Flora of Thailand Euphorbiaceae

This website page deviates from the Flora of Thailand as four new species are incorporated.

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Genus description

Identification key

Species description

L., Sp. Pl.: 981. 1753; Baill., Étude Gén. Euphorb.: 621. 1858; Müll.Arg. in DC., Prodr. 15, 2: 274. 1866; Hook.f., Fl. Brit. Ind. 5: 285. 1887; Hooker’s Icon. Pl. 16: t. 1569. 1887; Beille in Lecomte, Fl. Indo-Chine 5: 571. 1927; Pax & K.Hoffm. in Engl. & Harms, Nat. Pflanzenfam. ed. 2, 19C: 60. 1931; G.L.Webster, J. Arnold Arbor. 37: 91. 1956; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 26: 312. 1972; Whitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2: 121. 1973; Radcl.-Sm., Kew Bull. 35: 765. 1981; Gen. Euphorbiacearum: 38. 2001; Chantar. in Welzen & Chayam., Fl. Thailand 8, 2: 473. 2007; G.L.Webster in Kubitzki, Fam. Gen. Vasc. Pl. 11: 78, Fig. 13. 2014. — Niruri Adanson, Fam. Pl. 2: 356. 1763. — Cicca L., Syst. Nat. ed. 12, 2: 621. 1767. — Emblica Gaertn., Fruct. 2: 122. 1790. — Eriococcus Hassk., Tijdschr. Natuurl. Gesch. Physiol. 10: 143. 1843. — Ceramanthus Hassk., Cat. Hort. Bot. Bogor: 240. 1844. — Chorisandra Wight, Icon. Pl. Ind. Orient. 6: 13, t. 1994. 1853. — Staurothylax Griff., Not. Pl. Asiat. 4: 476. 1854. — Phyllanthodendron Hemsl., Hooker’s Icon. Pl. 26: tt. 2563-2564. 1898. — Uranthera Pax & K.Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenr. IV.147.iii: 95. 1911.

Trees, shrubs or herbs (or climbing), often with the stems and branches differentiated into orthotropic long shoots of unlimited growth and plagiotropic leafy and/or floriferous shoots of limited growth, resembling pinnate leaves. Indumentum simple hairs, rarely dendritic. Leaves often of 2 types: scale-like cataphylls on the orthotropic shoots, and foliage-leaves usually only on the plagiotropic shoots. Foliage-leaves alternate, often distichous, shortly petiolate, stipulate, simple, entire, penninerved; nerves brochidodromous. Flowers small, axillary; staminate flower usually fasciculate in the lower axils; pistilate flowers solitary in the upper leaf axils, rarely the fascicles bisexual. Staminate flowers pedicellate; pedicel often filiform; sepals (4)5 or 6, subequal, imbricate; petals absent; disc glands (4)5 or 6, free, alternisepalous, or rarely disc annular; stamens 2-6, filaments free or some or all partially or completely fused, anthers basifixed, extrorse; pistillode absent. Pistillate flowers: pedicel more robust than in the staminate flower; sepals more or less as in the staminate flower but often larger; petals absent; disc annular or cupular, entire or variously-lobate, rarely of distinct glands; ovary sessile or stipitate, 3(-10)-locular, ovules 2 per locule; styles 3(4), free or slightly connate; stigmas usually recurved. Fruit either a 3 (or more)-lobed capsule, dry, septicidally and loculicidally dehiscent into 3 or more 2-valved cocci or separate valves, or the fruit fleshy and more or less indehiscent. Seeds 2 per locule, segmentiform, trigonous, dorsally convex, rarely plano-convex, verruculose, tuberculate, ridged, lineate or smooth, ecarunculate.

    At least 700 species in the tropics, 36 species in Thailand.

Key to the species

1. Phyllanthus acidus (L.) Skeels, U.S. Dept. Agric. Bur. Pl. Ind. Bull. 148: 17. 1909; G.L.Webster, J. Arnold Arbor. 38: 66. 1957; Backer & Bakh.f., Fl. Java 1: 467. 1963; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 26: 315. 1972; Chantar. in Welzen & Chayam., Fl. Thailand 8, 2: 477, Fig. 56. 2007. — Averrhoa acida L., Sp. Pl.: 428. 1753. — Cicca disticha L., Mant. Pl.: 124. 1767; Ridl., Fl. Malay Penins. 3: 216. 1924. — Cicca acidissima Blanco, Fl. Filip.: 700. 1837. — Phyllanthus acidissimus (Blanco) Müll.Arg., Linnaea 32: 50. 1863; in DC., Prodr. 15, 2: 417. 1866. — Phyllanthus distichus (L.) Müll.Arg. in DC., Prodr. 15, 2: 413. 1866; Hook.f., Fl. Brit. Ind. 5: 304. 1887; Beille in Lecomte, Fl. Indo-Chine 5: 594. 1927; J.J.Sm., Meded. Dep. Landb. 10: 81. 1911. — Cicca acida (L.) Merr., Interpr. Rumph.: 314. 1917; Enum. Philipp. Fl. Pl. 2: 396. 1923; Corner, Ways. Trees: 282. 1940.

Trees up to 10 m high, branchlets terete, glabrous. Stipules triangular, 1-1.3 mm long. Leaves: petiole 1.5-2.5 mm long; blade ovate or oblong-ovate, 2.4-10 by 1.9-4.5 cm, chartaceous, glabrous, base obtuse, margin entire, apex acuminate and apiculate; nerves in 3-9 pairs; reticulation conspicuous on both sides. Flowers axillary in fascicles, with 2-6 staminate flowers in proximal axils; pistillate flowers cauliflorous on old branchlets, rarely in distal axils. Staminate flowers: pedicel 0.8-2 mm long; sepals 4, obovate or oblanceolate, 1-1.5 by 0.8-1.3 mm, reddish; disc glands 4, reniform or orbicular; stamens 4, filaments free, c. 5 mm long, anthers 0.3-0.5 mm long. Pistillate flowers: pedicel 0.5-3 mm long; sepals 4-6, ovate, 1.1-2 by 0.7-1.5 mm, reddish; disc glands 4-6, orbicular; rarely with 1-2 free stamens, filaments c. 1 mm long, anthers c. 0.2 mm long; ovary glabrous, 6-8-lobed; styles 3-4, 0.2-6 mm long; stigmas c. 0.1 mm long. Fruits: pedicel 2-5 mm long; fruit drupaceous, 6-8-lobed, 1.4-2.7 cm in diam., pale yellowish, 1-seeded. Seeds globose, 5-8 by 4-8 mm.

    Thailand.— Widely cultivated throughout the country.

    Distribution.— Native probably to the coast region of NE Brazil (type?).

    Ecology.— Widely cultivated.

    Vernacular.— Mayom (มะยม); Star gooseberry.

    Uses.— Ripe fruit edible.

2. Phyllanthus acutissimus Miq., Fl. Ind. Bat. 1(2): 369. 1859; Müll.Arg., Linnaea 32: 50. 1863; in DC., Prodr. 15, 2: 419. 1866; J.J.Sm., Meded. Dep. Landb. 10: 88. 1911; Backer & Bakh.f., Fl. Java 1: 469. 1963; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 23: 39. 1969; Kew Bull. 26: 316. 1972; Chantar. in Welzen & Chayam., Fl. Thailand 8, 2: 479. 2007. — Scepasma longifolium Hassk., Tijdschr. Nat. Geschied. & Physiol. 10: 143. 1843, non Phyllanthus longifolius Lam. (1789). — Phyllanthus curtipes Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 23: 37. 1969.

Shrubs up to 1 m high, branchlets papillose, rarely glabrous. Stipules triangular, 1.6-2.5 mm long, apex and margin papillose. Leaves: petiole 0.5-4 mm long, papillose; blade obliquely ovate, 5-12 by 2.5-4 cm, membranous, glabrous, base unequal, cuneate, margin entire, apex acutely long-acuminate; midrib raised above, papillose at base, nerves in 7-10 pairs, reticulation raised above, conspicuous on both sides. Flowers axillary in fascicles with staminate and pistillate flowers. Staminate flowers: pedicel c. 2 mm long; sepals 4, ovate or elliptic, 1-1.5 by 0.7-1 mm; disc glands 4, orbicular; stamens 4, staminal column 0.2-0.25 mm long, anthers 0.2-0.5 mm long. Pistillate flowers: pedicel 2-2.5 mm long, papillose; sepals 6, ovate, 1.5-2 by 1-1.5 mm, obovate or lanceolate; disc annular; ovary glabrous; styles c.1 mm long; stigma, c. 0.2 mm long. Fruits: pedicel 5-7 mm long; fruit capsular, 3-4 mm in diam., subglobose, glabrous. Seeds trigonous, c. 3.5 by 2.5 mm, smooth with adpressed fibrils.

    Thailand.— NORTHERN: Chiang Mai (Doi Inthanon); NORTH-EASTERN: Loei (Phu Luang); EASTERN: Nakhon Ratchasima (Khao Yai); CENTRAL: Nakhon Nayok; PENINSULAR: Ranong (type of P. curtipes : KERR 16528, holotype K, isotypes BK, BM), Nakhon Si Thammarat (Khao Luang, Lan Saka, Tasala), Trang (Khao Chong).

    Distribution.— Burma, Sumatra (type), Java, Borneo.

    Ecology.— In evergreen forest or open scrub. Altitude: 350-1,300 m.

    Vernacular.— Chan tia (จันเตี้ย) (Loei); Pla lai phueak (ปลาไหลเผือก) (Nakhon Ratchasima); Phak wan chang khlong (ผักหวานช้างโขลง) (Nakhon Si Thammarat).

