scales with acute tips, 3 small, not developed or up to 0.8 by 2.5 mm, larger lobes up to 2.1 by 2.3 mm; stamens: androphore 0.1-0.3 mm long, apically splitting with anthers underneath, anthers horizontal, 0.3-0.4 by 0.3-0.5 mm. Pistillate flowers 6.3-9 mm in diameter; pedicel 2-3.2 mm long; calyx lobes ovate, 3 smaller, c. 3.2 by 3.8 mm, larger ones 2.3-4.5 by 2.3-5 mm; ovary obpyramidal, 0.7-1.1 by 1.7-2 mm, stigmas usually flat, up to 1 mm long. Fruits ovoid, c. 8 by 5 mm, white; column not seen. Seeds triangular in section, c. 4.5 by 3 by 3.5 mm.

    T h a i l a n d.— NORTHERN: Chiang Mai (Ban Mae Hoi Nai, Chang Khian, Doi Kham, Doi Inthanon, Doi Saget, Huai Din Dam, Huai Bong, Mae Heai), Lamphun (Mae Li), Lampang (Doi Khun Tan, Mae Mawh Lignite Mine), Sukhothai (Sa Wang A Rom Temple); SOUTH-WESTERN: Uthai Thani (Ban Dong, Huai Kha Khaeng), Kanchanaburi (Khao Tong, Wang Kanai, Wang Sing), Ratchaburi.

    D i s t r i b u t i o n.— Endemic in Thailand (type: Ratburi, Ratchaburi, KERR 9023, holo in K, iso in BK, L).

Breyamoe-map.gif (84652 bytes)

    E c o l o g y.— Usually found in very secondary evergreen forest, dry dipterocarp forest, open, dry (scrub) deciduous forest, bamboo forest, open rocky slopes along highway; soil: rocky; granite to limestone to shale bedrock. Altitude: 50-800(-1800) m.

    V e r n a c u l a r.— Kwang hi pia (กวางหีเปี๊ยะ), luk tai bai, phak wan ban (ผักหวานบ้าน) (Northern); tai bai (ใต้ใบ) (South-western).

    N o t e s.— 1. In the northern provinces (Chiang Mai, Lamphun, etc.) the leaves are longer and the calyx of the staminate flowers becomes triangular due to the three undeveloped smaller calyx lobes. This changes to shorter, broader leaves in the South-western area, where the staminate calyx has 6 distinct lobes, three somewhat smaller.

    2. Breynia amoebiflora strongly resembles Synostemon bacciformis. The latter species has leaves which usually dry lighter, more yellowish and which lack the asperities, also the staminate and pistillate flowers are much smaller and the fruits are higher than broad as in Breynia amoebiflora.

 

3. Breynia androgyna (L.) Chakrab. & N.P.Balakr., Bangladesh J. Pl. Taxon. 19: 120. 2012; Welzen et al., Blumea 59: 91. 2014. — Clutia androgyna L., Mant. Pl. 1: 128. 1767. — Sauropus albicans Blume, Bijdr.: 596. 1825. — Sauropus retroversus Wight, Ic. Pl. Ind. Orient. 6: t. 1951 (left). 1853. — Sauropus sumatranus Miq., Fl. Ned. Ind., Eerste Bijv.: 446. 1860. — Sauropus assimilis Thwaites, Enum. Pl. Zeyl. 4: 284. 1861. — Sauropus androgynus (L.) Merr., Philipp. Bur. For. Bot. 1: 30. 1903; Beille Lecomte, Fl. Indo-Chine 5: 645. 1927; Backer & Bakh.f., Fl. Java 1: 471. 1963; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 26: 333. 1972; Kew Bull. Add. Ser. 4: 193. 1975; Bergh in PROSEA 8: 244. 1994; Welzen, Blumea 48: 340, fig. 1a, map 3. 2003; in Welzen & Chayam., Fl. Thailand 8, 2: 527, Fig. 72A. 2007. — Sauropus parviflorus Pax & K.Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenr. IV. 147, 15: 218. 1922. — Sauropus sp., ? aff. S. stipitato Hook.f.: Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 26: 339. 1972. — Phyllanthus androgynus (L.) Chakrab. & N.P.Balakr., J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 33: 714. 2009. — Phyllanthus assimilis (Thwaites) Chakrab. & N.P.Balakr., J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 33: 715. 2009. — Phyllanthus retroversus (Wight) Chakrab. & N.P.Balakr., J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 33: 715. 2009. — Breynia assimilis (Thawits) Chakrab. & N.P.Balakr., Bangladesh J. Pl. Taxon. 19: 120. 2012. — Breynia retroversa (Wight) Chakrab. & N.P.Balakr., Bangladesh J. Pl. Taxon. 19: 121. 2012.

 

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Shrubs to treelets, up to 4 m high, glabrous; young branches with 2 or vaguely 4 ribs, without asperities. Stipules triangular, 1.8-3.2 by 0.8-1.3 mm. Leaves: petiole c. 2 mm long, flattened above; blade ovate, 1.8-9.1 by 0.8-4 cm, length/width ratio 1.5-2.7, papery (to pergamentaceous), drying greenish, base rounded to truncate, margin flat to recurved, gradually tapering (usually without a sinus) into the obtuse to acute apex, often mucronulate, green above, grey-green underneath; nerves usually distinct on both sides, 6-10. Flowers in axillary fascicles, in small groups or on short, up to 8 mm long inflorescences, greenish to yellowish to (partly) red. Staminate flowers 3-18.5 mm in diameter; pedicel 4.5-13 mm long; calyx flat, small and lobed to wide, reflexed and hardly lobed, lobes indistinct to ovate, 0.7-3 by 1.3-5 mm, apices rounded, scales present; stamens: androphore 0.1-0.3 mm long, apically splitting with anthers underneath, stamens horizontal, 0.4-0.6 by 0.4-0.6 mm. Pistillate flowers 5.5-10 mm in diameter; pedicel up to 3.2(-14 in fruit) mm long; calyx lobes usually obovate, smaller ones 1.8-4 by 1.8-4.5 mm, larger ones 2.2-5.5 by 2-7 mm; ovary 1.1-1.5 by 1-2 mm; stigmas up to 1.2 mm long, flat, split till halfway, bend, forming less than a circle. Fruits white, inflated, fleshy, 14-16 by 9-15 mm; column 8-10 mm long with apically heart-shaped remnants of the septae. Seeds triangular in transverse section, hollow, 7-8 by 4.5-5 by 4-4.5 mm, white and black.

    T h a i l a n d.— NORTHERN: Chiang Mai, Nan; NORTH-EASTERN: Nong Khai, Mukdahan, Kalasin, Khon Kaen; EASTERN: Nakhon Ratchasima, Ubon Ratchathani; SOUTH-WESTERN: Kanchanaburi, Prachuap Khiri Khan; CENTRAL: Saraburi, Nakhon Nayok, Bangkok; SOUTH-EASTERN: Prachin Buri, Chon Buri, Trat; PENINSULAR: Ranong, Surat Thani, Phuket, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Satun, Songkhla, Pattani, Narathiwat.

    D i s t r i b u t i o n.— From India and Sri Lanka to S. China and Indochina, throughout West Malesia to Sulawesi, Moluccas, and perhaps New Guinea.

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    E c o l o g y.— (Open areas in) shaded evergreen forest (with much bamboo), secondary forest, waste ground, fruit gardens, in scrubs, in old clearings, along river banks, edge of forest; soil: limestone, sand. Altitude: 0-550 m.

    V e r n a c u l a r.— Kan tong (ก้านตง), cha phak wan (จ๊าผักหวาน) (Northern); tho-lui-ka-ni-do (โถหลุ่ยกะนีเด๊าะ) (Karen-Mae Hong Son); phak kan tong (ผักก้านตง) (North-eastern); phak wan (ผักหวาน), phak wan ban (ผักหวานบ้าน) (General); ma yom pa (มะยมป่า) (Prachuap Khiri Khan); phak wan tai bai (ผักหวานใต้ใบ) (Satun); na-na-siam (นานาเซียม) (Malay-Satun).

    U s e s.— Young shoots, leaves, but also flowers and fruits can be eaten as a vegetable, raw or cooked; they taste sweet and have a nice or very typical odour. They can also be added to soup. The dried and crushed root is used medicinally in Chiang Mai against head ache, but seemingly it also acts against fever or urinary problems; the leaves are thought to stimulate milk production and recover the womb after child birth.

    N o t e s.— 1. Almost similar to Breynia garrettii (latter with very small asperities on stems and petioles) and Breynia lanceolata (larger leaves, pistillate sepals thicker, stigmas larger). 

    2. S. spec. (Airy Shaw, 1972) is referred to B. androgyna, because staminate flowers with distinct, incurved lobes are often encountered.

 

4. Breynia asteranthos (Airy Shaw) Welzen & Pruesapan in Welzen et al., Blumea 59: 89. 2014. — Sauropus asteranthos Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 23: 47. 1969; Kew Bull. 26: 333. 1972; Welzen, Blumea 48: 343, map 1. 2003; in Welzen & Chayam., Fl. Thailand 8, 2: 529. 2007.

 

Woody herbs, up to 1 m high, glabrous, asperities absent; young branches with 2 ribs, older ones faintly 4. Stipules triangular on young branches, large and falcate on older ones, 0.7-3 by 0.3-2 mm. Leaves: petiole 1-1.2 mm long, pulvinate; blade (elliptic to) obovate, 2-3.2 by 0.4-2 cm, length/width ratio 1.3-2, papery, base slightly oblique to truncate to cuneate, margin flat to revolute, apex round to acute, mucronulate, whitish below; nerves rather distinct, 3-6. Flowers axillary single or few fascicled with both sexes, deep maroon. Staminate flowers 2-3.2 mm in diameter; pedicel 1.7-4 mm long; calyx flat, lobes 0.5-1.1 by 0.6-1.1 mm, deeply divided up to scales, apices acute, scales as broad or slightly broader than lobes, quite high; stamens: androphore c. 0.2 mm high, apically splitting with anthers underneath, anthers horizontal, c. 0.2 by 0.2 mm. Pistillate flowers 3.5-5 mm in diameter; pedicel 1.2-2 mm long; calyx lobes spade-like, smaller ones 1.2-2 by 1.3-2.6 mm, larger ones 1.8-2 by 1.4-3 mm; ovary obpyrimidal, 0.7-0,6 by 1.2-1.7 mm; stigmas horizontal, up to 1 mm long, split till halfway. Fruits subglobose, c. 4.5 by 4 mm, with small apical rim around persistent stigmas; column c. 2.8 mm long, tapering towards apex. Seeds triangular in section, c. 3.8 by 2 by 2 mm.

    T h a i l a n d. — NORTHERN: Chiang Mai (Doi Inthanon, Doi Suthep, Mae Rim), Lamphun (Mae Li, Mae Ow), Lampang (Nong Bon), Tak (Doi Ka), Nakhon Sawan (Hua Wai, Mae Wong); NORTH-EASTERN: Nakhon Phanom (Don Tan); SOUTH-WESTERN: Uthai Thani (Ban Rai, Huai Kha Khaeng), Ratchaburi, Phetchaburi (Luke Chang).

    D i s t r i b u t i o n.— Endemic in Thailand (type: Don Tan, Nakhon Phanom, KERR 21530, holo in K, iso in BK, L).

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    E c o l o g y.— Open glade in dry dipterocarp forest, deciduous (dipterocarp-oak) forest, open rocky scrub slopes, scrub jungle: soil: granite bedrock. Altitude: 100-700 m.

    V e r n a c u l a r.— Mayom don (มะยมดอน) (General).

    Note.— Very similar to Breynia quadrangularis, mainly differing in the more deeply lobes and sharply pointed calyx lobes of the staminate flowers and in the horizontal instead of erect stigmas.

 

5. Breynia bicolor (Craib) Chakrab. & N.P.Balakr., Bangladesh J. Pl. Taxon. 19: 120. 2012; Welzen et al., Blumea 59: 89. 2014. — Sauropus bicolor Craib, Bull. Misc. Inf. Kew: 11. 1914; Beille in Lecomte, Fl. Indo-Chine 5: 654. 1927; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 26: 333. 1972; Welzen, Blumea 48: 347, fig 2a, 5, map 6. 2003; in Welzen & Chayam., Fl. Thailand 8, 2: 530, Fig. 72D-F, 73, Plate XXIX: 1. 2007.— Phyllanthus spec.: Hosseus, Bot. Jahrb. 45: 373. 1911.— Phyllanthus parvifolius (non Ham.) Hosseus, Bot. Jahrb. 45: 407. 1911, nom. illeg.— Sauropus similis Craib var. microphylla Craib, Aberdeen Univ. Stud. 57: 184. 1912. — Sauropus rigidus Craib, Bull. Misc. Inform.: 457, 1911, nom. inval., non Thwaites (1864). — Sauropus bicolor Craib var. microphyllus (Craib) Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 26: 333. 1972. — Phyllanthus thailandicus Chakrab. & N.P.Balakr., J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 33: 715. 2009.

 

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Small shrubs (to trees), up to 1(-8) m high, glabrous, with woody rootstock, stems without asperities, with 4 shallow ribs. Stipules triangular, often eared basally, 1.2-2.6 by 0.9-1.6 mm. Leaves: petiole 1.5-2 mm long, pulvinate; blade ovate (to per plant few elliptic), 1.1-5.6 by 0.5-2.9 cm, length/width ratio 1.4-2.8, coriaceous, base (oblique to) rounded to cuneate, margin reflexed, apex rounded to acute, mucronulate, lower surface glaucous, only nerves distinct, 5-7 per side, not or hardly raised above. Flowers greenish to (whitish) yellow to pinkish (red), axillary, usually few staminate ones in fascicles, pistillate ones (sub)terminally, single. Staminate flowers 3-4.8 mm in diameter; pedicel 2.8-5.5 mm long; calyx somewhat turbinate, up to 2 mm high, calyx lobes 0.6-1 by 1.3-2.2 mm, not to slightly lobed, apices usually rounded, scales large; stamens: androphore 0.7-1.1 mm long, apically splitting with anthers underneath, anthers horizontal, 0.3-0.8 by 0.3-0.6 mm. Pistillate flowers 5.8-10(-14 in fruit) mm in diameter; pedicel 1.2-2.1(-4.8 in fruit) mm long; calyx lobes 1.8-3(-5) by 2-3(-5 in fruit) mm; ovary 1.2-1.7 by 2-2.2 mm; stigmas c. 1.2 mm long, horizontal split up to halfway. Fruits ovoid, 7-7.5 by 5.5-6 mm, rather woody when dry, thin-walled, not inflated, white; column c. 1.4 mm long, tapering towards apex. Seeds triangular in section, 3.9-4 by 2-3 by 2-2.3 mm.