3. Phyllanthus airy-shawii Brunel & J.P.Roux, Nordic J. Bot. 4: 470. 1984; Chantar. in Welzen & Chayam., Fl. Thailand 8, 2: 479. 2007.

Herbs up to 80 cm high, branchlets slightly compressed, glabrous. Stipules triangular, 2.2-3.1 mm long. Leaves: petiole 0.6-1.1 mm long; blade ovate or elliptic, 2-4 by 0.8-1.2 cm, membranous, base cuneate, margin entire, apex acute; nerves in 4-7 pairs, reticulation inconspicuous on both sides. Flowers in fascicles, with several staminate flowers in 2-4 proximal axils; a single pistillate flower in the distal axils. Staminate flowers: pedicel 0.9-1.3 mm long; sepals 6 in 2 unequal whorls, obovate, 0.6-0.8 by 0.6-0.8 mm; disc glands 6, orbicular; stamens 3, staminal column 0.2-0.4 mm long, free part of filaments c. 0.1 mm long, anthers 0.1-0.2 mm long. Pistillate flowers: pedicel 2.5-3 mm long; sepals 6 in 2 unequal whorls, oblong, 1.5-2.8 by 0.4-1.6 mm, membranous; disc annular with denticulate margin; ovary glabrous; styles 0.2-0.3 mm long; stigmas 0.1-0.2 mm long. Fruits: pedicel 3-5 mm long; fruit capsular, depressed globose, 2.4-2.8 mm in diam.. Seeds trigonous, 1.3-1.4 by 0.9-1 mm with 6-7 parallel ribs on the back.

    Thailand.— NORTHERN: Chiang Mai (type: Chiang Dao Caves, Chiang Mai: ROUX 81/36, holotype AAU, isotypes K, P, STR), Lamphun.

    Distribution.— Endemic.

    Ecology.— Wet places in forest. Altitude: 400-600 m.

4. Phyllanthus albidiscus (Ridl.) Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 23: 26. 1969; Kew Bull. 26: 315. 1972; Chantar. in Welzen & Chayam., Fl. Thailand 8, 2: 480, Fig. 55A. 2007. — Ceramanthus gracile Hassk., Cat. Hort. Bogor.: 240. 1844, non Phyllanthus gracilis Roxb., 1832. — Phyllanthus gracilis (Hassk.) Baill. ex Müll.Arg., Linnaea 32: 14. 1863; in DC., Prodr. 15, 2: 350. 1866; J.J.Sm., Meded. Dep. Landb. 10: 77. 1911. — Cleistanthus albidiscus Ridl., Bull. Misc. Inf. Kew 1923: 360. 1923; Fl. Malay Penins. 3: 191. 1924. — Phyllanthus ceramanthus G.L.Webster, J. Arnold Arbor. 37: 233. 1956, in adnot.; Bakh.f., Blumea 12: 62. 1963; Backer & Bakh.f., Fl. Java 1: 468. 1963.

Shrubs to 1.5 m high, branchlets terete, glabrous. Stipules triangular, 2.5-3 mm long, base auriculate, margin membranous and fimbriate. Leaves: petiole 1-4 mm long; blade oblong-elliptic or oblong-lanceolate, 3.3-9.5 by 1.4-3.4 cm, chartaceous or subcoriaceous, glabrous, base unequal, obtuse or broadly cuneate, margin entire, apex acute somewhat obtuse; nerves in 10-15 pairs; reticulation inconspicuous above, conspicuous beneath. Flowers in few-flowered fascicles, subtended by small ferruginous bracts, deeply lacerate-fimbriate at base. Staminate flowers: pedicel 2-5 mm long; sepals 6, broadly elliptic or obovate, 1.3-1.5 by 1-1.5 mm; disc urceolate, 0.7-0.8 mm high; stamens 3, staminal column c. 0.1 mm long, anthers 0.5-0.8 mm long. Pistillate flowers: pedicel 1.2-5 mm long; sepals 6, lanceolate or ovate, 1.6-1.7 by 1.3-1.4 mm, margin membranous, somewhat fimbriate; disc urceolate, 0.8-1 mm high; ovary glabrous; styles 0.2-0.3 mm long; stigmas 0.3-0.5 mm long. Fruits: pedicel 2-7 mm long; fruit capsular, 6-7 mm in diam., depressed, slightly rugose. Seeds trigonous, c. 4 by 4 mm, smooth or minutely granular.

    Thailand.— PENINSULAR: Chumphon, Ranong (Kaper), Surat Thani (Ban Bao, Kanchanadit), Nakhon Si Thammarat (Na Sarn, Thung Song), Trang (Sikao), Songkhla (Ton Nga Chang), Satun (type of Cleistanthus albidiscus Ridl.: Tarutao Islands, Telok Hudang, Satun: HANIFF 1069, holotype K), Narathiwat.

    Distribution.— Malaysia (Kedah, Langkawi), Java.

    Ecology.— In open sandy grassland or evergreen forest. Altitude: 5-500 m.

5. Phyllanthus amarus Schumacher & Thonn. in Kongl., Danske Vidensk. Selsk. Skr. 4: 195. 1829; G.L.Webster, J. Arnold Arbor. 38: 6. 1956; J. Arnold Arbor. 38: 313. 1957; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 26: 317. 1972; G.L.Webster in Dassan. & Clayton, Revis. Handb. Fl. Ceylon 11: 226. 1997; Chantar. in Welzen & Chayam., Fl. Thailand 8, 2: 480, Fig. 55b, 57. 2007. — Phyllanthus niruri auct. non L., 1753: Thwaites, Enum. Pl. Zeyl.: 282. 1861, p.p.; Müll.Arg., Linnaea 32: 43. 1863; Hook.f., Fl. Brit. Ind. 5: 298. 1887; Craib, Misc. Inform. Kew 1911: 459. 1911. — Phyllanthus nanus Hook.f., Fl. Brit. Ind. 5: 298. 1887.

Annual herbs, up to 70 cm high, branchlets terete, glabrous. Stipules lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, 0.3-1 mm long. Leaves: petiole 0.2-0.8 mm long; blade oblong, elliptic-oblong or obovate, 2.6-11 by 1.3-5 cm, chartaceous or subcoriaceous, finely puberulous on both sides, base slightly unequal, obtuse or rounded, margin entire and finely puberulous, apex obtuse or rounded and apiculate; nerves in 3-4 pairs; reticulation inconspicuous on both sides. Flowers axillary, mostly bisexual fascicles; first 1 or 2 axils with staminate flowers, followed by axils with 1 pistillate flower and 1 staminate flower and the last 1 or 2 most distal axils with 1 pistillate flower. Staminate flowers: pedicel 0.5-1 mm long; sepals (4 or) 5, ovate or elliptic, 0.2-0.7 by 0.1-0.4 mm, light yellowish; disc glands 5, star-shaped or orbicular; stamens 3, staminal column 0.1-0.3 mm long, anthers 0.1-0.3 mm long. Pistillate flowers: pedicel 0.7-1.2 mm long; sepals 5, obovate-oblong or lanceolate, 0.3-0.8 by 0.2-0.5 mm, glabrous, apex acute with a broad whitish scarious margin; disc annular, 5-lobed or laciniate; ovary glabrous; styles 0.1-0.2 mm long; stigmas c. 0.1 mm long. Fruits: pedicel 1.5-2 mm long; fruit capsular, depressed globose, 0.8-2 mm in diam. , glabrous, light green or light yellowish green. Seeds trigonous, 0.5-1.2 by c. 1 mm wide, with 5 or 6 parallel ribs on the back, often with 1-4 orbicular pits on the sides.

    Thailand.— Widespread throughout the country.

    Distribution.— Native of America (Guinea-type), now pantropical.

    Ecology.— In open spaces, waste ground, secondary forest. Altitude: 0-300 m.

    Vernacular.— Ma kham pom din (มะขามป้อมดิน) (Northern); Luk tai bai (ลูกใต้ใบ) (Central); Ya tai bai khao (หญ้าใต้ใบขาว) (Surat thani).

    Uses.— Whole plant applied for diaphoretics.

    Note.— See table under P. chayamaritiae for differences with P. chayamaritiae and P. urinaria.

6. Phyllanthus angkorensis Beille in Lecomte, Fl. Indo-Chine 5: 583.1927; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 26: 317. 1972; Chantar., Thai Forest Bull. (Bot.) 33: 16. 2005; in Welzen & Chayam., Fl. Thailand 8, 2: 481. 2007. — Phyllanthus polyphyllus Willd. var. siamensis Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 23: 33. 1969; Kew Bull. 26: 322. 1972.

Shrubs or small spreading trees up to 5 m high, branchlets terete or slightly angled, densely covered with dendritic hairs. Stipules triangular, 0.7-2 mm long, base auriculate. Leaves: petiole 0.3-0.7 mm long; blade elliptic-oblong, rarely oblong, 8-11 by 3.7-4.5 mm, coriaceous, shining above, base obtuse, margin cartilaginous, apex acute and apiculate; nerves in 6-9 pairs; reticulation inconspicuous on both sides. Flowers axillary, solitary. Staminate flowers: pedicel 1.2-1.3 mm long; sepals 5 or 6, obovate or oblong, 1.3-1.6 by 0.5-0.6 mm; disc glands 5-6, ovate; stamens 3, staminal column c. 0.1 mm long, anthers oblong or narrowly ovate, 0.4-0.5 mm long. Pistillate flowers: pedicel c. 1.5 mm long; sepals 6, elliptic, 1.3-1.6 by 0.7-0.9 mm; disc annular, membranous; ovary verrucose; styles c. 0.05 mm long; stigmas c. 0.1 mm long. Fruits: pedicel 1-1.5 mm long; fruit capsular, globose, c. 5 mm in diam. Seeds trigonous, c. 2 by 2.5 mm.

    Thailand.— NORTH-EASTERN: Udonthani (type of P. polyphyllus var. siamensis, Nong Han, Udonthani : KERR 8581, holotype K, isotypes BK, BM, K), Nong Khai, Khon Kaen; EASTERN: Nakhon Ratchasima, Buri Ram (Satuk), Surin (Ta Toom), Yasothon, Si Sa Ket (Ra Sri Slai), Ubon Ratchathani.

    Distribution.— Cambodia (type).

    Ecology.— On low lying ground or sandy soil along river bank. Altitude: c. 200 m.

    Vernacular.— Siao yai (เสียวใหญ่) (Udon Thani).

7. Phyllanthus caroliniensis Walter, Fl. Carol.: 228. 1788; G.L.Webster, J. Arnold Arbor. 37: 347. 1956; Chantar., Thai Forest Bull. (Bot.) 33: 18. 2005; in Welzen & Chayam., Fl. Thailand 8, 2: 481. 2007. — Diasperus carolinensis (Walt.) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 2: 598. 1891.

Annual or short-lived perennial herbs, branchlets terete, glabrous. Stipules triangular, base auriculate, 0.7-2 mm long. Leaves: petiole 0.7-1 mm long; blade elliptic, oblong or obovate, 5-20 by 2-10 mm, chartaceous, glabrous, base cuneate, margin entire, apex retuse, obtuse or rounded and apiculate; nerves in 3-4 pairs; reticulation inconspicuous on both sides. Flowers axillary in fascicles, with 1 or 2 staminate flowers and 1-3 pistillate flowers. Staminate flowers: pedicel 0.5-1 mm long; sepals 6, oblong to suborbicular, 0.5-0.7 by 0.2 mm; disc glands 6, elliptic; stamens 3, filaments free, c. 0.2 mm long, anthers c. 0.2 mm long. Pistillate flowers: pedicel 1-1.5 mm long; sepals 6, oblong to narrowly spathulate, 0.6-1.4 by 0.2-0.4 mm; disc annular; ovary glabrous; styles 0.2-0.3 mm long; stigmas c. 0.1 mm long. Fruits: pedicel c. 1.5 mm long; fruit capsular, glabrous, 1.6-2 mm in diam. Seeds trigonous, 0.7-1 by c. 0.1 mm.

    Thailand.— NORTHERN: Chinag Mai (Doi Chiang Dao).

    Distribution.— Distributed mainly in tropical America (U.S.A.-type).

    Ecology.— In mixed evergreen & deciduous forests, fire-prone area. Altitude: c. 475 m.

8. Phyllanthus chamaepeuce Ridl., Trans. Linn. Soc. London, ser. 2, 3: 345. 1893; Fl. Malay Penins. 3: 200. 1924; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 23: 33. 1969; Kew Bull. 26: 317. 1972; Chantar. in Welzen & Chayam., Fl. Thailand 8, 2: 483. 2007. — Phyllanthus quangtriensis Beille in Lecomte, Fl. Indo-Chine 5: 584. 1927. — Phyllanthus urinaria L. subsp. chamaepeuce (Ridl.) G.L.Webster, J. Arnold Arbor. 38: 195. 1957.

Shrubs up to 90 cm high, branchlets stout, strongly grooved, papillose. Stipules triangular, 1.4-1.7 mm long. Leaves: petiole c. 0.5 mm long; blade oblong or oblong-ovate, 3-10 by 1-4 mm, coriaceous, glabrous, base unequal, cuneate, margin entire, apex acute and apiculate; nerves in 3-7 pairs; reticulation inconspicuous on both sides. Flowers axillary, solitary. Staminate flowers: pedicel 0.5-0.6 mm long; sepals 6, obovate, 0.5-0.8 by 0.3-0.5 mm; disc glands 6, obovate; stamens 3, filaments free, 0.3-0.4 mm long, anthers 6, 0.1-0.2 mm long. Pistillate flowers: pedicel c. 0.1 mm long; sepals 6, ovate or oblong, 0.6-0.75 by 0.3-0.4 mm; disc annular; ovary glabrous; styles 0.2-0.3 mm long; stigmas c. 0.1 mm long. Fruits: pedicel c. 0.1 mm long; fruit capsular, globose, 2-2.3 mm in diam., scaly. Seeds trigonous, 0.8-1.2 by 0.7-0.8 mm.

    Thailand.— NORTHERN: Lampang (Melong, Mepak), Phrae (Song); NORTH-EASTERN: Loei; EASTERN: Chaiyaphum; SOUTH-WESTERN: Kanchanaburi (Song Karia); SOUTH-EASTERN: Chanthaburi (Ta Suary).

    Distribution.— Vietnam (Annam), Malaysia (Pahang-type), Borneo, Philippines (Palawan).

    Ecology.— Along and scattered in stream. Altitude: 100-600 m.

    Vernacular.— Ma kham khwak (มะขามขวัก), Ma kham nam (มะขามน้ำ) (Lampang).

9. Phyllanthus chantaranothaii Pornp., J.Parn. & Hodk., PhytoKeys 136: 39, figs 3, 4. 2019. 

Small shrubs up to 80 cm high, branchlets terete, young branchlets puberulous with white, simple and dendritic hairs. Stipules lanceolate-subulate, 1.4–2 by 0.1–0.4 mm, glabrous. Leaves alternate; petioles c. 0.5 mm long, glabrous; lamina oblong, obovate, 1–2.1 by 0.5–0.8 cm, membranous, upper surface puberulous with white, simple and dendritic hairs, lower surface glabrous, base oblique, margin entire, revolute, apex mucronate; nerves in 4–7 pairs; reticulation inconspicuous on both surfaces. Flowers unisexual; staminate flowers 2–3 in axillary fascicles along lower half of the branchlets; pistillate flower solitary in leaf-axils along upper half of the branchlets. Bracts subulate, 0.6–1.4 by c. 0.2 mm, puberulous-glabrous. Staminate flowers: pedicel 5–11 mm long, glabrous; sepals 4, red, triangular, rhombic-ovate, 2–3 by c. 1 mm, column c. 0.2 mm long, anthers c. 0.2 mm long, transversely dehiscent. Pistillate flow­ers: pedicel 8–11 mm long, puberulous; sepals 6, reddish, narrowly lanceolate, 3–3.5 by 0.5–0.8 mm, outer surface puberulous, margin white long fimbriate; disc glands 6, free, obovate with truncate apex; ovary superior, c. 1 mm diam., 3-locular, ovules 2 per locule, glabrous or papillose; styles 3, free, c. 0.1 mm long; stigmas nearly completely bifid, 0.4–0.6 mm long, glabrous. Fruits capsule, young capsule white to pale greenish, 2.5–4 mm diam., glabrous or papillose; pedicel 5–13 mm long. Seeds trigonous, brown, 1.5–2 by 1–1.3 mm, surface transversely striate.

    Thailand.— NORTHERN: Tak (type: Pa La Ta waterfall: Pornpongrungrueng, Ninkaew, Sukcharoen & Triyutthachai 1291, holotype KKU, isotypes BKF, K, QBG, TCD).

    Ecology.— Mixed deciduous forest, at c. 500 m. Flowering and fruiting: August to November.

    Conservation status.— As only the type collection, which was collected from mixed deciduous forest, has been investigated in detail, more field exploration in similar habi­tats in the surrounding areas should be conducted in order to provide a more accurate distribution range of this species. However, based on information that is available to us, this species is preliminarily categorised here as Endangered [EN, B1ab(i, iv)], ac­cording to the IUCN Red List Criteria and Categories version 3.1 (IUCN 2012). The extent of occurrence is estimated to be less than 50 km2 and, previously, it was found in two locations (Doi Huamot and Pa La Ta waterfall in Umpang district, Tak province), but recently, the extent of occurrence seems to be in decline, because the species has not been found in Doi Huamot since it was first photographed in November 2008.

    Etymology.— The name of this species honours Prof. Dr. Pranom Chantaranothai for his major contributions to plant taxonomy, in general, but especially for his exten­sive work on Phyllanthus in the Flora of Thailand.

    Vernacular.— Mayom Noi.

    Note.— See table under P. huamotensis to see differences with P. huamotensis and P. pulcher.

10. Phyllanthus chayamaritiae Chantar. & Kantachot in Kantachot & Chantar., Blumea 57: 217–220, Fig. 1, 2, 3c, d. 2013.

Annual herb up to 70 cm high; branchlets angled, glabrous. Stipules lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, 0.3–1 mm long. Leaves: petiole 0.2–0.8 mm long; blade oblong, elliptic-oblong or obovate, 2.6–11 by 1.3–5 cm, chartaceous or subcoriaceous, finely puberulous on both sides, base slightly unequal, obtuse or rounded, margin entire and finely puberulous, apex obtuse or rounded and apiculate; lateral veins in 3–4 pairs; reticulation inconspicuous on both sides. Flowers axillary, mostly bisexual fascicles; first 1 or 2 axils with staminate flowers, succeeding axil each with 1 pistillate flower and 1 staminate flower and the last 1 or 2 axils of the distal axils with 1 pistillate flower. Staminate flowers: pedicels 0.5–1 mm long; sepals 6, ovate or elliptic, 0.2–0.7 by 0.1–0.4 mm, light yellowish; disc glands 6, star-shaped or orbicular; stamens 3, staminal column 0.1–0.3 mm long, anthers 0.1–0.3 mm long. Pistillate flowers: pedicels0.7–1.2 mm long; sepals 6, obovate-oblong or lanceolate, 0.3–0.8 by 0.2–0.5 mm, glabrous, apex acute with broad whitish scarious margin; disc glands 6; ovary covered with soft spine-like hairs; styles 0.1–0.2 mm long; stigma c. 0.1 mm long. Fruits: pedicel 1.5–2 mm long, 0.8–2 mm diam, capsular, depressed globose, covered with soft spine-like hairs, light green or light yellowish green. Seeds trigonous, 0.5–1.2 by c. 1 mm wide, with 2 hollows on the sides. 