    T h a i l a n d.— NORTHERN: Chiang Mai (Bo Luang, Doi Chiang Dao, Doi Inthanon, Doi Loh, Doi Saget, Doi Suthep, Kongloi, Mae Klang, Mae Tang, Mae Wan, Omkoi), Lamphun (Ban Khun Tan, Doi Khun Tan, Mae Li), Lampang (Doi Luang, Khuntan), Tak (Doi Hua Mot), Kamphaeng Phet (Khao Hua Mot); NORTH-EASTERN: Phetchabun (Nam Nao), Loei (Phu Kradueng), Khon Kaen (Phu Khiao); EASTERN: Chaiyaphum (Ban Nam Phrom); SOUTH-WESTERN: Kanchanaburi (Khao Meng, Tham Tan Lot).

    D i s t r i b u t i o n.— Myanmar, Thailand (type of B. bicolor: Doi Suthep, KERR 651, holo in K, iso in BM, K; type of Phyllanthus parvifolius = Breynia similis var. microphylla: Wang Djao, HOSSEUS 48, holo in K), Indochina.

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    E c o l o g y.— In deciduous forest, dry dipterocarp forest, open pine forest or very secondary areas like open grassy ground, savannah, fire damaged vegetation, open places in forest, along roads, edges of forest, in bogs; soil: poor sand, clayey, limestone, granite and shale bedrock. Altitude: 350-2175 m.

    V e r n a c u l a r.— Phak wan daeng (ผักหวานแดง), ma yom tia (มะยมเตี้ย), yom dong (ยมดง) (Loei); phak wan pa (ผักหวานป่า) (Chiang Mai); si siat phae (สีเสียดแพะ) (Lamphun).

    N o t e.— The leaves of the Breynia bicolor specimens show a continuous range of sizes, therefore, the variety microphyllus cannot be maintained.

 

6. Breynia brevipes (Mόll.Arg.) Chakrab. & N.P.Balakr., Bangladesh J. Pl. Taxon. 19: 121. 2012; Welzen et al., Blumea 59: 89. 2014. — Sauropus brevipes Mόll.Arg., Linnaea 32: 73. 1863; in DC., Prodr. 15, 2: 242. 1866; Hook.f., Fl. Br. Ind. 5: 335. 1887; Beille in Lecomte, Fl. Indo-Chine 5: 653. 1927; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 23: 44. 1969; Kew Bull. 26: 334. 1972; Welzen, Blumea 48: 348, map 7. 2003; in Welzen & Chayam., Fl. Thailand 8, 2: 532. 2007. — Sauropus parvifolius Ridl., J. Roy. As. Soc. Str. Br. 49: 175. 1911. — Phyllanthus myanmarensis Chakrab. & N.P.Balakr., J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 33: 715. 2009.

 

Woody herbs to shrubs, up to 1 m tall, glabrous, smelling of fenugreek when dry; branches with 2 ribs, often with asperities between ribs, glabrescent. Stipules triangular to basally eared and falcate, 0.5-3.1 by 0.4-1.5 mm. Leaves: petiole 1.3-2.5 mm long; blade (ovate to elliptic to) obovate, 0.9-3.3 by 0.6-2 cm, length/width ratio 1.5-2.9, papery to chartaceous, base cuneate, margin flat (to revolute), apex runded to acuminate, mucronulate, dark green above, light dull green beneath, nerves 6-8, not raised. Flowers in axillary fascicles, pale green to bright red, few together (staminate) or single (pistillate). Staminate flowers 3-4.2 mm in diameter; pedicel 2.5-6.2 mm long; calyx flat, lobes 0.5-0.9 by 0.7-1.2 mm, apex rounded to slightly emarginate, scales present; stamens: androphore 0.2-0.3 mm long, apically splitting with anthers underneath, anthers horizontal, c. 0.3 by 0.3 mm. Pistillate flowers 5.2-7(-9 in fruit) mm in diameter; pedicel 1.8-2.7 mm long; calyx lobes obovate, not spade-like, 2.5-3.2 by 1.3-2.3 mm, 3 slightly smaller; ovary 0.6-1 by 1.5-1.8 mm; stigmas horizontal, up to 1.3 mm long, split for 0.5 mm. Fruits ovoid, c. 5 by 4 mm, rather woody when dry; column c. 4 mm long, tapering towards apex. Seeds triangular in transverse section, c. 3.7 by 2.3 by 2.3 mm.

    T h a i l a n d.— NORTH-EASTERN: Loei (Pha Nuk Khao), Khon Kaen (Phu Khiao); EASTERN: Nakhon Ratchasima (Sakae-rat), Surin (Khao Sawai), Ubon Ratchathani (Phu Chong Na-Yoi); SOUTH-WESTERN: Kanchanaburi (Khao Salap, Tripagoda Pass), Ratchaburi (Bong Ti, Huai Yang), Prachuap Khiri Khan (Khao Chrongwan, Pranburi, Thap Sakae); CENTRAL: Saraburi (Sam Lan); PENINSULAR: Surat Thani (Kanchanadit, Kantuli, Khao Pak Chong, Ko Tao).

    D i s t r i b u t i o n.— Myanmar (type), Thailand, Cambodia, N. Peninsular Malaysia (Perlis, Kedah, Penang).

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    E c o l o g y.— Mixed dry dipterocarp forest, mixed decidous forest, evergreen thickets, disturbed (bamboo rich) evergreen forest, by streams, forest edges, sandy shores; soil: limestone, sand, red clay, granite. Altitude: 0-400 m.

    V e r n a c u l a r.— Kraduk kai dam (กระดูกไก่ดำ) (South-western); kham kao (ข้ามเขา) (Peninsular).

    N o t e.— Extremely similar to  Breynia quadrangularis, but differing in smell of fenugreek, the apically non-lobed staminate sepals, and the horizontal stigmas. Also, S. brevipes often has asperities along the stem between the ribs, these are absent in  Breynia quadrangularis.

 

7. Breynia carnosa Welzen & Pruesapan, Thai Forest Bull., Bot. 38: 113, fig. 2. 2010.

 

       

 

Subshrub, hanging, up to 20 cm high; flowering branches up to 2 mm thick, dark grey (brown when dried), slightly angular, bark fissuring and slightly detaching along fissures. Indumentum of short, simple, whitish hairs, only on branches, rest glabrous. Stipules triangular, 0.9–1.2 by 0.6–0.8 mm, completely hairy, caducous. Leaves alternate, simple; petiole 1.5–2 mm long, round, (sub)glabrous; blade ovate to rounded to elliptic, 1.1–2.2 by 1.1–1.8 cm, length/width ratio 1–1.2, succulent, symmetric, glabrous, base slightly peltate, slightly emarginate, margin entire, thickened underneath and drying brownish instead of greenish, apex slightly emarginate to rounded, upper surface greygreen when fresh, lower surface pale green; nerves 4 or 5 per side, looped and closed near the margin; venation hardly visible, mainly so beneath. Staminate flowers single per axil, c. 4.5 mm in diam., dark red, glabrous; pedicel c. 4.5 mm long, round, slight thickening upwards; calyx 6-lobed, lobes connate for up to 2/3rd, triangular, c. 0.8 by 1.7 mm, succulent, upper part split for 0.3 mm into two triangular lips; scales present; androphore c. 0.2 mm high, splitting horizontally, branches up to 0.5 mm long with anthers underneath, anthers c. 0.6 by 0.6 mm. Pistillate flowers single per axil, c. 5 mm in diam., dark red, glabrous; pedicel c. 1 mm long, thickening upwards, round; calyx consisting of 6 basally connate lobes, 3 outer lobes ± obovate, c. 1.5 by 1.8 mm, apex round, inner 3 lobes ovate-elliptic, c. 2 by 2.3 mm, apex broadly acute; ovary c. 1 by 1.5 mm, 3-locular, 2 ovules per locule, top ± flat, slightly deepened, without marginal rim, stigmas 3, flat on top of ovary, apex split and circling for ca 180°. Fruits unknown.

    T h a i l a n d.— PENINSULAR: Surat Thani (type: Khao Sok National Park, Middleton, Hemrat, Lindsay, Suddee & Suwanachat 4070, holo L, iso A, BKF). 

    D i s t r i b u t i o n.— Endemic to peninsular Thailand. 

    E c o l o g y.— Growing on limestone cliffs above water of a reservoir; 200 m altitude. Flowering: February. 

    N o t e.— Only known from the type. It resembles Breynia calcarea in being a subshrub with slightly peltate leaves hanging on limestone rocks. It differs in its hairy branches, having much thicker, succulent leaves with a thickened margin that is differently coloured underneath when dry, more succulent staminate and pistillate calyces, and the staminate calyx lobes shortly split into two triangular parts.

 

8. Breynia coronata Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 5: 330. 1887; Ridl., Fl. Malay Penins. 3: 218. 1924; Whitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2: 73. 1973; Welzen & Esser in Chayam. & Welzen, Fl. Thailand 8, 1: 134, fig. 29e, plate VI: 1. 2005.

 

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Shrubs to 1.5 m (outside of Thailand to 5 m tall), glabrous. Stipules 1.5—2.5 by c. 1 mm. Leaves: petiole 2—3 mm long; blade ovate-elliptic, 3.5—8 by 2—4 cm, length/width ratio 1.9—2.4, membranous, base obtuse, apex acute, dark green above, pale green and slightly glaucous when dry beneath; nerves 6—9 until the apex, slightly glaucous beneat with veinlets distinct. Staminate flowers with pedicel up to 4—6 mm long; stamens united with anthers vertically along androphore. Pistillate flowers solitary, with pedicel c. 2.5 mm long; calyx c. 2 mm long; stigmas 0.2—0.3 mm long, not united, simple, pointing towards each other. Fruits solitary; pedicel (2—)3—5 mm long; calyx chartaceous, slightly accrescent, c. 5 mm in diameter, nearly as wide as the fruit, flat and with very shallow lobes less than 0.5 mm long, outside glaucous or not; rhegma c. 4.5 by 5.5 mm, with a distinct apical crown, turning red and later black, drying shiny brown. Seeds not seen.

    T h a i l a n d.— PENINSULAR: Yala (Betong).

    D i s t r i b u t i o n.— S. Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia (type), Sumatra, Borneo.

    E c o l o g y.— Tropical rainforest (outside of Thailand known from open bamboo forest, clearings, streamsides and rocky places); granite bedrock. Alt.: 150 m (outside of Thailand to 1200 m).

    V e r n a c u l a r.— Kang pla (ก้างปลา) (Yala).

    N o t e.— Without fruits sometimes difficult to distinguish from Breynia vitis-idaea. The fruits are however sufficiently distinct.

 

9. Breynia discigera Mόll.Arg. in DC., Prodr. 15, 2: 440. 1866; Hook.f., Fl. Br. India 5: 331. 1887; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 26: 225. 1972; Whitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2: 73. 1973; Welzen & Esser in Welzen et al., Thai For. Bull. 28: 75. 2000; in Chayam. & Welzen, Fl. Thailand 8, 1: 134. 2005.— Melanthesa racemosa Blume var. pubescens Mόll.Arg., Linnaea 32: 73. 1863.— Melanthesa rhamnoides Blume var. pubescens Mόll.Arg., Linnaea 32: 74. 1863.— Breynia rhamnoides (Blume) Mόll.Arg. var. pubescens (Mόll.Arg.) Mόll.Arg. in DC., Prodr. 15, 2: 441. 1866.

 

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Shrubs to treelets up to 3 m high, tomentose all over, often straggling to climbing, root often creeping. Stipules 1—2 by 0.6—0.9 mm. Leaves: petiole 1—3 mm long; blade ovate to elliptic, 1.3—3.8(—5) by 0.8—2.5 cm, length/width ratio 1.6—1.9, chartaceous, base obtuse to acute, margin recurved, apex acute, dark green above, very light pale green and distinctly glaucous when dry beneath; nerves 5—7 until the apex, veinlets slightly visible beneath. Staminate flowers c. 1.5 mm diameter; pedicel 0.5—3 mm long; calyx dull pinkish whitish, c. 1.7 by 1.5 mm, very thick; androphore c. 1 mm high, with anthers vertically along it, anthers c. 0.8 mm long. Pistillate flowers solitary; pedicel 0.5—1.5 mm long; calyx c. 1.5—2 mm long, turning pinkish to red, lobes 1.5—2.2 mm wide, only hairy outside; ovary 0.9—1.2 by 1.2—1.3 mm diameter, initially tomentose allover; stigmas c. 0.2—0.3 mm long, not united, simple, pointing towards each other. Fruits solitary; pedicel 1.5—2.5 mm long; calyx 4—5 mm in diameter, with free lobes c. 0.7—1 mm long; rhegma, 5—6 by 5.5—6.5 mm, with small apical crown, turning pinkish to red, drying shiny brown. Seeds c. 4 by 2 by 2 mm, orangish.

    T h a i l a n d.— PENINSULAR: Chumphon (Langsuan, Paknam), Surat Thani (Chaiya, Kanchanadit, Surat Thani), Nakhon Si Thammarat (Sichon), Trang (Khao Chong, Kao Soi Dao), Satun (Thon Pliao), Songkhla (Hat Yai, Khao Chumsuk, Ko Hong Hill, Na Thawi, Thepa).

    D i s t r i b u t i o n.— S. Thailand, Malay Peninsula (Singapore, type), Sumatra.

    E c o l o g y.— Thickets, clearings and secondary forest, in rubber plantations; soil: sandy, alluvium. Alt.: 0-300 m, in Malesia to 1250 m.

    V e r n a c u l a r.— Kraduk kai dum (กระำดูกไก่ดุม) (Peninsular).

 

10. Breynia discocalyx (Welzen) Welzen & Pruesapan in Welzen et al., Blumea 59: 91. 2014. — Sauropus discocalyx Welzen, Blumea 46: 501, fig. 1. 2001; Blumea 48: 351, fig. 6, map 8. 2003; in Welzen & Chayam., Fl. Thailand 8, 2: 533, Fig. 74. 2007.

 

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Shrublets with ascending habit, up to 0.5 m high; glabrous, smooth, young branches with 4 distinct ribs; bark not corky, nor fissured. Stipules triangular, basally eared, 2.5-3 by 2-2.5 mm. Leaves: petiole 2.5-4 mm long; blade (ovate to) elliptic, 11.5-17.5 by 5.8-7.2 cm, length/width ratio 2-2.3, papery, base attenuate, margin flat, apex cuspidate, usually mucronulate, nerves 12-15. Inflorescences cauliflorous at ground level to axillary, racemes (to panicles), up to 7.5 cm long, with per node groups of staminate flowers and a single pistillate flower; staminate flowers sometimes on short, up to 2 mm long, branches. Flowers reddish green. Staminate flowers 12-13 mm in diameter; pedicel 13.5-15 mm long; calyx flat, hardly lobed, disc-like, lobes 1-1.5 by c. 4.5 mm, apex rounded, scales present; stamens: androphore c. 0.3 mm high, apically splitting with anthers underneath, anthers horizontal, c. 0.3 by 0.7 mm. Pistillate flowers c. 11 mm in diameter; pedicel c. 13 mm long; calyx lobes obovate, c. 5 by 3 mm; ovary c. 2 by 2 mm, green; stigmas horizontal, green. Fruits red, not seen. Seeds unknown.

    T h a i l a n d.— PENINSULAR: Chumphon (Langsuan), Ranong (Khao Saideng).