    Thailand.— NORTH-EASTERN: Sakon Nakhon (Phu Phan National Park, type : CHANTARANOTHAI & KANTACHOT 2010-1, holotype KKU; iso BKF), Khon Kaen (Nam Phong National Park). EASTERN: Ubon Ratchathani (Phu Jong Nayoi National Park).

   Distribution.— Endemic in Thailand.

    Ecology.— Phyllanthus chayamaritiae occurs in open places of deciduous forests with stone bedrock habitat, at 300–600 m a.s.l. The populations cover restricted areas of only 15–40 m2 and are growing together with Amalocalyx microlobus Pierre ex Spire (Apocynaceae), Crotalaria sp. (Fabaceae), Droogmansia godefroyana Schindl. ex Gagnep. (Fabaceae), Eriocaulon echinulatum Mart. (Eriocaulaceae), Fimbristylis dichotoma (L.) Vahl (Cyperaceae), Justicia diffusa Willd. (Acanthaceae), Lindernia kerrii T.Yamaz. (Schrophulariaceae), Tephrosia vestita Vogel (Fabaceae) and Xyris sp. (Xyridaceae). Flowering occurs from June to September and fruiting from July to November.

    Etymology.― The name of the species honours Dr Kongkanda Chayamarit, the head of the Euphorbiaceae project for the Flora of Thailand.

    Note.― The morphological, anatomical and SEM investigations (see Table) show the characters of P. chayamariiae as compared with P. amarus and P. urinaria. However, P. chayamaritiae differs from other species in having long spine hairs on the capsule, and ovary and absence of druses in pith. It is found in Sakon Nakhon, Khon Kaen and Ubon Ratchathani provinces in north-eastern and eastern Thailand, whereas P. amarus and P. urinaria are widespread through the country.

11. Phyllanthus clarkei Hook.f., Fl. Brit. Ind. 5: 297. 1887; A.M. & J.M.Cowan, Trees N. Bengal: 117. 1929; Kanjilal, De & Das, Fl. Assam 4: 134. 1940; Croizat, J. Jap. Bot. 16: 650. 1940; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 26: 317. 1972; Chantar. in Welzen & Chayam., Fl. Thailand 8, 2: 483. 2007. — Phyllanthus simplex Retz. var. tonkinensis Beille in Lecomte, Fl. Indo-Chine 5: 578. 1927.

Spreading and rigid undershrubs up to 40 cm high, branchlets slightly angled, minutely papillose-scaberulous on the angles. Stipules ovate or broadly triangular, 1.2-1.7 mm long. Leaves: petiole 1.2-1.4 mm long; blade obovate, 0.4-1.2 by 0.3-0.5 cm, subcoriaceous, glabrous on both sides, base cuneate, margin revolute, apex obtuse or retuse; nerves in 3-5 pairs; reticulation inconspicuous above, conspicuous beneath. Flowers axillary, solitary. Staminate flowers: pedicel c. 1.5 mm long; sepals 6, ovate or broadly elliptic, c. 1.5 by 0.7 mm; disc glands 6, orbicular; stamens 3, filaments free, c. 0.1 mm long, anthers 0.1-0.2 mm long. Pistillate flowers: pedicel 5-6 mm long; sepals 5-6, elliptic, 1.2-1.5 by 0.7-0.9 mm, reddish; disc annular; ovary glabrous; styles c. 0.1 mm long; stigmas 0.1-0.2 mm long. Fruits: pedicel 5-9 mm long; fruit capsular, 3.5-5 mm in diam., glabrous, dark purple. Seeds trigonous, 2-2.5 by 1.5-2 mm.

    Thailand.— NORTHERN: Chiang Mai (Doi Chiangdao).

    Distribution.— India, Sikkim (type), Burma, China (Kwangsi, Yunnan), Vietnam (Tonkin).

    Ecology.— In open or on rocky ground, limestone ridge. Altitude: 2,000-2,100 m.

    Vernacular.— Mayom doi (มะยมดอย).

12. Phyllanthus collinsiae Craib, Bull. Misc. Inform., Kew 1913: 72. 1913 (‘collinsae’); Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 26: 318. 1972; Chantar., Thai Forest Bull. (Bot.) 33: 17. 2005; in Welzen & Chayam., Fl. Thailand 8, 2: 484, Fig. 58. 2007. — Phyllanthus bienhoënsis Beille in Lecomte, Fl. Indo-Chine 5: 588. 1927.

Shrubs or small trees up to 6 m high, young branchlets puberulous, angled. Stipules triangular, base auriculate, 1-2 by c. 0.5 mm long. Leaves: petiole 0.5-0.6 mm long; blade narrowly oblong or oblong, (8-)15-22 by (2-)3-6 mm, thinly coriaceous, glabrous on both sides, base unequal, broadly cuneate or obtuse, margin revolute, apex obtuse and apiculate; nerves in 8-13 pairs; reticulation conspicuous on both sides. Flowers axillary in fascicles, both sexes mixed at distal nodes. Staminate flowers: pedicel 2-4 mm long; sepals 6, oblong, 1-1.2 by 0.3-0.5 mm; disc glands 6, obovate; stamens 4-6, staminal column 1.5-2 mm long, exserted, anthers 0.3-0.4 mm long. Pistillate flowers: pedicel 3-4 mm long; sepals 6, elliptic, oblong or ovate, 1.5-2 by 0.5-1 mm; disc annular, crenulate; ovary rugulose; styles 0.5-1 mm long; stigmas 0.5-1 mm long. Fruits: pedicel 3-4 mm long; fruit capsular, 3-4 mm in diam., strongly rugulose or verrucose. Seeds trigonous, 1 by 0.5-0.8 mm.

    Thailand.— NORTHERN: Nakhon Sawan (Mae Wong); EASTERN: Nakhon Ratchasima (Khao Yai, Pak Chong, Pak Thong Chai); SOUTH-EASTERN: Prachin Buri (Huay Sai), Chon Buri (Koh Phai, Koh Samaesarn, Sattahip, Sriracha, COLLINS 12, lectotype K, isolectotypes E, TCD, Toong Brong); SOUTH-WESTERN: Kanchanaburi (Khao Monglai, Khao Salop), Ratchaburi (Huay Yang), Prachuap Khiri Khan (Huay Yang, Pak Tawan); CENTRAL: Saraburi (Muak Lek, Pu Kae); PENINSULAR: Nakhon Si Thammarat (Khao Luang).

    Distribution.— Vietnam (Cochinchine).

    Ecology.— In deciduous, mixed deciduous or dry evergreen forest. Altitude: 20-370 m.

    Vernacular.— Kha naeng phroi (แขนงพร้อย), Khang ten (ค่างเต้น), Cha kham pom (ช้าขามป้อม) (Prachuap Khiri Khan); Siao (เสียว) (Saraburi).

13. Phyllanthus columnaris Müll.Arg., Linnaea 32: 15. 1863; in DC., Prodr. 15, 2: 354. 1866; Hook.f., Fl. Brit. Ind. 5: 291. 1887; Kurz, Forest Fl. Burma 2: 347. 1877; Craib, Bull. Misc. Inform., Kew 1911: 459. 1911; Beille in Lecomte, Fl. Indo-Chine 5: 581. 1927; M.R.Hend., J. Malayan Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 17: 71. 1939; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 26: 318. 1972; Chantar. in Welzen & Chayam., Fl. Thailand 8, 2: 484, Fig. 54A, 59, Plate XXIV: 2. 2007.

Small trees up to 7 m high, branchlets and petiole sparsely puberulus. Stipules subulate, c. 2 mm long. Leaves: petiole 1-2 mm long; blade oblong or oblong-ovate, rarely elliptic, 3.5-6.5 by 1.4-2.5 cm, coriaceous, puberulus beneath and along venation above, base rounded or truncate, margin entire, apex broadly acute or obtuse and retuse; nerves in 9-14 pairs; reticulation inconspicuous on both sides. Flowers axillary in fascicles with several staminate flowers and 1 pistillate flower. Staminate flowers: pedicel 2-4 mm long; sepals 6, ovate or obovate, 0.8-1 by 0.6-0.7 mm; disc annular; stamens 3, staminal column 1.2-1.5 mm long, exserted, anthers 0.3-0.4 mm long, connective with a minute appendage. Pistillate flowers: pedicel 4-6 mm long, papillose; sepals 6, ovate, 1.3-1.5 by 1.3-1.6 mm, papillose; disc annular; ovary slightly rugulose; styles 0.7-0.8 mm long; stigmas 0.5-0.6 mm long. Fruits: pedicel 4-10 mm long; fruit capsular, c. 6 mm in diam., slightly rugulose. Seeds trigonous, 3.5-4 by c. 3 mm.

    Thailand.— NORTHERN: Mae Hong Son (Khun Yuam), Chiang Mai (Doi Chiangdao, Doi Inthanon, Doi Suthep, Hang Dong, San Patong), Lamphun (Doi Khun Tan), Lampang (Bang La, Doi Luang, Jae Sawn), Phrae (Mae Tah, Song), Tak, Sukhothai (Muang Gow); SOUTH-WESTERN: Kanchanaburi (Hindat); PENINSULAR: Satun (Puntay Bay).

    Distribution.— India (type), Burma, Malaysia (Langkawi, Perlis).

    Ecology.— In deciduous or evergreen forest. Altitude: 200-700 m.