    D i s t r i b u t i o n.— Thailand (type: Khao Saideng, near Ranong, VAN BEUSEKOM & PHENGKHLAI 566, holo in L, iso in AAU, BKF, C, E, K, P). Perhaps also in Malaysia (Perak).

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    E c o l o g y.— Wet evergreen forest. Altitude: 400-1500 m.

    V e r n a c u l a r.— Mayom bon (มะยมบ้าน) (General).

    N o t e.— The two known specimens of this new species were originally identified as Breynia bonii (Beille) Welzen & Pruesapan, but they have a closer resemblance to Breynia beillei Welzen & Pruesapan (formerly Sauropus racemosus Beille). The type of Breynia beillei is quite unlike that of Breynia discocalyx in the leaves (smaller and narrower: up to 10.5 by 3.5, length/width ratio c. 3) and the staminate flowers (also broad, c. 15 mm in diameter, but very distinctly lobed, with lobes till about halfway the calyx). A second specimen from Paris, doubtfully identified as Breynia. beillei (leaves basally rounded instead of narrowly cuneate), has pistillate flowers with short, up to 2.2 mm long, pedicels and an ovary which is basally rounded and not narrow, also the diameter of the flower is much smaller, c. 7 mm in diameter and the calyx lobes are c. 3.5 by 2 mm.

 

11. Breynia fruticosa (L.) Mόll.Arg. in DC., Prodr. 15, 2: 237. 1866; Hook.f., Fl. Br. India 5: 331. 1887, in obs., usually cited as author; Beille in Lecomte, Fl. Indo-Chine 5: 632. 1927; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 26: 225. 1972; P.T.Li, Fl. Reipubl. Pop. Sin. 44(1): 181, pl. 55 fig. 1-6. 1994; Chakrab. & Gangopad., J. Econ. Tax. Bot. 20: 503, fig. 1. 1996, pro parte excl. Burmese specimen; Welzen & Esser in Welzen et al., Thai For. Bull. 28: 75. 2000; in Chayam. & Welzen, Fl. Thailand 8, 1: 136. 2005.— Andrachne fruticosa L., Sp. Pl.: 1014. 1753.— Phyllanthus lucens Poir., Encycl. Mιth. Bot. 5: 296. 1804.— Melanthesa chinensis Blume, Bijdr.: 592. 1825.— Phyllanthus turbinatus Sims, Bot. Mag. 44: t. 1862. 1826.—  Melanthesa? glaucescens Miq., J. Bot. Nιerl. 1: 97. 1861.— Melanthesopsis lucens (Poir.) Mόll.Arg., Linnaea 32: 75. 1863.— Melanthesopsis fruticosa (L.) Mόll.Arg. in DC., Prodr. 15, 2: 437. 1866, tantum quoad synon.

 

Shrubs up to 3.5 m high, glabrous. Stipules 1.2—2.2 by 0.8—1.2 mm. Leaves: petiole 2—4 mm long; blade elliptic to ovate, 2.2—7.7 by 1.5—3.5 cm, length/width ratio 1.7—2.7, coriaceous, base broadly obtuse to acute, symmetric, margin often recurved, apex acute to acuminate; nerves 6—8 until apex, distinctly glaucous beneath with veinlets indistinct. Staminate flowers 2.6—3 mm diameter; pedicel 2—4.4 mm long; calyx yellowish to orangish, 2.6—3.2 by 2.6—3 mm, relatively thick, straight; androphore 2—2.2 mm high, with anthers vertically along it, anthers 1.2—1.4 mm long. Pistillate flowers 1—4 per axil; 3—4.1(—11 in fruit) mm diameter; pedicel 3—3.5 mm long; calyx 2.2—3.7 mm long, greenish, glaucous outside or not, lobes 1.3—2.4 mm wide, overlapping; ovary cylindrical, 1.2—1.7 by 0.9—1 mm diameter; stigmas 1—1.2(—2 in fruit) mm long, not united, apically split for at least 0.5 mm, reflexed and often spreading horizontally. Fruits solitary or more often in groups; pedicel 3—5 mm long; calyx chartaceous to coriaceous, 5.5—8 mm in diameter, with free lobes 1—1.5 mm long; rhegma 5—5.5 by 6.5—8 mm, yellowish to orange, without an apical crown. Seeds 4.6—5 by c. 3 by 3 mm, red.

    T h a i l a n d.— NORTH-EASTERN: Sakon Nakhon (Phu Phan National Park), Mukdahan (Don Tan), Kalasin (Somdet), Maha Sarakham (Kosum Pisai); EASTERN: Nakhon Ratchasima (Bua Yai, Huai Thalaeng), Buri Ram (Buri Ram), Surin (Surin), Roi Et (Kasetwisai, Suwannaphum), Amnat Charoen (Banpong Charoen, Khemarat), Si Sa Ket (Kanthararom, Uthom Phon Phisai), Ubon Ratchathani (Ban Bahai, Phu Chong Nayoi); CENTRAL: Lopburi (Supcham Pa Hill); SOUTH-EASTERN: Sa Kaeo (Aranyaprathet, Khao Ang Rue Nai).

    D i s t r i b u t i o n.— China (type), Indochina, and Thailand.

    E c o l o g y.— Dry Dipterocarp forest, secondary forests, deciduous and evergreen scrubs and roadsides, evergreen savanna margins, open rocky places; soil: sandstone bedrock. Alt.: 100-1000 m.

    V e r n a c ul a r.— Khon ma (ขนหมา) (Eastern).

    U s e s.— The young shoots are edible.

 

12. Breynia garrettii (Craib) Chakrab. & N.P.Balakr., Bangladesh J. Pl. Taxon. 19: 120. 2012; Welzen et al., Blumea 59: 91. 2014. — Sauropus garrettii Craib, Bull. Misc. Inf. Kew: 284. 1914; Beille in Lecomte, Fl. Indo-Chine 5: 646. 1927; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 26: 334. 1972; Welzen, Blumea 48: 353, map 9. 2003; in Welzen & Chayam., Fl. Thailand 8, 2: 533. 2007.— Sauropus yunnanensis Pax & K.Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenr. IV.147.xv: 220. 1922. — Phyllanthus garrettii (Craib) Chakrab. & N.P.Balakr. (2009) 715.

 

Shrubs to small trees, up to 3 m high, glabrous; young branches with 2 ridges, in between ridges often (faint) asperities. Stipules triangular, 2.5-4.2 by 0.3-1.2 mm. Leaves: petiole 2-3 mm long, flattened and ridged above, with very small asperities above; blade ovate (to elliptic), 2.7-12.8 by 1.2-4.2 cm, length/width ratio 1.5-3.2, papery, base cuneately to attenuately rounded, margin flat, curved sinuately to acuminate apex, latter usually mucronulate, midrib basally with minute asperities above, dark green above, light green underneath; venation rather distinct, nerves 8-12. Flowers axillary, single or in small fascicles, seldom on short, up to 5 mm long racemes, greenish to pale yellow-green. Staminate flowers 4-6.5 mm in diameter; pedicel 6.5-15 mm long; calyx flat, not to slightly lobed, circular, lobes 0.5-0.8 by 1.2-2.5 mm, scales present; stamens: androphore 0.1-0.4 mm long, apically splitting with anthers underneath, anthers horizontal, 0.4-0.7 by c. 0.4 mm. Pistillate flowers 4-8 mm in diameter; pedicel 3.8-13 mm long; calyx lobes almost free, ovate to obovate, often thick, smaller ones 2-3.5 by 1-3.1 mm, larger ones 2.5-5 by 1.3-2.7 mm; ovary bell-shaped, 1-1.5 by 1-1.9 mm; stigmas 1-2 mm long, apically split, slender, horizontal, coiling in more than full circle. Fruits ovoid to globose, 7-8 by 9-11 mm, thin-walled, wall parts remaining stuck to base after dehiscence, spreading star-like, green; column absent. Seeds triangular in section, not hollow on inside, 6.5-7 by 3.8-4 by 3.5-3.6 mm.

    T h a i l a n d.— NORTHERN: Chiang Mai (Doi Angka, Doi Chiang Dao, Doi Inthanon, Doi Sahng Liang, Kun Mae Tawn, Mae Chem), Nan (Doi Phu Kha National Park), Lamphun (Doi Khun Tan), Lampang (Chae Son), Tak (Ban Mae Om Ki); NORTH-EASTERN: Loei (Phu Kradueng).

    D i s t r i b u t i o n.— Myanmar, S. China (Yunnan), Thailand (type: Doi Angka (Doi Inthanon), Mae Wang drainage, NE of Pa Ngeam, Chiang Mai, GARRETT 37, holo in K, iso in L, TCD).

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    E c o l o g y.— (Margins of or disturbed places in) evergreen forest or deciduous forest with bamboo; soil: limestone to granite bedrock. Altitude: 550-1900 m.

    V e r n a c u l a r.— Mayom ang ka (มะยมอ่างกา) (General).

    N o t e.— Very similar to Breynia androgyna and Breynia lanceolata (e.g. South-eastern material of latter was usually referred to B. garrettii). Breynia garrettii has minute asperities on the branches, upper part of petiole and midrib, also the seeds are not hollow on the inside.

 

13. Breynia glauca Craib, Bull. Misc. Inf. Kew: 460. 1911; Aberdeen Univ. Stud. 57: 187. 1912; Beille in Lecomte, Fl. Indo-Chine 5: 633. 1927; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 26: 226. 1972; Welzen & Esser in Welzen et al., Thai For. Bull. 28: 76. 2000; in Chayam. & Welzen, Fl. Thailand 8, 1: 136, fig. 30, plate VII: 3. 2005.

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Shrub to treelet up to 5 m high, much branched, sometimes struggling, glabrous. Stipules 1.6—2.5 by 0.8—1.2 mm. Leaves: petiole 2—4 mm long; blade elliptic to ovate, 3.3—7.5 by 1.5—4.3 cm, length/width ratio 1.5—2.7, coriaceous, base obtuse to acute, symmetric, margin often recurved, apex acute to acuminate; nerves 6—8 until apex, distinctly glaucous beneath with veinlets indistict. Staminate flowers 2.6—3 mm diameter; pedicel c. 3 mm long; calyx green to orange, 2.2—2.5 by 2.6—3 mm, relatively thin, straight; androphore 1.8—2.3 mm high, with anthers vertically along it, anthers 1.2-1.5 mm long. Pistillate flowers 1—4 per axil, 2.2—8 mm diameter; pedicel 1.2—2.5 mm long; calyx 2—3 mm long but soon accrescent, green to yellow, glaucous outside or not, lobes 1—3.2 mm wide, overlapping; ovary fusiform, 1.6—2 by 0.9—1 mm diameter; stigmas 1.1—1.3(—2 in fruit) mm long, not united, apically split for 0.1—0.2 mm or simple, erect to slightly reflexed but never spreading horizontally. Fruits solitary or in groups; pedicel 2.5—6 mm long; calyx chartaceous to coriaceous, 6.5—8 mm in diameter, with free lobes 1—1.5 mm long, rhegma c. 5 by 6—7 mm, turning yellow to red, drying shiny blackish-brown, without an apical crown. Seeds 3.7—4.2 by 2—2.2 by 1.7—2 mm, red.

    T h a i l a n d.— NORTHERN: Chiang Mai (type: Doi Suthep, Chiang Mai, KERR 864, BM, K, iso), Chiang Rai, Phayao, Nan, Lamphun, Lampang, Phrae, Phitsanulok, Kamphaeng Phet; NORTH-EASTERN: Phetchabun, Loei, Udon Thani, Khon Khaen; EASTERN: Chaiyaphum; SOUTH-WESTERN: Phetchaburi, Prachuap Khiri Khan; SOUTH-EASTERN: Chon Buri, Rayong, Chanthaburi, Trat; PENINSULAR: Chumphon, Surat Thani.

    D i s t r i b u t i o n.— Myanmar, Laos, Thailand , Borneo (Sabah, Anambas Islands).

    E c o l o g y.— Dry deciduous Dipterocarp-oak forest, dry evergreen forest, oak-pine forest, coastal sand dune forest, gallery forest, hill evergreen forest, transition with Melaleuca swamp forest, secondary thickets and forest, roadsides; soil: granitic, shale or sandstone bedrock, sandy, even on poor or bare soil. Alt.: sea level to 1300 m.

    V e r n a c u l a r.— Cha sisiat (จ้าสีเสียด) (Lamphun); dap phit (ดับพิษ), phak wan dang (ผักหวานด่าง) (Mae Hong Son); ra ngap phit (ระำงับพิษ) (Chiang Mai); prik (ปริก) (Prachuap Khiri Khan).

    N o t e.— Airy Shaw (1972) mentioned that B. glauca is the western vicariant (Myanmar, Thailand, and W. Laos) of the more eastern and north-eastern Breynia fruticosa (China, Indochina, Thailand). This could be confirmed. Both species do not seem to overlap in their range. The styles consitute the main difference, and they are hardly distinguishable otherwise.

 

14. Breynia granulosa (Airy Shaw) Welzen & Pruesapan in Welzen et al., Blumea 59: 90. 2014. — Sauropus granulosus Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 23: 53. 1969; Kew Bull. 26: 335. 1972; Welzen, Blumea 48: 354, fig. 3c, map 10. 2003; in Welzen & Chayam., Fl. Thailand 8, 2: 535, Fig. 75D. 2007.

 

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Low shrubs, up to 1 m high, glabrous; only very young branches with slight trace of ribs, asperities absent. Stipules triangular, c. 1.2 by 0.5 mm. Leaves: petiole 1.2-1.5 mm long, pulvinate, flattened; blade obovate, 0.8-2.7 by 0.5-1.5 cm, length/width ratio 1.6-1.8, pergamentaceous, base cuneate, margin flat to revolute, apex truncate to round, mucronulate, green above, chagrined, grey-green below, venation visible, not strongly raised, nerves 6 or 7, under sharp angle with midrib, basal nerve reaching till about halfway. Flowers axillary, in small fascicles or solitary, greenish white to yellowish to red. Staminate flowers 2-3 mm in diameter; pedicel 1.8-3 mm long; calyx campanulate, 0.5-1.2 mm high, inflexed lobes (those with emarginate apex) 0.6-1 by 0.6-1.2 mm, infolded apex grown with raised midrib, non-inflexed lobes (rounded apex) 0.7-1 by 0.6-1.2 mm, scales absent; stamens: androphore c. 0.8 mm long, apically splitting with anthers underneath, anthers 0.8-0.9 by c. 0.6 mm. Pistillate flowers 4.3(-7.7 in fruit) mm in diameter; pedicel 1.8-2.5 mm; calyx lobes obovate, rounded, small ones 1.3-2.5 by 1.8-2.2 mm, larger ones 1.7-2.5 by 1.1-2.7 mm; ovary bell-shaped, apically flat, c. 1 by 1-1.2 mm; stigmas separate, bases not touching, spreading, c. 1.2 mm long, split in upper 1/3rd to completely. Fruits ovoid, c. 5 by 7 mm, apically with rim; column c. 1 mm long, tapering towards apex. Seeds triangular in transverse section, c. 3.7 by 2 by 2.5 mm.