    Vernacular.— Khao san (ข้าวสาร) (General); Ma kham pom din luang (มะขามป้อมดินหลวง) (Chiang Mai); San tui (สานตุ้ย) (Northern); Si siat cho (สีเสียดช่อ) (Peninsular); Hue-ni (ฮือนิ) (Karen-Mae Hong Son).

14. Phyllanthus debilis Klein ex Willd., Sp. Pl. 4: 582. 1804; Hook.f., Fl. Brit. Ind. 5: 299. 1887; G.L.Webster, J. Arnold Arbor. 38: 307. 1957; Brunel & J.P.Roux, Nordic J. Bot. 4: 470. 1984; G.L.Webster in Dassan. & Clayton, Revis. Handb. Fl. Ceylon 11: 224. 1997; Chantar. in Welzen & Chayam., Fl. Thailand 8, 2: 487, Fig. 54B, 55F. 2007. — Phyllanthus niruri L. var. debilis (Klein ex Willd.) Müll.Arg., Linnaea 32: 43. 1863.

Annual herbs up to 70 cm high, branchlets angled, glabrous. Stipules triangular, 0.8-1.5 mm long. Leaves: petiole 0.5-0.7 mm long; blade ovate or elliptic, 6-20 by 2.5-5 mm, membranous, base cuneate, margins entire, apex acute; nerves in 4 or 5 pairs, reticulation inconspicuous on both sides. Flowers axillary in fascicles, with several staminate flowers in 1-3 proximal axils; 1 pistillate flower in the distal axils. Staminate flowers: pedicel 0.4-0.7 mm long; sepals 6 in 2 unequal whorls, obovate or obcuneate, 0.5-0.6 by 0.3-0.4 mm; disc glands 6, star-shaped; stamens 3, staminal column 0.2-0.3 mm long, anthers c. 0.2 mm long. Pistillate flowers: pedicel 1.3-2.2 mm long; sepals 6 in 2 unequal whorls, 1-1.6 by 0.5-1 mm, obovate, with whitish, scarious margins; disc annular; ovary glabrous; styles 0.2-0.3 mm long; stigmas c. 0.1 mm long. Fruits: pedicel 2-3 mm long; fruit capsular, depressed globose, 2-2.2 mm in diam. Seeds trigonous, 0.9-1.1 by 0.9-1 mm with 6-8(9) longitudinal ribs on the back.

    Thailand.— NORTHERN: Chiang Mai (Doi Inthanon), Lamphun (Mae Tah); SOUTH-EASTERN: Chon Buri (Pattaya); PENINSULAR: Phuket.

    Distribution.— India (type), Sri Langka, Malaysia (Penang), Sumatra, Java.

    Ecology.— In waste places.

15. Phyllanthus elegans Wall. ex Müll.Arg., Linnaea 32: 46. 1863; in DC., Prodr. 15, 2: 420. 1866; Hook.f., Fl. Brit. Ind. 5: 300. 1887; Beille in Lecomte, Fl. Indo-Chine 5: 597. 1927; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 26: 318. 1972; Chantar., Thai Forest Bull. (Bot.) 33: 17. 2005; in Welzen & Chayam., Fl. Thailand 8, 2: 487, Fig. 60, Plate XXV: 1. 2007. — Phyllanthus glaucifolius Ridl., J. Str. Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 61: 59. 1912. — Phyllanthus gomphocarpus Ridl., Fl. Malay Penins. 3: 204. 1924, non Hook.f. (1887).

Shrubs up to 3 m high, branchlets terete, glabrous. Stipules subulate, 2.5-4.8 mm long. Leaves: petiole 2-4 mm long; blade broadly ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 6-14 by (1.8-)2.5-5 cm, subcoriaceous, base unequal, obtuse, margin revolute, apex acuminate or acute, membranous, glabrous above, glaucous beneath; nerves in 8-12 pairs; reticulation inconspicuous on both sides; Flowers axillary in fascicles, several staminate flowers in the proximal axils, 1 pistillate flower in the distal axils. Staminate flowers: pedicel 2.5-3 mm long; sepals 4, ovate or lacerate, 2-2.5 by 1-1.2 mm, margin fimbriate; disc glands 4, orbicular; stamens 4, staminal column c. 0.1 mm long, anthers c. 0.2 mm long. Pistillate flowers: pedicel 2-4.5 mm long; sepals 6, ovate, margin fimbriate, 3-3.5 by 1.8-2.5 mm; disc annular; ovary glabrous; styles 0.1-0.2 mm long; stigmas 0.5-0.6 mm long. Fruits: pedicel c. 3 cm long; fruit capsular, thin, inflated, 1-2 cm in diam., glabrous. Seeds trigonous, 6-7 by 3-3.5 mm long.

    Thailand.— NORTHERN: Chiang Mai (Mae Tang), Lampang (Mae Ngao), Phitsanulok; SOUTH-EASTERN: Prachin Buri (Kabin), Chanthaburi (Khao Sabap, Pong Nam Rawn), Trat (Baw Rai, Ta Kum); CENTRAL: Nakhon Nayok (Khao Mod Dam, Salika waterfall); PENINSULAR: Chumphon (Lang Suan, Siep Yuan, Tha Sae), Ranong (Khlong Kam Puan, Ngao waterfall), Surat Thani (Kanthali, Klong Sok, Koh Samui), Nakhon Si Thammarat (Khao Luang), Trang (Khao Chong, Outong), Phangnga (Takuapa), Phuket (Kata), Krabi (Bangkram), Satun (Adang, Tarutao).

    Distribution.— Burma (type), Indochina, Malaysia (Kedah).

    Ecology.— In evergreen forest. Altitude: 10-600 m.

    Vernacular.— Ton tai bai (ต้นใต้ใบ), Tai bai thuean, Phak wan chang (ผักหวานช้าง), Phak wan (ผักหวาน) (Satun), Phak wan khwae (ผักหวานแขว) (Chumphon); Phak wan dong (ผักหวานดง) (Trat).

16. Phyllanthus emblica L., Sp. Pl.: 982. 1753; Müll.Arg., Linnaea 32: 15. 1863; in DC., Prodr. 15, 2: 352. 1866; Hook.f., Fl. Brit. Ind. 5: 289. 1887; Craib, Bull. Misc. Inform., Kew 1911: 459. 1911; J.J.Sm., Meded. Dep. Landb. 10: 88. 1911; Beille in Lecomte, Fl. Indo-Chine 5: 580. 1927; G.L.Webster, J. Arnold Arbor. 38: 76. 1957; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 26: 319. 1972; G.L.Webster in Dassan. & Clayton, Revis. Handb. Fl. Ceylon 11: 219. 1997; Chantar. in Welzen & Chayam., Fl. Thailand 8, 2: 488, Plate XXV: 2. 2007. — Cicca emblica (L.) Kurz, Forest Fl. Burma 2: 352. 1877. — Emblica officinalis Gaertn., Fruct. 2: 122. 1791; Corner, Wayside Tree: 282. 1940.

Trees to 20 m high, branchlets glabrous or hirsutulous. Stipules triangular, 0.3-0.7 mm long. Leaves: petiole 0.2-0.8 mm long; blade linear-oblong, closely distichous, 5-12 by 1.5-2.5 mm, chartaceous, base unequal, subcordate, margin revolute, apex obtuse; nerves in 4-6 pairs; reticulation conspicuous above, inconspicuous beneath. Flowers axillary in fascicles, in middle part of deciduous branchlets, each with several staminate flowers and sometimes 1 or 2 pistillate flowers. Staminate flowers: pedicel 1.5-3 mm long; sepals 6, oblong-obovate or spathulate, 1.2-2 by 0.4-1 mm; disc glands 6, clavate; stamens 3, staminal column 0.5-1 mm long, anthers 0.3-0.5 mm long. Pistillate flowers: pedicel 0.5-0.7 mm long; sepals 6, oblong or spathulate, 1.8-2.5 by 0.7-1 mm; disc annular, ribbed; ovary glabrous; styles 1-1.5 mm long; stigmas 1-1.9 mm long. Fruits: pedicel c. 0.5 mm long; fruit drupaceous, depressed globose, 2-3 cm in diam. Seeds in unequal pairs, 3.9-4.5 mm long.

    Thailand.—NORTHERN: Mae Hong Son, Chiang Mai (Doi Angkhang, Doi Chiangdao, Doi Inthanon, Doi Pui, Doi Suthep, Hod), Tak, Phitsanulok (Thung Salang Luang); NORTH-EASTERN: Phetchabun (Lom Sak, Nam Nao), Loei (Wang Sapung, Phu Kradung), Nong Bua Lumphoo, Sakon Nakhon, Kalasin, Khon Kaen; EASTERN: Chaiyaphum, Nakhon Ratchasima (Khao Yai, Pak Thong Chai, Ta Chang), Ubon Ratchathani; SOUTH-WESTERN: Kanchanaburi (Thong Phapoom), Ratchaburi; CENTRAL: Saraburi (Sam Lahn); SOUTH-EASTERN: Chanthaburi (Pong Nam Rawn), Rayong (Phae), Chon Buri (Sriracha), Trat (Khao Saming, Koh Chang); PENINSULAR: Chumphon, Ranong, Surat Thani (Kiriratnikom), Songkhla, Satun (Taphae).

    Distribution.— India (type?), Sri Langka, SE Asia, China (Hainan).

    Ecology.— Dry deciduous or mixed forest. Altitude: 10-1,450 m.

    Vernacular.— Kan-tot (กันโตด) (Khmer-Chanthaburi); Kam thuat (กำทวด) (Ratchaburi); Ma kham pom (มะขามป้อม) (General); Mang-luu (มั่งลู่), San-yaa-saa (สันยาสา) (Karen-Mae Hong Son); Emblic myrabolan, Malacca tree.