    T h a i l a n d.— NORTH-EASTERN: Loei (Sithan, Wang Sa Phung); EASTERN: Chaiyaphum (Ban Nam Phrom); SOUTH-EASTERN: Prachin Buri (Aranyaprathet), Chon Buri (Khao Khiao).

    D i s t r i b u t i o n.— Endemic in Thailand (type: Wa Nawn, Sakon Nakhon, KERR 8500, holo in K, iso in BK).

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    E c o l o g y.— Usually in very open (disturbed) habitats like road sides, dry thorny savannah, deciduous forest with bamboo, locally common in open space; soil: rocky. Altitude: 200-300 m.

    V e r n a c u l a r.— Mak khai lang (หมากไข่ล่าง) (North-eastern); sano run (โสนรุ่น) (South-eastern).

    N o t e.— Strongly resembles Breynia kerrii (smaller leaves, more shiny), Breynia pulchella (more distinct venation, basal nerve ending far below leaf middle), and Breynia temii (acute leaves, ribbed branches with asperities).

 

15. Breynia heteroblasta (Airy Shaw) Welzen & Pruesapan in Welzen et al., Blumea 59: 90. 2014. — Sauropus heteroblastus Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 23: 48. 1969; Kew Bull. 26: 335. 1972; Welzen, Blumea 48: 355, map 11. 2003; in Welzen & Chayam., Fl. Thailand 8, 2: 537. 2007.— Sauropus compressus sensu Beille in Lecomte, Fl. Indo-Chine 5: 655. 1927, non Mόll.Arg. (1866).

 

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Straggling, rheophytic shrubs, up to 2 m high, glabrous, stem red tinged, many short branches (less than 4 mm long) with (1)2(3) leaves and few flowers, stem with 2 raised lines. Stipules triangular, 0.7-1.2 by 0.6-1.1 mm. Leaves red tinged; petiole c. 1 mm long; blades obovate, 4.5-32 by 4-20 mm, length/width ratio 1.1-1.6, somewhat chartaceous, base cuneate, margin flat, apex round to emarginate, mucronulate; nerves 5 or 6, indistinct. Flowers axillary, in small fascicles or single, tinged red to maroonish. Staminate flowers 2.5-3 mm in diameter; pedicel 5-5.5 mm long; calyx flat, lobes ovate 0.7-0.8 by 0.8-1 mm, slightly apically lobed, apices rouded, scales present; stamens: androphore 02.-0.3 mm high, apically splitting with anthers underneath, anthers horizontal, 0.2-0.3 by 0.2-0.3 mm. Pistillate flowers 3-5.5 mm in diameter; pedicel c. 1.5 mm long; calyx lobes almost free, 1.5-2.3 by 1.5-2.5 mm, apex spade-like; ovary 0.8-1 by c. 1.5 mm; stigmas pig-tail-like wound, 0.5-1 mm long. Fruits not seen, depressed globose, c. 9 by 4-5 mm (Beille, 1927). Seeds not seen.

    T h a i l a n d.— NORTHEASTERN: Udon Thani (Wa Nawn); EASTERN: Surin (Tathum), Ubon Ratchatani (Pibon Mang Sahan).

    D i s t r i b u t i o n.—  Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam (type).

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    E c o l o g y.— In small clumps on riverbanks, part of year dry; soil: sandstone. Altitude: 100-200 m.

    V e r n a c u l a r.— Khrai hang nak (ไคร้หางนาค) (Northeastern).

 

16. Breynia hirsuta (Beille) Welzen & Pruesapan in Welzen et al., Blumea 59: 90. 2014. — Sauropus hirsutus Beille in Lecomte, Fl. Indo-Chine 5: 657. 1927; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 26: 235. 1972; Welzen, Blumea 48: 356, map 11. 2003; in Welzen & Chayam., Fl. Thailand 8, 2: 537, Fig. 76, Plate XXVIII: 1. 2007.

 

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Prostrate woody herbs to small shrubs, up to 40 cm(-2 m) high, branches hirsute, round, without ridges. Stipules 1.8-4 by 0.7-1.1 mm. Leaves: petiole1.7-2.8 mm long, hairy; blade (ovate to) elliptic (to obovate), 1.4-7.5 by 1-3.8 cm, length/width ratio 1.4-2.2, papery to pergamentaceous, base rounded to cuneate, margin convex, flat to sometimes revolute, apex bluntly acute, usually mucronulate, upper surface glabrous except for margin, dark green, lower surface slightly to completely hairy, light green; nerves 5-8, often distinct. Flowers axillary, usually few (to many) in fascicles, (green to) dark red. Staminate flowers 2.8-3.3 mm in diameter; pedicel 3-4 mm long, subglabrous; calyx flat, lobes 0.4-1 by 0.8-1.3 mm, slightly hairy outside, scales present; stamens: androphore c. 0.3 mm high, apically splitting with anthers underneath, anthers horizontal, 0.2-0.3 by 0.2-0.4 mm. Pistillate flowers 5-9.5 mm in diameter; pedicel 2.4(-7 in fruit) mm long, hirsute; calyx lobes 3 smaller, 2.2-2.5 by 1.4-1.8 (to 5.8 by 3.8 in fruit) mm, 3 larger ones 3.2-4.3 by c. 2.2 (to 9.2 by 4.5 in fruit) mm, outside hairy; ovary 1-1.1 by 1.3-1.5 mm; stigmas c. 1.4 mm long, horizontal. Fruits ovoid, 5-8 by 5-8 mmm without an apical ridge around the stigmas; column c. 2.5 mm long, tapering towards apex. Seeds triangular in section, c. 5 by 2.7 by 2.7 mm.

    T h a i l a n d.— NORTHERN: Chiang Mai, Lampang, Phrae, Sukhothai, Nakhon Sawan; NORTH-EASTERN: Phetchabun, Loei, Udon Thani, Sakhon Nakhon, Nakhon Phanom, Khon Kaen; EASTERN: Chaiyaphum, Nakhon Ratchasima, Buri Ram, Surin, Ubon Ratchathani; SOUTH-WESTERN: Uthai Thani, Kanchanaburi, Ratchaburi, Phetchaburi, Prachuap Khiri Khan; CENTRAL: Lop Buri, Nakhon Pathom; SOUTH-EASTERN: Prachin Buri, Chon Buri.

    D i s t r i b u t i o n.— Laos, Thailand, Cambodia (lectotype).

Breyhete-hirs-map.gif (25105 bytes) (dots; Breynia heteroblasta: stars)

    E c o l o g y.— (Open) deciduous forest, dry dipterocarp forest, bamboo forest, secondary growths, grassy (buffalo grazing) ground, waste land; along railways and roads; soil: sand, clayey soil with as bedrock limestone, shale, or granite, once recorded from silty soil. Altitude: 50-700 m.

    V e r n a c u l a r.— Kongkoi lot khon (กองกอยลอดขอน) (Central); kom koi (ก่อมก้อย) (Phetchabun); tai bai (ใต้ใบ), phak wan nok (ผักหวานนก) (Kanchanaburi); ra ngap manut (ระงับมุนษย์) (Peninsular).

    N o t e.— Put 1829 (Kanchanaburi, Sai Yok) is (sub)glabrous, this is the only exceptional form found.

 

17. Breynia kerrii (Airy Shaw) Welzen & Pruesapan in Welzen et al., Blumea 59: 90. 2014. — Sauropus kerrii Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 23: 52. 1969; Kew Bull. 26: 336. 1972; Welzen, Blumea 48: 357, map 10. 2003; in Welzen & Chayam., Fl. Thailand 8, 2: 539. 2007.

 

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Minute shrublets, up to 35 cm high, glabrous, branches without asperities, with 2 or 4 indistinct ribs. Stipules triangular, 0.7-2.2 by 0.3-0.8 mm. Leaves: petiole c. 1 mm long, flat above; blade obovate, 5.2-12 by 3-7 mm, length/width 1.3-1.7, pergamentaceous, base rounded to cuneate, margin flat to revolute, apex truncate to round, mucronulate, green above, somewhat shiny, whitish green underneath; venation indistinct, nerves 4-6. Flowers axillary, in small fascicles (staminate) or single (pistillate), plants with one sexe only, white. Staminate flowers 2.6-3.2 mm in diameter; pedicel 2.1-4.2 mm; calyx 1 mm high, lobes either folded inside and grown together with raised midrib, emarginate, 0.6-0.8 by 1-1.1 mm, or somewhat involute, obovate, 0.6-1.2 by 1-1.2 mm, all without scales; stamens: androphore 0.5-1 mm long, apically splitting with anthers underneath, anthers erect, 0.7-0.9 by c. 0.6 mm. Pistillate flowers 5-6.8(-12.5 in fruit) mm in diameter; pedicel 1-1.5 mm long; sepals obovate, 1.3-2 by 1.8-2.8 mm; ovary spindle shaped, c. 1 by 2 mm; stigmas erect, 1.8-2.1 mm long, split halfway. Fruits flattened, circular, c. 7 by 3.5 mm, apically without or with rim around persistent stigmas; column not seen, probably breaking off completely. Seeds triangular in transverse section, c. 3.2 by 3 by 2.5 mm.

    T h a i l a n d.— NORTHERN: Tak; EASTERN: Surin (Kapcherng), Si Sa Ket (Chong Bat Lak, Kantharom), Ubon Ratchathani (Ban Maung, Chiet). A seemingly disjunct distribution.

    D i s t r i b u t i o n.— Endemic in Thailand (type: Chiet, Ubon Ratchatani, KERR 21541, holo in K, iso in BK, L).

Breygran-kerr-pulc-map.gif (23345 bytes) (stars; Breynia granulosa: dots; Breynia pulchella: diamonds)

    E c o l o g y.— Deciduous forest, dry dipterocarp forest, open savannah, on poor gravelly or sandy soil. Altitude: 100-600 m.

    V e r n a c u l a r.— Ya hun hai (หญ้าฮุ่นไฮ) (Lamphun).

    N o t e.— The specimen from Tak (Northern) had a rim on the fruit, while this was absent in a specimen from the Eastern part of Thailand.

 

18. Breynia lanceolata (Hook.f.) Welzen & Pruesapan in Welzen et al., Blumea 59: 92. 2014 (non Breynia rhamnoides (Willd.) Mόll.Arg.). — Sauropus rhamnoides Blume, Bijdr.: 596. 1825; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. Add. Ser. 4: 194. 1975; Kew Bull. 32: 81. 1977; Welzen, Blumea 48: 367, fig. 1b, c, 3a, 8; map 16. 2003; in Welzen & Chayam., Fl. Thailand 8, 2: 546, Fig. 72B, 75A, 79. 2007. — Sauropus lanceolatus Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 5: 333. 1997.

 

Breylanc-habit.gif (142154 bytes)    Breylanc-leaf.gif (54588 bytes)    Breylanc-male.gif (30338 bytes)    Breylanc-female.gif (59549 bytes)    Breylanc-fruit.gif (36048 bytes)    Breylanc-photo4.gif (255830 bytes)    Breylanc-photo5.gif (267665 bytes)

 

Shrubs to trees, up to 4 m high, glabrous, without asperities; young branches with 2 ribs. Stipules triangular 2.5-3.5 by 1-1.5 mm. Leaves: petiole 3-4 mm long, flattened and grooved along midrib above; blade ovate, 3.6-13 by 2.3-5 cm, length/width ratio 1.4-2.6, papery, base cuneate to somewhat oblique, margin flat to recurved, apex suddenly smaller with 2 sinuses, acuminate to cuspidate, often mucronulate, dark green above, pale light green underneath; venation well-visible on both sides, nerves 7-10. Flowers in small axillary fascicles or (especially staminate ones) along short, up to 5 mm long inflorescences, greenish yellow to reddish. Staminate flowers 5-7.5 mm in diameter; pedicel 6.2-10.5 mm long; calyx flat, not (Peninsular) to lobed (South-eastern), lobes 1-1.6 by 1.5-2.3 mm, apex entire, scales present; stamens: androphore 0.1-0.4 mm long, apically splitting with anthers underneath, anthers horizontal, 0.3-0.5 by 0.3-0.4 mm. Pistillate flowers 7.5-9.5(-14.5 in fruit) mm in diameter; pedicel 7.5-20 mm; calyx lobes thick, ovate to obovate, often remaining erect, smaller inner ones 2.2-4.5 by 1-3 mm, larger outer ones 3-7 by 1.8-4 mm; ovary bell-shaped, 1.8-3.6 by 1.5-2.7 mm; stigmas 1.3-2.3 mm long, thick, upper half curved, forming more than a complete circle. Fruits ellipsoid to obovoid, inflated, somewhat fleshy, 18-31 by 14-23 mm, white to pale yellow; column 17-19 mm long, in upper 2/3rd with heart-shaped remnants of septae. Seeds triangular in section, strongly hollow on inside, c. 11 by 6 by 5.5 mm, blackish.

    T h a i l a n d.— SOUTH-EASTERN: Chanthaburi (Khao Sabap, Khao Soi Dao, Lam Sing, Makam, Nam Tok Taka Mao); PENINSULAR: Songkhla (Klong Samong), Phatthalung (Tamote Falls), Trang (Khao Chong), Narathiwat (Waeng).

    D i s t r i b u t i o n.— Thailand, Philippines, Borneo, Java (type).

Breylanc-map.gif (97757 bytes)

    E c o l o g y.— Evergreen forest, hill dipterocarp forest, often in rocky areas along rivers; soil: granitic or acid bedrock. Altitude: 50-400 m.

    V e r n a c u l a r.— Mayom liam (มะยมเหลี่ยม) (General).

    N o t e.— Airy Shaw (1977) tentatively added Thailand to the distribution of Breynia lanceolata. The differences between Breynia lanceolata and Breynia androgyna are small, mainly in sizes and the gaps between these sizes differ per area. The pistallate calyx of Breynia lanceolata is thicker, and the stigmas longer, making a full circle (or more), also the leaf shape is different, in Breynia androgyna without (or at most indistinctly) a sinus near the apex (leaves gradually tapering towards the apex), in Breynia lanceolata (and Breynia garrettii) with two very distinct sinuses (leaves suddenly narrowing towards the apex). The Breynia lanceolata specimens from the South-east were formerly referred to Breynia garrettii, but this species has smaller fruits, small asperities on stem and leaf petiole and is restricted to the north of Thailand. The specimens from the Peninsula and the South-east differ somewhat, the staminate calyx in the South-east is stronger lobed and the pistillate calyx lobes are not spreading.

 

19. Breynia lithophila Welzen & Pruesapan, Thai For. Bull., Bot. 38: 115, fig. 3. 2010.

 

                           

 

Subshrub/herb; branches round, hairy, drying light greenish, bark not fissuring; flowering branches c. 0.7 mm thick. Indumentum of white, patent hairs variable in length, most parts hirsute. Stipules triangular, c. 1.2 by 0.5 mm, hairy on both sides, light green when dry, persistent. Leaves alternate, simple; petiole 1.5–2 mm long, flattened above, hairy; blade ovate, 1.5–3.7 by 0.9–2.8 cm, length/width ratio 1.3–1.7, coriaceous, symmetric, base not peltate, truncate to rounded, margin entire, recurved, apex rounded (to subacute), upper surface somewhat hairy on venation when young, dull, darkish green when dry, lower surface hirsute, light green, dull; venation reticulate, partly to completely distinct underneath, nerves 7 or 8 per side, looped and closed near the margin. Staminate flowers single or in pairs per node, c. 4 mm in diam., dark red; pedicel c. 5 mm long, thin, slightly broadening upwards, glabrous; calyx almost circular, hardly 6-lobed, thin, glabrous, lobes c. 0.2 by 2.5 mm; scales present; androphore c. 0.2 mm high, apically splitting with anthers underneath, branches c. 0.6 mm long, anthers horizontal, c. 0.6 by 0.6 mm. Pistillate flowers single per node, c. 4.5 mm in diam., greenish to dark red; pedicel c. 1 mm long, thickening upwards, round, hirsute; calyx consisting of 6 basally connate lobes, succulent, hairy outside, glabrous inside, 3 outer lobes obovate, c. 1.4 by 1.8 mm, 3 inner lobes rhomboid, c. 1.8 by 2.3 mm; ovary c. 1.7 by 1.7 mm, papillate all over, 2 ovules per locule, top ± flat, slightly deepened, without marginal rim, stigmas 3, fl at on ovary, apex split and circling for c. 180°, tinged reddish. Fruits not seen, on photo of BKF specimen young fruit globose. 

    T h a i l a n d.— SOUTHEASTERN: Chon Buri [type: Song Khrueang, Phonsena, Chusithong, de Wilde & Duyfjes 5594, L holo, BKF iso). 

    D i s t r i b u t i o n.— Endemic to southeastern Thailand. 

    E c o l o g y.— Growing on limestone rocks; 80–120 m altitude. Flowering and fruiting: October. 

    N o t e s.— Known from the type collection only. Diagnostic characters include the succulent leaves and fl owers with indistinct venation. Species from a similar habitat, e.g. B. calcarea, have very thin leaves and calices with a distinct venation.

 

20. Breynia macrantha (Hassk.) Chakrab. & N.P.Balakr. , Bangladesh J. Pl. Taxon. 19:  121. 2012; Welzen et al., Blumea 59: 92. 2014. — Sauropus macranthus Hassk., Retzia 1: 166. 1855; Mόll.Arg. in DC., Prodr. 15, 2: 240. 1866; Backer & Bakh.f., Fl. Java 1: 471. 1963; Airy Shaw, Dansk Bot. Arkiv 25: 34, fig. 13. 1967; Kew Bull. 26: 336. 1972; Kew Bull. Add. Ser. 4: 193. 1975; Welzen, Blumea 48: 358, fig. 3b, map 12. 2003; in Welzen & Chayam., Fl. Thailand 8, 2: 540, Fig. 75B. 2007.— Sauropus spectabilis Miq., Sum.: 446. 1860.— Sauropus macrophyllus Hook.f., Fl. Birt. Ind. 5: 334, pro parte. 1887.— Sauropus forcipatus Hook.f., Fl. Birt. Ind. 5: 334. 1887.— Glochidion umbratile Maiden & Betche, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. 30: 370. 1905.— Sauropus robinsonii Merr., Philipp. J. Sci. 7: 407. 1912.— Sauropus grandifolius Pax & K.Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenr. IV.147.xv: 220. 1922.— Sauropus wichurae Mόll.Arg. ex Pax & K.Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenr. IV.147.xv: 222. 1922.— Sauropus longipedicellatus Merr., Sunyatsenia 2: 34. 1934.

 

Breymacr-fruit.gif (64191 bytes)

 

Shrubs to trees, up to 5 m high, glabrous; branches with 2 ribs, often indistinct. Stipules triangular, 4.3-8.5 by 2-2.5 mm, basally eared, dark brown when dry with yellowish margin, stiff, breaking off easily. Leaves: petiole 3-5 mm long, cracked when dry, flattened above, pulvinate; blade ovate (to elliptic), 8.2-20 by 3.4-8.2 cm, length/width ratio 2.2-2.9, papery, base broadly cuneate, margin flat, apex (gradually) cuspidate, mucronulate, glossy green above, bright light green underneath; venation distinct on both sides, nerves 8-12. Flowers axillary, single or in small fascicles, red. Staminate flowers 3.3-4 mm in diameter; pedicel 7.5-11 mm long; calyx flat, lobes triangular, 0.8-1.2 by 1-1.6 mm, apex rounded to emarginate, scales low; stamens: androphore c. 0.2 mm high, apically splitting with anthers underneath, anthers horizontal, c. 0.3 by 0.3 mm. Pistillate flowers 7-12 mm in diameter; pedicel 2.5-6.3 cm long; calyx lobes thick, 3 smaller, ± square to ovate, 2.2-3 by 2.3-3 mm; larger ones elliptic, 3-5.3 by 2.2-3 mm; ovary bell-shaped to ellipsoid, 2-2.5 by 2.2-3 mm, stamens horizontal, c. 2 mm long, upper 2/3rd split, thick, curled, 2-folded rib on united part. Fruits flattened globose, 19-20 by 10-13 mm, pink to red, wall thin; column c. 9 mm long, tapering towards the apex. Seeds triangular in transverse section, c. 10.5 by 8 by 6 mm.

    T h a i l a n d.— NORTHERN: Chiang Mai (Doi Chiang Dao), Chiang Rai (Doi Tung); SOUTH-WESTERN: Kanchanaburi (Khao Yai, Lieuw Long), Ratchaburi (Khao Luang); PENINSULAR: Phuket (Panon Bencha).

    D i s t r i b u t i o n.— N.E. India to S. China, S.E. Asia and throughout Malesia (Java: type) to N. Australia.

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    E c o l o g y.— Evergreen forest (with much Bamboo) to low brushwood, usually in shaded places, along rivulets; soil: limestone. Altitude: 400-2000 m.

    V e r n a c u l a r.— Mayom khao (มะยมเขา) (General).

 

21. Breynia orbicularis (Craib) Welzen & Pruesapan in Welzen et al., Blumea 59: 90. 2014.— Sauropus orbicularis Craib, Bull. Misc. Inf. Kew: 284. 1914; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 23: 45. 1969; Kew Bull. 26: 336. 1972; Welzen, Blumea 48: 360, map 13. 2003; in Welzen & Chayam., Fl. Thailand 8, 2: 540. 2007.— Sauropus orbicularis Craib var. minor Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 23: 45. 1969; Kew Bull. 26: 337. 1972.— Sauropus siamensis Chakrab. & M.Gangop., J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 19: 452, fig. 2. 1995.

 

Woody herbs to small shrubs, up to 1 m high, glabrous, branches with 4 ridges, latter without asperities. Stipules triangular to falcate, 0.7-1.2 by 0.5-0.8 mm. Leaves: petiole 1.4-1.5 mm long; blade (elliptic to) obovate to almost orbicular, 0.6-3 by 0.35-1.8 cm, length/width ratio 1.2-2, papery to pergamentaceous, base cuneate to attenuate, margin flat to somewhat revolute, apex rounded to acute, mucronulate, upper surface dark green, usually silica filled cells on top of venation well visible, lower surface light greenish-greyish; venation very distinct, 5 or 6 nerves. Flowers axillary, light yellow (to deep purple), single or few together in fascicles of both sexes. Staminate flowers 1.8-2.3 mm in diameter; pedicel 2.3-5.2 mm long; calyx flat, lobes hardly distinguishable, 0.2-0.4 by 0.7-1 mm, slightly lobed with rounded apices, scales present; stamens: androphore c. 0.2 mm high, apically splitting with anthers underneath, anthers horizontal, c. 0.2 by 0.2 mm. Pistillate flowers 3-4.3(-7 in fruit) mm in diameter; pedicel 1.3-2.2 mm long; calyx lobes spade-like, 1.2-1.4(-2 in fruit) by 1.2-1.7(-2.3 in fruit) mm; ovary obpyramidal, c. 0.7 by 1.4 mm; stigmas flat, up to 1 mm long, becoming erect in fruit, split in upper third. Fruits ovoid, 6-6.5 by c. 5 mm; column c. 2 mm long, tapering towards apex. Seeds triangular in section, c. 3.5 by 2.2 by 2.3 mm.

    T h a i l a n d.— NORTHERN: Chiang Mai (Ban Pong Noi, Doi Saget, Doi Suthep, Mae Doop Reservoir, Mae Klong Waterfall), Chiang Rai (Ban Maipattana), Lamphun (Doi Ma Takian, Mae Haht), Lampang (Doi Palat, Chae Son, Mae Mawh), Tak (Doi Ka); SOUTH-WESTERN: Uthai Thani (Huai Kha Khaeng), Ratchaburi, Phetchaburi (Huai Sai Royal Project, Luke Chang), Prachuap Khiri Khan (Khao Yai).

    D i s t r i b u t i o n.— Endemic in Thailand (type: Mae Teng, Doi Inthanon, KERR 2946, holo in K).

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    E c o l o g y.— Mainly in secondary deciduous forest of dry dipterocarp forest, also in secondary scrub with much bamboo, on dikes along rice fields, or in grass in open forest, along forest margins and streamlets; granite or limestone bedrock. Altitude 50-700 m.

    V e r n a c u l a r.— Kwang khao yi (กวางเขายี) (Lamphun); klam phi (กล่ำผี) (Ratchaburi).

    N o t e s.— 1. Variety minor could not be maintained, there is a gradual transition from large-leaved specimens in Chiang Mai (Northern) to small leaved specimens in Prachuap Khiri Khan (South-western).

    2. Very similar to Breynia quadrangularis but differing in the leaves which dry greenish instead of brownish, the silica holding cells around the veins, which are raised after drying (veins flat in Breynia quadrangularis), the hardly lobed staminate calices and the flat stigmas in the pistillate flowers (more deeply lobed staminate calices and erect stigmas in Breynia quadrangularis).

 

22. Breynia poomae (Welzen & Chayam.) Welzen & Pruesapan in Welzen et al., Blumea 59: 92. 2014.—  Sauropus poomae Welzen & Chayam. [ex Smitinand, Thai plant names, rev. ed.: 468. July 2001, nom. nud.] Kew Bull. 56: 653, fig. 3. 2001; Welzen, Blumea 48: 363, fig. 7, map 14. 2003; in Welzen & Chayam., Fl. Thailand 8, 2: 541, Fig. 77, Plate XXVIII: 2. 2007.

 

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Undershrubs, up to 50 cm high, creeping, glabrous, stem apically with dense groups of stipules and scars of branches; branches terete, cauliflorous. Stipules triangular, basally eared, 2.2-3.5 by 2-3.5 mm, stiff, recurved, breaking off. Leaves: petiole 2-3 mm long, flattened above; blade ovate to triangular, 3.7-7.3 by 2.6-4.6 cm, length/width ratio 1.4-1.6, papery, base truncate, margin flat to recurved, apex acute, often mucronulate, venation especially visible above, nerves 9-11. Inflorescences ramiflorous racemes, single or groups, up to 11 cm long, not branching, with per node several staminate and one pistillate flower. Flowers reddish brown to dark purple. Staminate flowers 1.6-2.3 mm in diameter; pedicel 5.5-6 mm long; calyx flat, hardly lobed, lobes 0.2-0.4 by 0.5-1.5 mm, scales present; stamens: androphore c. 0.3 mm high, apically splitting with anthers underneath, anthers horizontal, 0.4-0.5 by c. 0.5 mm. Pistillate flowers 3-4 mm in diameter; pedicel 0.8-1 mm long; calyx lobes ovate to round, 1.2-1.6 by 1-1.6 mm, thick, spreading; ovary widely bell-shaped, 0.8-1 by 1.1-1.7 mm; styles horizontal. Fruits unknown.

    T h a i l a n d.— NORTHERN: Chiang Rai (Doi Tung).

    D i s t r i b u t i o n.— Endemic in Thailand (type: Doi Tung, Chiang Rai, POOMA, MAURIC & GREIJMANS 1470, holo in BKF).

Breypoom-subt-thyr-map.gif (20460 bytes) (dots; Breynia subterblanca: diamonds; Breynia thyrsiflora: triangles)

    E c o l o g y.— In shade of montane forest, creeping over rugged limestone, common. Altitude: 1250-1300 m.

    V e r n a c u l a r.— Dok tai ton (ดอกใต้ต้น) (General).

    N o t e.— Named after the collector of both specimens, Rachun Pooma (BKF herbarium).

 

23. Breynia pulchella (Airy Shaw) Welzen & Pruesapan in Welzen et al., Blumea 59: 90. 2014.— Sauropus pulchellus Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 23: 54. 1969; Kew Bull. 26: 337. 1972; Welzen, Blumea 48: 364, map 10. 2003; in Welzen & Chayam., Fl. Thailand 8, 2: 543. 2007.

 

Small shrubs, up to 40 cm high, branches glabrous, without asperiteis, with 2 or 4 raised ribs. Stipules triangular to basally eared, c. 1 by 0.3-0.8 mm. Leaves: petiole c. 1 mm long, pulvinate; blade obovate, 7-26 by 5-10.5 mm, length/width ratio 2-2.5, chartaceous, drying greenish, smooth, base rounded, margin flat, apex rounded, shortly mucronulate, glaucous below, venation strongly raised on both sides, tertiary venation partly visible, nerves 5-8, basal nerve ending far below middle. Flowers axillary, in small fascicles (staminate) or single (pistillate). Staminate flowers 2-3 mm in diameter; pedicel 1.5-2.3 mm long; calyx campanulate, hardly lobed, lobes obovate, 3 inflexed, grown with raised midrib, c. 0.3 by 0.7 mm, larger ones c. 0.7 by 0.9, top rounded to emarginate, thick or hooded, no scales; stamens: androphore 0.7-0.9 mm long, apically splitting with anthers underneath; stamens erect, appearing grown together but free, c. 0.7-0.8 by 0.4 mm. Pistillate flowers 2.7-4 mm in diameter; pedicel c. 1 mm long; calyx lobes obovate, 1.3-3 by 1-1.5 mm; ovary bell-shaped, 1.5-2 by 1.8-2.8 mm; stigmas erect, 1-1.5 mm long, apical c. 0.4 mm split, spreading and inrolled. Fruits depressed globose, c. 5 by 5 mm, apically with raised rim around persistent stigmas. Seeds triangular in transverse section, 3-4 by 2-3 by 2-3 mm.

    T h a i l a n d.— EASTERN: Nakhon Ratchasima (Tha Chang); SOUTH-EASTERN: Prachin Buri (Aranyaprathet).

    D i s t r i b u t i o n.— Endemic in Thailand (type: Ta Chang, Nakhon Ratchasima, KERR 20472, holo in K, iso in BK).

Breygran-kerr-pulc-map.gif (23345 bytes) (diamonds; Breynia granulosa Airy Shaw: dots; Breynia kerrii Airy Shaw: stars)

    E c o l o g y.— Open deciduous forest. Altitude: 50-200 m.

    V e r n a c u l a r.— Sano hin (โสนหิน) (Prachin Buri).