    Uses.— Ripe fruit edible, rich in vitamin C, and applied for expectorant; wood used for construction, furniture and firewood.

17. Phyllanthus geoffrayi Beille in Lecomte, Fl. Indo-Chine 5: 584. 1927; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 23: 31. 1969; Kew Bull. 26: 319. 1972; Chantar., Thai Forest Bull. (Bot.) 33: 17. 2005; in Welzen & Chayam., Fl. Thailand 8, 2: 490. 2007.

Shrubs up to 1.5 m high, branchlets sharply 4-angled, glabrous. Stipules triangular, c. 1 mm long. Leaves: petiole 2-3.5 mm long; blade broadly ovate or rhombic-ovate, 4-9 by 3-4.7 cm, thinly chartaceous or membranous, base broadly cuneate, obtuse or truncate, margin entire, apex acute or acuminate, glaucous or glaucescent beneath; nerves in 8-10 pairs; reticulation conspicuous on both sides. Flowers either in axillary fascicles or on special leafless branchlets, slightly pilose, bisexual. Staminate flowers: pedicel 2-3 mm long; sepals 6, ovate, 1-1.3 by 0.7-1 mm; disc glands 6, reniform; stamens 3, staminal column c. 0.1 mm long, anthers 0.7-1 mm long. Pistillate flowers: pedicel 3-3.5 mm long; sepals 6, ovate or elliptic, 1.5-2 by c. 1.5. mm; disc annular; ovary glabrous; styles 0.4-0.6 mm long; stigmas c. 0.2 mm long. Fruits: pedicel 4-5 mm long; fruit capsular, c. 8 mm in diam., glabrous. Seeds trigonous, c. 3.5 by 2.5 mm, deeply and closely pitted.

    Thailand.— NORTH-EASTERN: Sakon Nakhon (Phu Phan); EASTERN: Chaiyaphum (Dtat Dton), Nakhon Ratchasima (Katok); CENTRAL: Nakhon Nayok (Nang Rong waterfall); SOUTH-EASTERN: Prachin Buri (Khao E-to, Prachantakarm), Chanthaburi.

    Distribution.— Indochina (Vietnam-type).

    Ecology.— In evergreen forest. Altitude: 200-400 m.

    Vernacular.— Sa-phak-wan (Laos); Phak wan (ผักหวาน) (Prachin Buri).

18. Phyllanthus gracilipes (Miq.) Müll.Arg., Linnaea 32: 47. 1863; in DC., Prodr. 15, 2: 423. 1866; J.J.Sm., Meded. Dep. Landb. 10: 98. 1911; Ridl., Fl. Malay Penins. 3: 204. 1924; Backer & Bakh.f., Fl. Java 1: 466. 1963; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 23: 35. 1969; Kew Bull. 26: 319. 1972; Whitmore, Tree Flora Malaya 2: 122. 1973; Chantar. in Welzen & Chayam., Fl. Thailand 8, 2: 490, Fig. 54C. 2007. — Eriococcus gracilis Hassk., Tijschr. Nat. Geschied. & Physiol. 10: 143. 1843, non Phyllanthus gracilis (Hassk.) Beille ex Müll.Arg., 1866. — Reidia gracilis (Hassk.) Miq., Fl. Ind. Bat. 1(2): 373. 1859. — Reidia gracilipes Miq., Fl. Ind. Bat. 1(2): 374. 1859. — Phyllanthus concinnus Ridl., J. Str. Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 59: 171 (‘concinna’). 1911. — Phyllanthus discofractus Croizat, J. Arnold Arbor. 23: 31. 1942. — Phyllanthus hullettii Ridl., Bull. Misc. Inform., Kew 1923: 363. 1923; Fl. Malay Penins. 3: 204. 1924; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 26: 320. 1972.

Shrubs up to 3 m high, branchlets shortly crisply rufo-puberulous, glabrescent. Stipules triangular or subulate, 1-3 mm long. Leaves: petiole 2-3 mm long, rufo-puberulous; blade unequal, oblong-lanceolate, 4-7.5 by 2-2.5 cm, membranous, glabrous on both sides or minutely pilose beneath, base unequal, cuneate, margin revolute, apex acute and apiculate; nerves in 9-11 pairs, reticulation conspicuous on both sides: Flowers axillary in fascicles with 2-9 staminate flowers, few pistillate flowers; Staminate flowers: pedicel 4-5 mm long; sepals 4, triangular or ovate, 2-3 by 1.5-2 mm, puberulous, margin fimbriate; disc glands 4, orbicular; stamens 4, staminal column c. 0.2 mm long, anthers c. 0.2 mm long. Pistillate flowers: pedicel 1-1.5 cm long; sepals 6, ovate or lanceolate, 3-5 by 2-3 mm, reddish, margin fimbriate; disc glands 6, oblong; ovary hairy; styles c. 0.5 mm long; stigmas 6, 0.3-0.5 mm long. Fruits: pedicel up to 6 cm long; fruit capsular, c. 5 mm in diam., densely crisply rufo-lanate. Seeds trigonous, 4-5 by 3-3.5 mm.

    Thailand.— EASTERN: Nakhon Ratchasima (Khao Yai), Ubon Ratchathani; SOUTH-EASTERN: Chanthaburi (Khao Soi Dao), Trat (Klong Yai); CENTRAL: Nakhon Nayok; PENINSULAR: (Phanom Bencha), Songkhla (Dton Nga Chang, Hat Yai), Pattani (Khao Kala Kiri), Narathiwat (Bacho).

    Distribution.— Laos, Vietnam (Tonkin), Malaysia (type), Sumatra, Java, Borneo.

    Ecology.— In savannah or evergreen forest. Altitude: 50-1,550 m.

    Vernacular.— Chum racha (ชุมราชา), Phak wan raet (ผักหวานแรด) (Pattani).

19. Phyllanthus harmandii Beille in Lecomte, Fl. Indo-Chine 5: 586. 1927; Chantar., Thai Forest Bull. (Bot.) 33: 17. 2005; in Welzen & Chayam., Fl. Thailand 8, 2: 491. 2007.

Shrubs up to 2 m high, branchlets terete, pubescent. Stipules triangular, c. 1 mm long. Leaves: petiole 0.5-1 mm long; blade obovate, c. 1.5 by 0.9-1.1 cm, coriaceous, pilose above, glabrous beneath, base cuneate or obtuse, margin entire, revolute, apex obtuse and apiculate; nerves in 5-7 pairs; reticulation inconspicuous above, conspicuous beneath. Flowers axillary in fascicles of 4 or 5 staminate flowers in the proximal axils and 3 or 4 staminate flowers and 1 pistilate flower in the distal axils. Staminate flowers: pedicel 0.3-0.6 mm long; sepals 5, obovate or oblong, 1-1.5 by 0.7-0.8 mm; disc glands 5, obovate, 0.2-0.3 by 0.1-0.15. mm; stamens 3, staminal column 0.2-0.3 mm long, anthers 0.2-0.3 mm long. Pistillate flowers: pedicel 0.3-0.6 mm long; sepals 6, ovate or elliptic, 1.7-2 by 0.5-0.7 mm; disc annular; ovary glabrous; styles c. 0.1 mm long; stigmas 0.2-0.3 mm long. Fruits: pedicel 1-2 mm long; fruit capsular, ovoid, c. 4 mm in diam., pale yellowish. Seeds not seen.

    Thailand.— EASTERN: Surin (Tatoom), Si Sa Ket (Uthum Phon Pisai).

    Distribution.— Cambodia (type).

    Ecology.— In scrub or deciduous forest. Altitude: c. 140 m.

20. Phyllanthus huamotensis Pornp., Chantar. & J.Parn., PhytoKeys 136: 36, figs 1, 2. 2019. 

Undershrubs up to 30 cm high, branchlets and stem reddish, terete, young branchlets minutely puberulous. Stipules triangular-lanceolate, 0.5–1 by 0.3–0.5 mm, glabrous. Leaves alternate; petioles 0.4–0.9 mm long, glabrous; lamina broadly ovate, obovate, rounded, broadly elliptic, ovate-oblong, 2–9 by (2–)3–8 mm, subco­riaceous, glabrous on both surfaces, base oblique, cordate, broadly cuneate, truncate, rounded, margin entire, revolute, apex acute, acuminate, rounded; nerves in 4–6 pairs; reticulation reddish, conspicuous, especially on the lower surface. Flowers red, unisexu­al; staminate flowers 2–3(–4) in axillary fascicles in proximal axils; pistillate flower soli­tary in distal axils. Bracts subulate, 0.2–0.3 by 0.1–0.2 mm, glabrous. Staminate flowers: pedicel 4–10 mm long, glabrous; sepals 4, red, triangular, rhombic-ovate, lanceolate, 1.5–2 by 1–1.2 mm, glabrous, margin long fimbriate; disc glands 4, reniform; stamens 4, staminal column c. 0.2 mm long, anthers c. 0.2 mm long, transversely dehiscent. Pistillate flowers: pedicel 7–17 mm long, glabrous; sepals 5–6, red, rhombic-ovate, 1.5–3 by 0.6–1 mm, membranous, glabrous, margin fimbriate; disc glands 5 or 6, free, obovate with truncate apex; ovary superior, c. 0.7 mm diam., 3-locular, ovules 2 per locule, papillose-puberulous; styles 3, free, c. 0.1 mm long; stigmas nearly complete­ly bifid, c. 0.2 mm long, glabrous. Fruits capsule, red, 2.5–3 mm diam., papillose-puberulous; pedicel 7–17 mm long. Seeds trigonous, brown, 1.5–1.8 by 1.1–1.2 mm, surface transversely striate.

    Thailand.— NORTHERN: Tak (type: Doi Hua Mot: Pornpongrungrueng,  Triyutthachai, Ninkaew &  Sukcharoen 1287, holotype KKU, isotypes BKF, K, QBG, TCD).

    Distirbution.— Endemic to Thailand.

    Ecology.—  Growing on open limestone hills, at 880–937 m. Flowering and fruiting: June to December.

    Conservation status.— The species is only known from the type locality. It should be categorised as Critically endangered [CR, B1ab (iii)] according to the IUCN Red List Criteria and Categories version 3.1 (IUCN 2012). The extent of occurrence is estimated to be less than 20 km2 and this species is found in a restricted area on open limestone hills which is a threatened ecosystem.

    Etymology.— The name of this species is given, based on the location where the plant was first discovered.

    Vernacular.— Ma Kham Pom Din Huamot.

    Note.— The table lists the differences of P. huamotensis with P. chantaranothaii and P. pulcher.

21. Phyllanthus kaweesakii Pornp., Chantar. & J.Parn., Botany (Ottowa) 95: 572, fig. 1, 2a–d, 3–5. 2017.

Shrubs or small trees, 1.5–3 m high; stem base not succulent or swollen; branchlets terete, glabrous. Stipules triangular or lanceolate, 4–5 mm long. Leaves: petioles 4–5 mm long, glabrous; blades ovate or elliptic, 6–8 by 3–4 cm, base obliquely cordate, margins entire, apex acute or rounded, subcoriaceous, glabrous or glabrescent on both surfaces, veins in 8–10 pairs; reticulation conspicuous on both surfaces. Inflorescences axillary cymules borne on the proximal end of plagiotropic branches, mostly bisexual fascicle with 3–5 staminate flowers and 1 pistillate flower, some unisexual fascicle with 3–6 staminate flowers; bracts lanceolate, 3–10 by 1–3 mm. Staminate flowers with a pedicel 1–2.2 mm long, glabrous; 5 sepals, obovate or ovate, 3–5 by 2–3 mm, margins ciliate, apex long acuminate or aristate, acumens 3–4 mm long, surface glabrous; 5 disc glands, clavate, 1.5–1.7 mm long; 3 stamens, staminal column 0.7–1 mm long, anthers 0.8–1.2 mm long, connective with long appendage, 0.8–1.2 mmlong. Pistillate flowers with a pedicel 3–4.5 mm long; 6 sepals, obovate or lanceolate, 3.8–5 by 2–3 mm, margins ciliate, apex long, acuminate or aristate, acumens 4–5 mm long, surface glabrous; 6 disc glands, clavate, 1.3–1.5 mm long; ovary glabrous; styles c. 0.1 mm long; 3 stigmas, divided, 0.5–0.6 mm long. Fruits capsular, globose, 3-lobed, glabrous, 0.8–1 by 0.8–1 cm. Seeds 0.3–0.4 by 0.5–0.6 mm.

    Thailand.— North-eastern, Loei (Type: Tham Pha Sawan: Pornpongrungrueng & Triyuttachai 1172, holotype KKU, isotypes BKF, QBG, TCD).

    Distribution.— Currently known only from the type location.

    Ecology.— On open limestone ridges, c. 440 m. Flowering: June to September, fruiting: August to September.

    Etymology.—  The name of this species honours the Thai biologist, Kaweesak Keeratikiat, who first discovered the plants.

    Vernacular name.— Ma Yom Pha.

    Conservation status.— The species should be categorized as endangered (EN) because it is only known from a small population, in a single locality, in a specific habitat on limestone ridges in the Loei province, northeastern Thailand, where is not in a protected area.

    Note.— Phyllanthus kaweesakii is similar to P. mirabilis but differs in its shrubby habit, nonsucculent and non-swollen stem base, glabrous branches, pedicels, and sepals, as well as in lacking loose floriferous deciduous branches. In contrast, P. mirabilis has a distinct succulent and swollen stem base, the branches, sepals, and pedicels are pubescent, and it has loose floriferous deciduous branches. The leaf indumentum of P. kaweesakii is glabrous or glabrescent with simple, short unicellular and multicellular trichomes whereas P. mirabilis is pubescent with simple, short and long unicellular trichomes.

22. Phyllanthus kerrii Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 23: 32. 1969; Kew Bull. 26: 320. 1972; Chantar. in Welzen & Chayam., Fl. Thailand 8, 2: 491. 2007.

Shrubs up to 2 m high, branchlets slightly angled, glabrous. Stipules subulate, 1-1.6 mm long, base dilated subauricled. Leaves: petiole 0.5-1 mm long; blade oblong, 1.5-3 by 0.7-1.1 cm, thinly chartaceous or membranous, glabrous, base slightly unequal, rounded or subtruncate, margin revolute, apex rounded or subacute and apiculate; nerves in 8-11 pairs; reticulation inconspicuous on both sides. Flowers axillary or supra-axillary, mostly bisexual fascicles each with 2 staminate flowers and 1 pistillate flower. Staminate flowers: pedicel 2-4 mm long; sepals 6, oblong, c. 1.5 by 1 mm; disc glands 6, suborbicular; stamens 3, staminal column c. 0.2 mm long, anthers c. 0.2 mm long. Pistillate flowers: pedicel 1-3 mm long; sepals 6, elliptic, 1.5-2 by c. 1 mm; disc annular; ovary glabrous; styles c. 0.2 mm long; stigmas c. 0.1 mm long. Fruits capsular, not seen. 

    Thailand.— NORTHERN: Chiang Mai (Doi Suthep), Lampang (Doi Khun Dtan); NORTH-EASTERN: Loei (type: Chiang Khan, Loei : KERR 8803, holotype K, isotypes BK, BM, P).

    Distribution.— Endemic.

    Ecology.— In bamboo jungle, mixed evergreen, pine or evergreen forest. Altitude: 200-1,550 m.

    Vernacular.— Mayom don (มะยมดอน) (General).

23. Phyllanthus lingulatus Beille, Bull. Soc. Bot. France 72: 161. 1925; in Lecomte, Fl. Indo-Chine 5: 592. 1927; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 26: 320. 1972; Chantar., Thai Forest Bull. (Bot.) 33: 17. 2005; in Welzen & Chayam., Fl. Thailand 8, 2: 492, Plate XXV: 3. 2007. — Phyllanthodendron lingulatum (Beille) Croizat, J. Arnold Arbor. 23: 34 (‘ligulatum’). 1942; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 14: 471. 1960, in clavi.

Climbing or straggling shrubs, branchlets subterete, glabrous. Stipules triangular with auriculate base, 4-6 mm long. Leaves: petiole 2-6 mm long; blade elliptic, rarely obovate, (6-)9.5-17.5 by (1.9-)3-5 cm, chartaceous or subcoriaceous, glabrous on both sides, base unequal, cuneate or rounded, margin revolute, distinctly cartilaginous, apex acute and apiculate; nerves in 7-11 pairs; reticulation inconspicuous on both sides. Flowers axillary in fascicles, each with 10-15 staminate flowers and 2-3 pistillate flowers. Staminate flowers: pedicel c. 5 mm long; sepals 6, ovate or triangular, apex long-acuminate or aristate, 1.3-1.5 by 0.7-0.8 mm; disc glands 6, obovate or spathulate; stamens 3, staminal column 0.3-0.5 mm high, anthers 6, 0.5-0.7 mm long, connective with appendage. Pistillate flowers: pedicel c. 1 mm long; sepals 6, ovate, apex long-acuminate or aristate, 2-6 by 2-3 mm; disc glands 6, obovate or spathulate; ovary glabrous; styles c. 0.3 mm long; stigmas c. 0.1 mm long. Fruits capsular, not seen.

    Thailand.— NORTHERN: Chiang Mai.

    Distribution.— Indochina (Laos-type).

    Ecology.— In evergreen forest.

    Vernacular.— Mayom nuea (มะยมเหนือ) (Northern).

24. Phyllanthus microcarpus (Benth.) Müll.Arg., Linnaea 32: 51. 1863; Chantar., Thai Forest Bull. (Bot.) 33: 19. 2005; in Welzen & Chayam., Fl. Thailand 8, 2: 492. 2007. — Cicca microcarpa Benth., Fl. Hongk.: 312. 1861. — Phyllanthus dalbergioides Wall. ex J.J.Sm., Meded. Dep. Landb. 10: 67. 1910. — Glochidion microphyllum Ridl., J. Str. Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 59: 173. 1911. — Phyllanthus erythrocarpus Ridl., Bull. Misc. Inform., Kew 1923: 362. 1923. — Phyllanthus brunelii J.P.Roux, Nordic J. Bot. 4: 47. 1984.

Shrubs up to 6 m high, branchlets terete, glabrous. Stipules triangular, 0.9-1 mm long. Leaves: petiole 2-4 mm long; blade ovate, 2.9-6.5 by 2-3.5 cm, chartaceous, shining above, glabrous on both sides, base cuneate, obtuse or rounded, margin entire, apex acute, acuminate or obtuse; nerves in 7-15 pairs; reticulation inconspicuous above, conspicuous beneath. Flowers in fasciles, either on aphyllous branchlets or along a terminal aphyllous segment, usually bisexual with 2-4 staminate flowers and 1 or 2 pistillate flowers. Staminate flowers: pedicel 3-3.7 mm long; sepals 5, unequal, ovate or broadly ovate, 0.5-1.1 by 0.5-1.4 mm; disc glands 5, orbicular; stamens 5, arranged into 2 groups, 2(3) stamens united into a staminal column 0.2-0.3 mm long, free part of filaments 0.1-0.2 mm long, 3(2) stamens entirely free and smaller, anthers c. 0.4 mm long. Pistillate flowers: pedicel 3-4 mm long; sepals 5, ovate or broadly elliptic, 0.7-1 by 0.5-1 mm; disc glands 5, orbicular; ovary glabrous; styles 0.1-0.2 mm long; stigmas minute. Fruits: pedicel 3-5.6 mm long; fruit baccate, subglobose, 4-5 mm in diam., glabrous, blackish or purplish. Seeds plano-convex, 1.8-1.9 by 0.8 mm.