    N o t e.— Strongly resembles Breynia granulosa, but the veins are indeed very obvious, raised on both sides, even the greater part of the tertiary venation is visible. Moreover, the calyx of the staminate flowers is hardly lobed.

 

24. Breynia quadrangularis (Willd.) Chakrab. & N.P.Balakr., Bangladesh J. Pl. Taxon. 19:  121. 2012; Welzen et al., Blumea 59: 90. 2014.— Phyllanthus quadrangularis Willd., Sp. Pl. 4: 585. 1805.— Phyllanthus rhamnoides Roxb., Fl. Ind. 3: 663. 1832, nom. illeg., non Willd.— Ceratogynum rhamnoides Roxb. ex Wight, Icon. Pl. Ind. Orient. 5: t. 1900. 1852.— Sauropus ceratogynum (Roxb. ex Wight) Baill., Ιtude Euphorb.: 635. 1858.— Phyllanthus leschenaultii Mόll.Arg. var. tenellus Wall. ex Mόll.Arg., Linnaea 32: 38. 1863.— Sauropus quadrangularis (Willd.) Mόll.Arg., Linnaea 32: 73. 1863; in DC., Prodr. 15, 2: 242. 1866; Hook.f., Fl. Br. Ind. 5: 335. 1887; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 26: 337. 1972; Welzen, Blumea 48: 364, fig. 3c, map 15. 2003; in Welzen & Chayam., Fl. Thailand 8, 2: 543, Fig. 78. 2007.— Sauropus rigidus Thwaites, Enum. Pl. Zeyl.: 284. 1864.— Sauropus compressus Mόll.Arg. in DC., Prodr. 15, 2: 243. 1866.— Sauropus quadrangularis (Willd.) Mόll.Arg. var. puberulus Kurz, Forest Fl. Burma 2: 350. 1877.— Sauropus pubescens Hook.f., Fl. Brit. Ind. 5: 335. 1887.— Aalius ceratogynus (Roxb. ex Wight) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 591. 1891 (‘ceratogynum’).— Aalius compressus (Mόll.Arg.) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 591. 1891 (‘compressa’).— Aalius pubescens (Hook.f.) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 591. 1891.— Aalius quadrangularis (Willd.) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 591. 1891.— Sauropus concinnus Collett & Hemsl., J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 28: 123, pl. 18. 1891.— Sauropus quadrangularis (Willd.) Mόll.Arg. var. compressus (Mόll.Arg.) Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 26: 337. 1972.— Sauropus compressus Mόll.Arg. var. compressus: Chakrab. & M.G.Gangop., J. Econ. Tax. Bot. 20: 526, fig. 4. 1996.— Sauropus compressus Mόll.Arg. var. puberulus (Kurz) Chakrab. & M.G.Gangop., J. Econ. Tax. Bot. 20: 528. 1996.— Sauropus quadrangularis (Willd.) Mόll.Arg. var. quadrangularis: Smitinand, Thai Pl. Names. Rev. Ed.: 467. 2001.

 

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Woody herbs to small shrubs, up to 2 m high, branches glabrous to hirsute with 2 or 4 raised ribs, ribs without asperities, most parts often tinged red, never smelling of fenugreek. Stipules triangular to sometimes strongly falcate, 1-2.7 by 0.7-1.2(-3.5 when falcate) mm, glabrous to subhirsute. Leaves: petiole 1.2-1.3 mm long, glabrous to hirsute; blade elliptic to obovate, 0.6-4.1 by 0.5-1.8 cm, length/width ratio 1.4-2.3, papery to chartaceous, base often slightly oblique and asymmetric, rounded to cuneate, margin often revolute, apex slightly emarginate to rounded, often mucronulate, green above, grey-green beneath, subglabrous to densely hairy on both sides; nerves c. 6, distinct, rest venation flat to hardly raised above. Flowers in small axillary fascicles with both sexes, yellow to deep red. Staminate flowers 2.4-3.7 mm in diameter, glabrous; pedicel 3.5-6 mm long; calyx flat, lobes heart-shaped, 0.7-1.2 by 0.8-1.6, apices rounded, scales present; stamens: androphore c. 0.3 mm long, apically splitting with anthers underneath, anthers horizontal, c. 0.3 by 0.3 mm. Pistillate flowers 2.7-5.3 mm in diameter; pedicel 2.3-4.3 mm long, glabrous to hairy; calyx lobes 1.2-2.5 by 1.5-2.2 mm, apex spade-like, glabrous to hairy outside; ovary c. 1 by 1.7 mm; stigmas (seldom flat to) erect, c. 0.5 mm high, upper 0.5 mm curled. Fruits ovoid, 5-5.5 by c. 4 mm, rather woody when dry, apically with raised, lobed rim around stigmas; column c. 2 mm long, tapering towards apex. Seeds triangular in transverse section, c. 3.5 by 2 by 2 mm.

    T h a i l a n d.— NORTHERN: Chiang Mai, Lamphun, Lampang, Phrae, Tak, Phitsanulok, Nakhon Sawan; NORTH-EASTERN: Udon Thani, Mukdahan, Khon Kaen; EASTERN: Chaiyaphum, Nakhon Ratchasima, Buri Ram; SOUTH-WESTERN: Uthai Thani, Kanchanaburi, Ratchaburi, Prachuap Khiri Khan; CENTRAL: Saraburi; SOUTH-EASTERN: Prachin Buri, Chon Buri; PENINSULAR: Surat Thani.

    D i s t r i b u t i o n.— India (type), Nepal, China (Yunnan), Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam.

Breyquad-map.gif (94857 bytes)

    E c o l o g y.— Usually in strongly disturbed places in deciduous scrub, (dry) evergreen forest, dry dipterocarp(-pine) forest, (bamboo-)deciduous forest, often in open, (regularly burned and/or grazed) grassy or rocky places, rocky dipterocarp savannah, dense bamboo thickets, sometimes common along streams, margins of forest, along roads; soil: sand, loam, limestone on laterite, rocks with granite, shale or sandstone bedrock; once recorded from silty soil. Altitude: 5—2100 m.

    V e r n a c u l a r.— Mayom kliang (มะยมเกลี้ยง), mayom lamun (มะยมละมุน) (General); makham pom din (มะขามป้อมดิน) (Chiang Mai); mayom thuean (มะยมเถื่อน) (Nakhon Sawan).

    N o t e s.— 1. Breynia quadrangularis strongly resembles all other small-leaved Thai species. The most distinctive character are the erect stigmas (horizontal in all other species except the Breynia s.s. species), surrounded, especially in fruit, by a lobed rim of the ovary.

    2. Three varieties were described: compressus, puberulus, and quadrangularis. The differences between the varieties are only slight, and it is often a matter of taste under which name specimens are identified. Seemingly, the so-called varieties also grow together (see remark of Airy Shaw, 1972). Therefore, all varieties are united and not recognised The species is variable: The degree of hairiness varies between glabrous to densely hirsute, also the compression of the branches varies between almost flat to four-cornered. Furthermore, the thickness of the leaves is very variable and the colour of the flowers varies between red and usually yellow. Also variable is the size and especially the apical indentation of the sepal lobes, the apex can vary between rounded to V-shaped.

 

 25. Breynia racemosa (Blume) Mόll.Arg. in DC., Prodr. 15, 2: 441. 1866; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. Add. Ser. 4: 62. 1975; Chakrab. & Gangopad., J. Econ. Tax. Bot. 20: 505, fig. 2. 1996; Welzen & Esser in Welzen et al., Thai For. Bull. 28: 76. 2000; in Chayam. & Welzen, Fl. Thailand 8, 1: 138. 2005.— Melanthesa racemosa Blume, Bijdr.: 592. 1825.— Phyllanthus reclinatus Roxb., [Hort. Beng.: 69. 1814] Fl. Ind. ed. 2, 3: 669. 1832.—  Melanthesa rhamnoides Blume var. hypoglauca Mόll.Arg., Linnaea 32: 73. 1863.— Melanthesa reclinata (Roxb.) Mόll.Arg., Linnaea 32: 74. 1863.— Breynia rhamnoides (Blume) Mόll.Arg. var. hypoleuca (Mόll.Arg.) Mόll.Arg. in DC., Prodr. 15, 2: 440. 1866.— Breynia racemosa (Blume) Mόll. Arg. var. genuina Mόll. Arg. in DC., Prodr. 15(2): 441. 1866, nom. inval.— Breynia reclinata (Roxb.) Hook.f., Fl. Br. India 3: 331. 1887; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 26: 226. 1972; Whitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2: 73. 1973.

 

Shrubs up to 3 m tall, often straggling to climbing, glabrous. Stipules 1.3—2 by 0.5—1 mm. Leaves: petiole 1.5—3 mm long; blade ovate(-elliptic), 1.9—3.6 by 1.2—2 cm, length/width ratio 1.7—2.2, chartaceous to coriaceous, base obtuse to rounded, symmetric, margin recurved, apex acute, dark green above, pale green and distinctly glaucous when dry beneath; nerves 6 or 7 until the apex, veinlets not visible beneath. Staminate flowers with pedicel up to 3 mm long; stamens: androphore not splitting, with vertically anthers along it. Pistillate flowers solitary, 1.7—3.5 mm diameter; pedicel 0.5—1.8 mm long; calyx 1—1.8 mm long, lobes 0.7—1 mm wide; ovary obconical, c. 1.3 by 1.3 mm diameter; stigmas 0.15—0.25 mm long, not united, simple, pointing towards each other. Fruits solitary; pedicel 1.5—3 mm long; calyx chartaceous, 2.25—3.5 mm in diameter, with free lobes of 0.3—0.7 mm, usually glaucous outside; rhegma 4—5 by 4.5—6 mm, becoming red, with a thin fleshy outer part and drying blackish-brown, without an apical ring. Seeds c. 4 by 2.3 by 2.3 mm, orange.

    T h a i l a n d.— PENINSULAR: Ranong (Kapoe), Pattani (To Mo), Narathiwat (Kuchum, Sirinthon, Tamborn Lahan).

    D i s t r i b u t i o n.— India (Nicobar Islands), S. Thailand, Malay Peninsula (incl. Singapore), Sumatra, Java (type), Borneo, Celebes.

    E c o l o g y.— In scrub, forest edges, open grassland, near beach forest; soil: sandy. Alt.: sea level up to 500 m.

    V e r n a c u l a r.— Kang pla (ก้างปลา), kang pla thuan (ก้างปลาทวน) (Peninsular).

 

26. Breynia repens Welzen & Pruesapan, Thai For. Bull., Bot. 38: 117, fig. 5. 2010.

 

   

 

Subshrub/herb; branches round, hairy, drying light greenish, not fissuring, creeping, rooting with axillary roots from branch nodes; flowering branches 0.7–0.8 mm thick. Indumentum of white, patent hairs, most parts hirsute. Stipules triangular, 2–3.2 by 0.6–0.8 mm, only hairy outside, light green when dry, persistent. Leaves alternate, simple; petiole 0.7–2 mm long, fl attened above, hairy; blades dimorphic, basal ones on branches small, rhomboid to circular, 0.6–1 by 0.7–1.4 cm, length/ width index 0.7–1, with base truncate and apex rounded, upper ones on branches larger, elliptic, 2.4–5.3 by 1.4–2.5, length/width ratio 1.7–2.1, variegated, base cuneate, apex acute, all subcoriaceous, symmetric, margin entire, recurved, upper surface dull, dark green, slightly hairy on major veins, lower surface dull, lighter green, hairy, venation reticulate, visible on both sides, raised on lower surface, nerves 4–8 per side, looped and closed near the margin. Staminate buds single or in pairs per node; pedicel round, thin, slightly broadening upwards, glabrous; calyx almost round, slightly lobed, glabrous, lobes 6, indistinct; scales present; androphore short, apically splitting with anthers underneath, anthers horizontal, small. Young fruits single per node, ca 5.3 mm in diam.; pedicel ca 4.3 mm long, round, broadening upwards, hirsute; calyx consisting of 6 basally connate lobes, subcoriaceous, lobes rhomboid, outside hairy, outer lobes ca 1.4 by 1.8 mm, 3 inner lobes ca 1.8 by 2.3 mm; ovary with 2 ovules per locule, smooth, apex flat, without rims, stigmas flat, apex split and curved for ca 180°, papillate. Fruits not seen.

    T h a i l a n d. —SOUTHWESTERN: Prachuap Khiri Khan (Kaeng Krachan National Park, type Middleton, Pooma, Suddee, Suwanachat & Williams 2287, holo L, iso A, BKF, E). 

    D i s t r i b u t i o n. — Endemic to southwestern Thailand. 

    E c o l o g y. — Creeping in deep shade of secondary forest, probably on limestone. Flowering/ fruiting: January.

    N o t e s. — Only known from the type. Diagnostic characters include the smaller leaves along the lower half of the branches and the larger, variegated leaves along the upper part of the branches. Variegated leaves are often typical for ground dwelling plants in tropical forests, other examples can be found in Gesneriaceae, Begoniaceae, etc.

 

27. Breynia retusa (Dennst.) Alston, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Peradeniya) 11: 204. 1929; in Trimen, Handb. Fl. Ceylon 6, Suppl.: 261. 1931; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 26: 227. 1972; P.T.Li, Fl. Reipubl. Pop. Sin. 44(1): 181, pl. 54 figs. 1, 4. 1994; Chakrab. & M.Gangop., J. Econ. Tax. Bot. 20: 505, fig. 3. 1996; Welzen & Esser in Welzen et al., Thai For. Bull. 28: 76. 2000; in Chayam. & Welzen, Fl. Thailand 8, 1: 139, fig. 29a-d, plate IV: 2. 2005.— Phyllanthus retusus Dennst., Schlόss. Hort. Malab. 1. Register: 15; 2. Register: 24; 3. Register: 31. 1818.— Phyllanthus turbinatus J.G. Kφnig ex Roxb. [Hort. Bengal.: 104. 1814] Fl. Ind. ed. 1832, 3: 666, Fl. Ind. ed. 2, 3: 666. 1832, nom. illeg.— Phyllanthus patens Roxb., Fl. Ind. ed. 2, 3: 667. 1832.—  Melanthesa retusa (Dennst.) Kostel., Allg. Med.-Pharm. Fl. 5: 1771. 1836.— Melanthesa turbinata (J.G. Kφnig ex Roxb.) Wight, Icon. Pl. Ind. Orient. 5(2): 26. 1852, nom. illeg.—  Melanthesopsis variabilis Mόll. Arg., Linnaea 32: 75. 1863, nom. illeg.— Melanthesopsis patens (Roxb.) Mόll.Arg. in DC., Prodr. 15, 2: 437. 1866.— Breynia patens (Roxb.) Rolfe, J. Bot. 11: 859. 1882.— Breynia angustifolia Hook.f., Fl. Br. India 5: 330. 1887; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 26: 225. 1972; Whitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2: 73. 1973.— Breynia hyposauropus Croizat, J. Arnold Arb. 21: 493. 1940.— Breynia microphylla (Kurz ex Teijsm. & Binn.) Mόll. Arg. var. angustifolia (Hook. f.) Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 36: 272. 1981.

 

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Shrubs to treelets up to 5 m high, somewhat scandent, branches turning brown soon, glabrous. Stipules 1.2—2 by 0.6—0.7 mm. Leaves: petiole 0.6—2.5 mm long; blade oblong-elliptic, 1.2—3.6 by 0.6—2 cm, length/width ratio 1.8—2.5, membranous, base obtuse, asymmetric, margin flat, apex round to indistinctly acute, mucronulate, dark green above, very light pale green beneath; nerves 5—7 until apex, distinctly glaucous beneath with veinlets indistinct. Staminate flowers 1.8—3.4 mm diameter; pedicel 1.5—5 mm long; calyx pale green to orange, 3—5 by 1.8—3.4 mm, relatively thin, straight; androphore 1.1—1.6 mm high, not splitting, with anthers vertically along it, anthers 0.8—1 mm long. Pistillate flowers solitary; pedicel 1.2—3 mm long; calyx initially 1.2—1.5 mm long, soon accrescent and 2.3—7.8 mm long, greenish to pinkish/pale red; ovary 0.5—1.2 by 0.8—1.2 mm diameter; style seldom absent, 0.2—0.8 mm long, stigmas 0.5—0.6 mm long, apically split for 0.2—0.3 mm, spreading. Fruits solitary; pedicel 2—6 mm long; calyx distinctly accrescent, 6—17 mm in diameter and larger than the fruit, membranous, with free lobes 1.5—3 mm long; rhegma 4.5—7 by 5—8 mm, turning orange to red to purple, drying reddish-brown, apically ± smooth or with a shallow crown. Seeds 3.6—4 by 2.2—2.8 by 2.2—2.8 mm, yellow to red.

    T h a i l a n d.— NORTHERN: Mae Hong Son, Chiang Mai, Chiang Rai, Phayao, Nan, Lamphun, Lampang, Phrae, Tak, Phitsanulok, Kamphaeng Phet, Nakhon Sawan; NORTH-EASTERN: Loei, Nong Khai; EASTERN: Chaiyaphum, Si Sa Ket; SOUTH-WESTERN: Uthai Thani, Kanchanaburi, Phetchaburi, Prachuap Khiri Khan; CENTRAL: Saraburi, Nakhon Nayok; SOUTH-EASTERN: Chon Buri, Chanthaburi, Trat; PENINSULAR: Ranong, Phangnga, Phuket, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Phatthalung, Trang, Satun, Songkhla.

    D i s t r i b u t i o n.— India (type), Sri Lanka, Bhutan, Nepal, Myanmar, S.W.China, Thailand, Indochina, Peninsular Malaysia.

    E c o l o g y.— In oak-pine forest, dry Dipterocarp forest, secondary thickets and forest, also seasonally burned, tea and pine plantations, degraded dry to wet and bamboo-rich evergreen forest, seasonal mixed evergreen/deciduous forest, on rocky places and slopes, along rivers; soil: alluvial, sandy, on shale, phyllite, limestone, granite or sandstone bedrock. Alt.: 100-1360 m.

    V e r n a c u l a r.— Khram-nam (ครามน้ำ) (Shan-Mae Hong Son); khao chan (ขาวจัน), na-kho-thi (นะฆอที) (Karen-Mae Hong Son); phong (พอง), ra ngap (ระำงับ) (Southeastern); kang pla khao (ก้างปลาขาว) (Peninsular).

    N o t e.— Breynia angustifolia and B. retusa are certainly synonymous. Airy Shaw (1972) recognised both species, because there is indeed some variation within Thailand. In Chiang Mai, the fruits are slightly smaller and the calyx somewhat more enlarging than elsewhere. There are however no names available to describe this variability.

 

28. Breynia similis (Craib) Welzen & Pruesapan in Welzen et al., Blumea 59: 90. 2014.— Sauropus similis Craib, Bull. Misc. Inf. Kew: 457. 1911; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 23: 46. 1969; Kew Bull., 26: 338. 1972; Welzen, Blumea 48: 372, map 18. 2003; in Welzen & Chayam., Fl. Thailand 8, 2: 548. 2007.

 

(Under)shrubs, up to 3 m high, glabrous; branches with 4 ribs, often with rows of small asperities along them. Stipules triangular to basally eared to falcate, 1-1.5 by 0.4-1.7 mm. Leaves: petiole 1.2-2 mm long; blade ovate, 0.7-3.7 by 0.5-1.9 cm, length/width ratio 1.4-2, (papery to) chartaceous, base emarginate to cuneate, margin flat to revolute, on upper surface with c. 1 mm wide band of small asperities, apex rounded, mucronulate, upper surface with lighter midrib above, lighter below, midrib often with small asperities; nerves 5-8. Flowers yellow to red, mainly single (pistillate) or in small fascicles (staminate). Staminate flowers 4.2-4.5 mm in diameter; pedicel 4.9-6 mm long; calyx flat, lobes 0.4-0.7 by 1.6-2.3 mm, apex entire, scales present; stamens: androphore c. 0.2 mm high, apically splitting with anthers underneath, anthers horizontal, c. 0.3 by 0.6 mm. Pistillate flowers 3.6-8.2(-12.5 fruit) mm in diameter; pedicel 1.5-3.7 mm long; calyx lobes spade-like, 1-2.1 by 1-3.3(-6 fruit) mm; ovary 0.5-0.7 by 1.3-2 mm; stigmas flat, up to 1 mm long, cleft till halfway. Fruits ovoid, c. 5.5 by 3.5-4.2 mm, apically with low rim, crater among stigmas; column 1.2-1.7 mm long, tapering towards apex. Seeds triangular in transverse section, 3-3.3 by 2.1-2.3 by 2.4-2.6 mm.

    T h a i l a n d.— NORTHERN: Chiang Mai (Doi Chiang Dao, Doi Suthep, Mae Sa Botanical Garden), Tak (Huai Krasa); EASTERN: Nakhon Ratchasima (Pak Thong Chai); CENTRAL: Nakhon Nayok (Khao Yai); SOUTH-EASTERN: Prachin Buri (Khao Yai).

    D i s t r i b u t i o n.— Endemic in Thailand.

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    E c o l o g y.— Dry evergreen forest, deciduous oak forest, often in very disturbed places like sunny roadsides, open grassland, among bamboo, along streams; soil: clayey, granite bedrock. Altitude: 100-1020 m.

    V e r n a c u l a r.— Mayom lamai (มะยมละม้าย) (General).

 

29. Breynia spatulifolia (Beille) Welzen & Pruesapan in Welzen et al., Blumea 59: 92. 2014.— Sauropus spatulifolius Beille in Lecomte, Fl. Indo-Chine 5: 652. 1927; Welzen, Blumea 48: 373. 2003; in Welzen & Chayam., Fl. Thailand 8, 2: 549, Fig. 80. 2007.

 

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Succulent shrubs, up to c. 40 cm high, branches decumbent and often branching on ground, grey-greenish, glabrous; rootstock woody; branches without ribs, strongly longitudinally fissured, not corky. Stipules triangular, 5-6 by c. 4 mm, pergamentaceous. Leaves: petiole 2-4.5 mm long, flattened above, pulvinate, with small asperities; blade obovate, 7.6-13 by 2.2-3.8 cm, length/width ratio 3.4-3.5, pergamentaceous, base rounded, margin flat with some small asperities, apex emarginate with long mucron, bending from lower surface upwards, midrib often with asperities, mottled dark green and greenish above, light green underneath; venation raised on both sides, nerves 9 or 10. Flowers ramiflorous, on the stem, dark red. Staminate flowers c. 3.3 mm in diameter; pedicel c. 4 mm long; calyx lobes triangular to strap-like, 1-1.1 by c. 1 mm, inflexed, apex entire, scales present; stamens: androphore c. 0.3 mm long, apically splitting with anthers underneath, anthers horizontal, c. 0.3 by 0.3 mm. Pistillate flowers 4-4.8(-6 in fruit) mm in diameter; pedicel 0.3-1 mm long; sepals free, obovate, spathulate, clawed, 2-2.5 by 1.2-1.8 mm, claw c. 0.6 mm long; ovary bell-shaped, c. 0.8 by 0.7-0.8 mm, stigmas flat, up to 0.7 mm long, split till halfway. Fruits globose, c. 7 by 5.5 mm, very wrinkeled when dry; column not seen. Seeds not seen.

    T h a i l a n d.— Known from two cultivated collections: NORTHERN: Chiang Mai (Chiang Mai University); CENTRAL: Bangkok (Bangkhen).

    D i s t r i b u t i o n.— Vietnam (type).

    E c o l o g y.— Cultivated in open, herbal gardens. Altitude: 300 m.

    V e r n a c u l a r.— Mayom bai pai (มะยมใบพาย) (Central); a-che-chao (อะจีเจ้า) (Chinese) (Central).

    U s e s.— Seemingly used in Chinese medicine.

    N o t e.— Very distinct species with its ramiflorous flowers, very large stiff stipules, free, spathulate pistillate sepals, and globose, wrinkled fruits.

 

30. Breynia suberosa (Airy Shaw) Welzen & Pruesapan in Welzen et al., Blumea 59: 92. 2014.— Sauropus suberosus Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 23: 42. 1969; Kew Bull. 25: 500. 1971; Kew Bull. 26: 338. 1972; Welzen, Blumea 48: 375, map 20. 2003; in Welzen & Chayam., Fl. Thailand 8, 2: 549. 2007.

 

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Shrubs, up to 4 m high, glabrous except for inflorescence; stems without ribs, round, smooth when young, older branches with thick, often longitudinally fissured, soft, thick cork. Stipules triangular, 3.5-6 by 1.2-4, basally eared, very thick, light margin, stiff, easily breaking off. Leaves: petiole 2-4 mm long, flattened dorsoventrally; blade elliptic to obovate, 7.7-24.2 by 2.6-6.7 cm, length/width ratio 3-3.6, papery, base cuneate, margin flat to revolute, apex acute to cuspidate, often mucronulate, venation relatively distinct on both sides, nerves 12 or 13. Inflorescences cauliflorous in lower part of stem, up to 41 cm long, not branching, slightly hairy, 4-ribbed or somewhat flattened, with groups of flowers of which one or two pistillate. Flowers dark purplish or yellowish. Staminate flowers 3.7-4 mm in diameter; pedicel up to 5.5 mm long; calyx lobes 0.8-1 by 1-1.6 mm, rounded, scales present; stamens: androphore c. 0.2 mm long, apically splitting with anthers underneath, anthers horizontal, 0.4-0.5 by 0.4-0.5 mm. Pistillate flowers 4.3-7.7 mm in diameter; pedicel 2.5-4.5 mm long, glabrous to hairy; calyx lobes thick, mostly obovate, smaller outer ones 1.2-2.5 by 2.1-4 mm, inner larger ones 1.5-3 by 2-4.2 mm; ovary 1.1-1.8 by 1.1-2 mm; stigmas 1-1.3 mm long, flat, split in upper half. Fruits unknown.

    T h a i l a n d.— PENINSULAR: Surat Thani (Khao Sok), Trang (Khao Chong).

    D i s t r i b u t i o n.— S. Thailand (type: Khao Thong Lang, NW of Nai Chong, Trang?, HANSEN & SMITINAND 12030, holo in K, iso in L), Peninsular Malaysia.

Breysube-thor-map.gif (25257 bytes) (dots; Breynia thorelii: squares)

    E c o l o g y.— Thicket in moist, evergreen forest on mountain ridge; soil: probably usually limestone. Altitude: 80-800 m.

    V e r n a c u l a r.— Mayom yak (มะยมหยัก) (Peninsular).

 

31. Breynia subterblanca (C.E.C.Fisch.) C.E.C.Fisch., Bull. Misc. Inform.: 98. 1939; Welzen et al., Blumea 59: 90. 2014.— Glochidion subterblancum C.E.C.Fisch., Bull. Misc. Inform.: 211. 1927.— Sauropus subterblancus (C.E.C.Fisch.) Welzen, Blumea 46: 504. 2001; Blumea 48: 377, map 14. 2003;in Welzen & Chayam., Fl. Thailand 8, 2: 551. 2007.— Phyllanthus subterblancus (C.E.C.Fisch.) Chakrab. & N.P.Balakr., J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 33: 715. 2009.

 

Low shrubs, up to 70 cm high, glabrous; only very young branches with 2 ribs. Stipules triangular, 1.3-1.4 by 0.9-1 mm, basally eared, stiff, rather persistent. Leaves: petiole 2-2.5 mm long, some asperities above; blade ovate, 3.5-7.5 by 2-4.1 cm, length/width ratio 1.7-1.9, coriaceous, base attenuate, margin entire, somewhat revolute, apex acute, mucronulate, glaucous when dry; nerves 6-8. Flowers single in axillary fascicles, staminate ones lower on the branches; flowers pale green. Staminate flowers c. 3.5 mm in diameter; pedicel c. 2 mm long; calyx campanulate, c. 1.7 mm high, scales absent, smaller sepals c. 1 by 2 mm, apex rounded, involute, larger ones c. 1 by 1.3 mm, emarginate, apex inflexed and grown with blade; stamens: androphore c. 1 mm long, yellow, apically splitting with anthers underneath, anthers upright, c. 1.2 by 1.2 mm. Pistillate flowers 5(-10.5 in fruit) mm in diameter; pedicel 2.5-3 mm; calyx lobes obovate, rounded, small ones c. 2 by 1.1 (to 2 by 3 in fruit) mm, larger ones c. 2.3 by 1.3 (to 2 by 6 in fruit) mm; ovary not measured; stigmas erect, basal to each stigma two fleshy, erect ovary lobes. Fruits ovoid, c. 7 by 5 mm, apically with rim formed by thickened apical ovary lobes; column not seen. Seeds not seen.

    T h a i l a n d.— PENINSULAR: Ranong.

    D i s t r i b u t i o n.— Myanmar (S. Tenasserim, type) and Thailand.

Breypoom-subt-thyr-map.gif (20460 bytes) (diamonds; Breynia poomae: dots; Breynia thyrsiflora: triangles)

    E c o l o g y.— Evergreen forest. Altitude: 50-70 m.

    N o t e.— Breynia subterblanca has been mistaken for a Glochidion, but clearly belongs to the Hemisauropus group (3 large, almost erect stamens, inner staminate sepals inflexed with apex grown together with rest of blade, and fleshy extensions of the ovary next to the stigmas, erect stigmas which are hardly coiled and clearly papillate above).

 

32. Breynia temii (Welzen & Chayam.) Welzen & Pruesapan in Welzen et al., Blumea 59: 90. 2014.— Sauropus rostratus Miq., Fl. Ind. Bat. Suppl. 1: 179, 447. 1861; Mόll.Arg. in DC., Prodr. 15, 2: 243. 1866; Pax & K.Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenr. VI.147.xv: 225. 1922; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 23: 55. 1969; Kew Bull. 36: 343. 1981; Welzen, Blumea 48: 370, map 17. 2003; in Welzen & Chayam., Fl. Thailand 8, 2: 546. 2007.— Aalius rostratus (Miq.) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 591. 1891.— Sauropus temii Welzen & Chayam. [ex Smitinand, Thai plant names, rev. ed.: 468. 2001, nom. nud.], Kew Bull. 56: 654. 2001.

 

Shrub, up to 60 cm tall, glabrous; young branches with 2 broad rims, many asperities between rims. Stipules triangular, 1-2.2 by 0.7-1.2 mm. Leaves: petiole 1.3-2 mm long, with asperities; blade ovate (to elliptic), 2.9-7 by 0.9-2.6 cm, length/width ratio 1.9-3.2, chartaceous, base broadly cuneate, margin flat to revolute, apex gradually acute, mucronulate, drying greyish above, brownish or greenish below, venation indistinct, midrib sharply raised above, nerves 7-9, basal one ending far below middle. Flowers single or in small fascicless, both sexes flowering at same time, green. Staminate flowers 2-2.5 mm in diameter; pedicel 1.2-2 mm long; calyx campanulate, rather small, without scales, 3 lobes folded inwards and apex grown together with raised midrib, 0.5-0.7 by 1.2-1.5 mm, other 3 lobes with incurved apex, 0.5-0.7 by 0.3-0.7 mm; stamens: androphore c. 0.7 mm long, apically splitting with anthers underneath, anthers erect, c 1 by 0.8 mm. Pistillate flowers 2.5-5(-8 in fruit) mm in diameter; pedicel 1-2 mm long; calyx cupular, hardly lobed, smaller three lobes 0.5-2 by 1-3 mm, larger three lobes 0.8-2.7 by 1.5-5.5 mm, apex spade-like; ovary bell-shaped with flat apex on which 3 rims between stigmas, 1-1.5 by 1.2-2 mm; stigmas erect, apically recurved. Fruit ellipsoid, wider than high, c. 6 by 3.7 mm; column broadly triangular, c. 0.5 mm high. Seeds triangular in transverse section, half-moon-shaped, c. 3.3 by 2.4 by 2.8 mm.

    T h a i l a n d.— PENINSULAR: Surat Thani (Bang Bao).

    D i s t r i b u t i o n.— Thailand (type of Breynia temii: Bang Bao, Surat Thani, SMITINAND 2877, holo BKF), Sumatra (type), Borneo.

Breytemi-map.gif (125140 bytes)

    E c o l o g y.— Scattered in evergreen forest. Altitude under 100 m.

 

33. Breynia thorelii (Beille) Welzen & Pruesapan in Welzen et al., Blumea 59: 92. 2014.— Sauropus thorelii Beille in Lecomte, Fl. Indo-Chine 5: 649, fig. 76: 6-14. 1927; Smitinand, Thai For. Bull. (Bot.) 2: 14. 1955; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 26: 338. 1972; Welzen, Blumea 48: 377, map 20. 2003; in Welzen & Chayam., Fl. Thailand 8, 2: 551. 2007.

 

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Shrubs, up to 1.5 m high, glabrous; young branches with 2 or 4 ribs. Stipules triangular, 1.5-2.5 by 0.5-1.2 mm. Leaves: petiole 2-2.3 mm long, flattened above; blades ovate, 2.6-10.1 by 1.2-2.2 cm, length/width ratio 2.2-5.3, papery, base obtuse, margin flat to somewhat revolute, apex acute, mucronulate, venation distinct on both sides, nerves (6-)12 or 13. Inflorescences ramiflorous, up to 2 cm long branching racemes with mixed flowers. Flowers red, strongly scented. Staminate flowers 6-7.5 mm in diameter; pedicel 5.5-7.5 mm long, calyx lobes almost completely free, strap-like, 1.8-2.5 by 1.1-1.6 mm, apex emarginate, scales present; stamens: androphore 0.2-0.7 mm long, apically splitting with anthers underneath, anthers horizontal, c. 0.4 by 0.4 mm. Pistillate flowers c. 6 mm in diameter; pedicel 2-2.5(-7 in fruit) mm long; calyx lobes almost completely free, thick, outer ones elliptic to obovate, 2.2-3.5 by 1.2-2 mm, inner ones ovate, 1.1-1.2 by 1.2-1.5 mm; stigmas up to 1.2 mm long, erect, split and somewhat curved in upper half. Fruits c. 7 by 4 mm, with rows of asperities when young (Beille, 1927).

    T h a i l a n d.— NORTHERN: Mae Hong Son (Mae Sariang), Chiang Mai (Doi Saket). Cultivated.

    D i s t r i b u t i o n.— Thailand (cultivated), Laos.

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    E c o l o g y.— Cultivated; young shoots edible.

    V e r n a c u l a r.— Saliam hom (สะเลียมหอม) (Mae Hong Son); khai khom (ไค้ขม) (Northern).

    U s e s.— Leaves edible, bitter.

 

34. Breynia thyrsiflora (Welzen) Welzen & Pruesapan in Welzen et al., Blumea 59: 92. 2014.— Sauropus thyrsiflorus Welzen, Blumea 46: 503, fig. 2. 2001; Blumea 48: 379, fig. 9, map 14. 2003; in Welzen & Chayam., Fl. Thailand 8, 2: 552, Fig. 81. 2007.

 

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Treelets up to 3 m tall, glabrous, rather smooth, young branches without ribs; bark not corky. Stipules triangular, 6.5-8 by 1.7-3 mm, basally eared. Leaves: petiole 4-5 mm long; blades elliptic, 6.5-26 by 2.7-8 cm, length/width ratio 2-3.7, papery, base attenuate to cuneate, margin flat, apex acuminate to cuspidate, mucronulate, upper surface dark green, glossy; lower surface light green, nerves 10-12. Inflorescences cauliflorous to ramiflorous, thyrsoid, not branching, up to 12-51 cm long, rachis dull dark pink, with per node a single pistillate flower and cymose branches with staminate flowers, up to 5 mm long. Staminate flowers 6-7 mm in diameter; pedicel c. 5.5 mm long; calyx lobes triangular, 2-2.2 by 1.5-2.1 mm, basally dull red inside, apex acute, scales present; stamens: androphore 0.2-0.3 mm high, apically splitting with anthers underneath, connectives dull light pinkish, anthers horizontal, c. 0.4 by 0.4 mm. Pistillate flowers 11-12 mm in diameter; pedicel 3-6 mm long; calyx lobes elliptic, thick, light greenish to yellow, outer lobes 5.5-6 by 3.3-4 mm, inner lobes 4.8-5.5 by 3.3-4 mm; ovary 1.2-2.3 by 1.8-2.7 mm, light yellowish to pale light pinkish; stigmas horizontal. Fruit c. 19 by 15 mm, rather woody, with 6 longitudinal ridges. Seeds crescent moon-shaped, sharply triangular in transverse section, c. 14 by 8 by 6 mm.

    T h a i l a n d.— NORTHERN: Mae Hong son (Ban Dong), Nan (Tham Sakoen National Park), Lampang (Chae Son National Park); SOUTH-WESTERN: Kanchanaburi (Khaeo Noi Basin, Thung Yai Naresuan Wildlife Reserve).

    D i s t r i b u t i o n.— Endemic in Thailand (type: Thung Yai Naresuan Wildlife Reserve, Ban Sanah Pawng area (Karen hilltribe village), Lai Wo Subdistr., Sangklaburi Distr., Kanchanaburi, MAXWELL 94-499, holo in L, iso in A).

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    E c o l o g y.— Shaded areas in evergreen and deciduous hardwood forest; rugged limestone terrain. Altitude: 200-650 m.

    N o t e s.— The plants from Kanchanaburi have much shorter inflorescences, but these still seemed young and could easily have grown much longer. The leaves in Kanchanaburi are broader (length/width ratio up to c. 3), those in Lampang are narrower (ratio more than 3).

 

35. Breynia villosa (Blanco) Welzen & Pruesapan in Welzen et al., Blumea 59: 93. 2014.— Kirganelia villosa Blanco, Fl. Filipp.: 712. 1837.— Phyllanthus pubescens Klotzsch, Nova Acta Leop.-Carol. Acad. Nat. Cur. 19, Suppl. 1: 420. 1843 (non S. pubescens Hook.f., 1887).— Glochidion llanosii Mόll.Arg., Flora 48: 387. 1865.— Sauropus llanosii (Mόll.Arg.) Gage, Rec. Bot. Surv. Ind. 9: 223. 1922.— Sauropus villosus (Blanco) Merr., Contrib. Arn. Arb. 8: 86. 1934; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 23: 49. 1969; Kew Bull. 26: 339. 1972; Welzen, Blumea 48: 380, map 21. 2003; in Welzen & Chayam., Fl. Thailand 8, 2: 552. 2007.

 

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Shrubs, up to 2 m tall; branches hirsute, round, without ridges. Stipules 2.1-4 by 0.2-0.5 mm, subhirsute. Leaves: petiole 1.2-2 mm, hairy; blade ovate, 1.2-6.5 by 0.8-1.9 cm, length/width ratio (1.5-)3.4, papery, base cuneate, margins often revolute, gradually tapering towards the apex, apex acute, often mucronulate, upper surface dark green, lower surface pale light green, sparsely to densely hairy on both sides; nerves 9-12, very distinct. Flowers in small axillary fascicles with both sexes. Staminate flowers 2.2-3 mm in diameter, yellow, glabrous except for a few hairs sometimes on the pedicel and calyx outside; pedicel 2.8-4 mm long; calyx flat, slightly lobed, lobes up to 1.2 by 0.4 mm, scales present; stamens erect, united along long side, androphore c. 0.2 mm long, pinkish, anthers c. 0.7 by 0.4 mm. Pistillate flowers c. 2 mm in diameter; pedicel 0.7-1(-2.5 in fruit) mm long, hairy; calyx lobes equal, 0.4-0.7 by c. 0.7 (in fruit up to 1.3 by 1.2) mm, yellow-green, hairy outside; ovary 0.7-1 by 0.8-0.9 mm, light green; stigmas 0.5-0.7 mm long, horizontal, yellow green. Fruits flattened ellipsoid, 8-9 by 4-5 mm, without rim on top, yellow to orangish; column 1.2-2 mm long, tapering towards apex. Seeds triangular in transverse section, 4.5-4.8 by 3-3.2 by 2.8-3.2 mm.

    T h a i l a n d.— SOUTH-EASTERN: Chon Buri (Siracha); PENINSULAR: Chumphon (Bang Son, Siep Yuan, Tongtapai), Surat Thani (Ko Samui, Thachana, Yan Yao), Phuket (La-nga), Satun (Khao Nang Dam, Klong Pahn Yao, La-nga, Satun), Songkhla (Kuan Niang).

    D i s t r i b u t i o n.— Thailand, Vietnam, N. Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Philippines (type).

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    E c o l o g y.— In savannah, open meadows, former residential areas, open thickets, very disturbed places, coconut plantations, sometimes in evergreen forest; soil: sand. Altitude: 0-50 m.

    V e r n a c u l a r.— Ngap yai (งับไย้), tan ngan khao (ตานงันเขา) (Chumphon).

 

36. Breynia vitis-idaea (Burm.f.) C.E.C.Fisch., Bull. Misc. Inf. Kew: 65. 1932; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 26: 227. 1972; Whitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2: 73. 1973; Chakrab. & Gangopad., J. Econ. Tax. Bot. 20: 509, fig. 4. 1996; Welzen & Esser in Welzen et al., Thai For. Bull. 28: 77. 2000; in Chayam. & Welzen, Fl. Thailand 8, 1: 140. 2005.— Rhamnus vitis-idaea Burm.f., Fl. Ind.: 61. 1768, pro parte quoad lectotypus.— Phyllanthus rahmnoides Retz., Observ. Bot. 5: 30. 1788, nom. illeg.;Willd., Sp. Pl. 4: 580. 1805.— Melanthesa rhamnoides auct.: Miq., Flor. Ind. Bat. 1(2): 370. 1859; Wight, Icon. Pl. Ind. Orient. 5(2): 26, t. 1898 (1). 1852 (non Blume).— Breynia rhamnoides (Willd.) Mόll.Arg. in DC., Prodr. 15, 2: 440. 1866, nom. illeg.—  Breynia rhamnoides (Willd.) Mόll. Arg. var. genuina Mόll. Arg. in DC., Prodr. 15(2): 440. 1866, nom. inval.— Breynia keithii Ridl., J. Str. Br. Roy. As. Soc. 59: 174. 1911.— Breynia microcalyx Ridl., J. Fed. Mal. States Mus. 10: 114. 1920.

 

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Shrubs to treelets up to 5 m high, sometimes struggling to climbing, glabrous. Stipules 0.5—2 by 0.6—0.8 mm. Leaves: petiole 2—3 mm long; blade elliptic to ovate, 2—5.5 by 0.9—3 cm, length/width ratio 1.6—2.2, membranous, base obtuse, symmetric, margin flat, apex acute to nearly obtuse; nerves 6 or 7 until apex, slightly glaucous beneath with veinlets distinct. Staminate flowers 1.3—1.8 mm diameter; pedicel 2.5—4 mm long; calyx greenish, 1.5—2 by 1.3—1.8 mm, relatively thin; androphore 1—1.1 mm high, with anthers vertically along it, anthers 0.8—0.9 mm long. Pistillate flowers: pedicel 2.5—4 mm long; calyx 1.3—2.8 mm long, greenish to red, lobes 0.4—2.2 mm wide; ovary cylindrical, 1.8—2.2 by 0.8—1.3 mm diam; stigmas c. 0.2 mm long, not united, simple, pointing towards each other. Fruits solitary; pedicel 2.5—4 mm long; calyx chartaceous, 2—4 mm in diameter, with lobes 0.5—1 mm long, glaucous or not; rhegma 3.5—5 by 4.5—6 mm, turning pink to red and finally black—purple, drying shiny brown, without an apical crown but sometimes with a short beak. Seeds 3—4.5 by 1.8—2.5 by 1.7—2.5 mm, yellow-brown.

    T h a i l a n d.— NORTHERN: Chiang Mai, Lamphun; EASTERN: Nakhon Ratchasima, Ubon Ratchathani; CENTRAL: Saraburi, Nakhon Nayok, Krung Thep Maha Khon; SOUTH-EASTERN: Prachin Buri, Chon Buri, Chanthaburi, Trat; PENINSULAR: Chumphon, Ranong, Surat Thani, Phangnga, Krabi, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Phatthalung, Trang, Satun, Songkhla.

    D i s t r i b u t i o n.— India (type), Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Thailand Indochina, Peninsular Malaysia.

    E c o l o g y.— Dry evergreen forest, savannahs, Melaleuca swamp forest, bamboo thickets, clearings, waste ground, along roads, rivers, beaches, railway embankments, forest edges; usually scattered; soil: sandy podsol, termite mounds. Altitude: sea level up to 800 m.

    V e r n a c u l a r.— Dap phit (ดับพิษ), phia fan (เพี้ยฟาน) (Northern); kang pla thale (ก้างปลาทะเล) (Narathiwat); phak wan tua phu (ผักหวานตัวผู้) (Central).

    U s e s.— Leaves are used fresh or mashed topically against 'Fii' in the North. The roots are used as a fish poison.