    Thailand.— NORTHERN: Chiang Mai (Mae Klang Falls, type of P. brunelii : ROUX 80-20, holotype STR, isotypes AAU, B, BKF, C, K, P); CENTRAL: Saraburi (Muak Lek); SOUTH-EASTERN: Prachin Buri (Kabin); PENINSULAR: Narathiwat.

    Distribution.— Malaysia, Indonesia, Hong Kong (type).

    Ecology.— In scrub or evergreen forest. Altitude: 150-525 m.

    Vernacular.— Mayom dong (มะยมดง), Mat come (หมัดคำ).

25. Phyllanthus mirabilis Müll.Arg., Flora 47: 513. 1864; in DC., Prodr. 15, 2: 355. 1866; Beille in Lecomte, Fl. Indo-Chine 5: 589. 1927; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 26: 320. 1972; Chantar., Thai Forest Bull. (Bot.) 33: 18. 2005; in Welzen & Chayam., Fl. Thailand 8, 2: 493, Fig. 61, Plate XXVI: 1. 2007. — Phyllanthodendron mirabile (Müll.Arg.) Hemsl., Hook. Ic. Pl. 26: t. 2563-4. 1898; Craib, Bull. Misc. Inform., Kew 1911: 460. 1911; Croizat, J. Arnold Arbor. 23: 34. 1942; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 14: 469. 1960, in obs.; Steenis, Dansk. Bot. Arkiv. 23: 93. 1963.

Trees up to 12 m high, with succulent base, branchlets terete, glabrous. Stipules triangular, 2-3 mm long. Leaves: petiole c. 4 mm long; blade oblong, 6.5-13 by 3.5-7 cm, subcoriaceous, pubescent on both sides, base obliquely cordate, margin entire, apex acute; nerves in 10-12 pairs; reticulation conspicuous on both sides. Flowers axillary in fascicles with few staminate flowers and 1 pistillate flower; bracts oblanceolate or elliptic, 0.7-1.5 by 0.3-0.5 cm. Staminate flowers: pedicel 1-2 mm long; sepals 5, elliptic, apex long acuminate or aristate, 2.5-3 by 0.5-1 mm, papillose; disc glands 5, clavate; stamens 3, staminal column 0.2-0.3 mm long, anthers 0.6-0.8 mm long, connective with long appendage. Pistillate flowers: pedicel 2-3 mm long; sepals 6, elliptic, ovate, 4-5.5 by 2-2.5 mm, papillose; disc glands 6, narrowly clavate; ovary slightly rugulose; styles c. 0.1 mm long; stigmas 6, 0.8-1 mm long. Fruits capsular, not seen.

    Thailand.— NORTHERN: Chiang Mai (Doi Inthanon, Doi Suthep), Lampang (Mae Ngao, Mae Pu), Nakhon Sawan (Takli); NORTH-EASTERN: Khon Kaen (Pha Nok Khao); EASTERN: Nakhon Ratchasima (Khao Si Siate); SOUTH-WESTERN: Kanchanaburi (Sai Yok), Phetchaburi; CENTRAL: Lop Buri (Chaibadan), Saraburi (Khao Song Phi Nang, Muak Lek); Krung Thep Maha Nakhon (type: Bangkok : SCHOMBURGK s.n., holotype K).

    Distribution.— Laos.

    Ecology.— On limestone hill. Altitude: 100-1,000 m.

    Vernacular.— Khi lek ruesi (ขี้เหล็กฤาษี) (Saraburi); Ai thao (ไอ้เทา) (Phetchaburi).

    Uses.— Ornamental plant.

26. Phyllanthus myrtifolius (Wight) Müll.Arg., Linnaea 32: 35. 1863; in DC., Prodr. 15, 2: 396. 1866; Hook.f, Fl. Brit. Ind. 5: 295. 1887; G.L.Webster in Dassan. & Clayton, Revis. Handb. Fl. Ceylon 11: 211. 1997; Chantar., Thai Forest Bull. (Bot.) 33: 19. 2005; in Welzen & Chayam., Fl. Thailand 8, 2: 493. 2007. — Macraea myrtifolia Wight, Icon. Pl. Ind. Orient. 5: 27, t. 1902. 1852.

Shrubs up to 3 m high, branchlets wing-angled, scabridulous or hispidulous along the angles. Stipules ovate, 0.5-0.7 mm long. Leaves: petiole 0.7-1.7 mm long, hispidulous; blade narrowly oblanceolate, 10-25 by 2-8 mm, subcoriaceous, glabrous on both sides, base minutely hastulate, margin entire, apex acute; nerves in 4-6 pairs; reticulation conspicuous on both sides. Flowers in axillary fascicles. Staminate flowers: pedicel 5-9 mm long; sepals 6, ovate-oblong or narrowly oblong, 1-1.2 by 0.7-1 mm; disc glands 6, orbicular; stamens 3, filaments free, 0.4-0.5 mm long, anthers c. 0.3 mm long. Pistillate flowers: pedicel 6-8 mm long; sepals 6, lanceolate to oblong or ovate-oblong, 0.8-1 by 0.3-0.5 mm; disc annular; ovary glabrous; styles 0.4-0.5 mm long; stigmas 0.1-0.2 mm long. Fruits: pedicel 8-17 mm long; fruit capsular, c. 4 mm in diam., glabrous. Seeds trigonous, 1.7-2 mm long, verruculose.

    Thailand.— Cultivated.

    Distribution.— Sri Lanka (type).

    Ecology.— Cultivated.

    Uses.— Ornamental plant.

27. Phyllanthus orientalis (Craib) Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 25: 495. 1971; Kew Bull. 26: 321. 1972; Chantar. in Welzen & Chayam., Fl. Thailand 8, 2: 495. 2007. — Chorisandra orientalis Craib, Bull. Misc. Inform., Kew 1914: 285 ( ‘Chorizandra’). 1914.

Shrubs up to 5 m high, branchlets terete, glabrous. Stipules ovate or oblong, c. 1 mm long. Leaves: petiole 0.7-1 mm long; blade obovate or elliptic-oblong, c. 1.3 by 1 cm, thinly coriaceous or membranous, sparsely puberulous on both sides, base broadly cuneate or ovate, margin scabrous, apex rounded or sometimes retuse; nerves in 4 or 5 pairs; reticulation conspicuous above, slightly conspicuous beneath. Flowers axillary, solitary. Staminate flowers: pedicel 7-8 mm long; sepals 6, obovate or oblong, 1.3-1.8 by 0.6-0.8 mm; disc annular; stamens 6, filaments free, 0.3-0.6 mm long, anthers 0.3-0.5 mm long. Pistillate flowers: pedicel 4-8 mm long; sepals 6, oblong-lanceolate, 1-1.2 by 2-3 mm; disc annular; ovary sparsely hairy; styles and stigmas minute. Fruits: pedicel 4-10 mm long; fruit capsular, depressed globose, 5-8 mm in diam., glabrous. Seeds trigonous, 1-1.2 by 0.5-0.8 mm.

    Thailand.— NORTHERN: Chiang Mai (Doi Chiang Dao, type of Chorisandra orientalis : KERR 2946, holotype K, isotypes BM, E, K), Me Ping, Keng); Lampang (Mae Yom).

    Distribution.— Endemic.

    Ecology.— On open limestone ridge, along stream. Altitude: 110-2,100 m.

    Vernacular.— Kang pla (ก้างปลา) (Lampang), Kang pla thet (ก้างปลาเทศ), Ya som kung (หญ้าส้มกุ้ง) (Northern).

28. Phyllanthus oxyphyllus Miq., Fl. Ind. Bat., Suppl.: 179, 448. 1860; Müll.Arg., Linnaea 32: 40. 1863; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 23: 29. 1969; Kew Bull. 26: 321. 1972; Chantar. in Welzen & Chayam., Fl. Thailand 8, 2: 495, Fig. 62, Plate XXVI: 2. 2007. — Phyllanthus frondosus Wall. ex Müll.Arg., Linnaea 32: 17. 1863; Hook.f., Fl. Brit. Ind. 5: 292. 1887; Ridl., Fl. Malay Penins. 3: 202. 1924 (excl. var. rigidus Ridl.); M.R.Hend., J. Malayan Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 17: 71. 1939; Corner, Ways. Trees: 290. 1940. — Phyllanthus kunstleri Hook.f., Fl. Brit. Ind. 5: 292. 1887.

Shrusb or trees up to 3 m high, branchlets sharply 4-angled, winged, glabrous. Stipules triangular, c. 2.5 by 0.5 mm long. Leaves: petiole c. 1 mm long; blade ovate-lanceolate, ovate or narrowly lanceolate, 2.2-7 by 0.8-2 cm, chartaceous, glabrous on both sides, base broadly cuneate or ovate, margin scabrous, apex long-acuminate-apiculate; nerves in 7-11 pairs; reticulation conspicuous on both sides. Flowers in axillary fascicles. Staminate flowers: pedicel 2.5-3 mm long; sepals 6, obovate or broadly oblong, c. 2 by 1 mm; disc glands 6, oblong; stamens 3, staminal column 1-2 mm long, anthers 0.5-1 mm long. Pistillate flowers: pedicel c. 1 mm long; sepals 6, broadly oblong, c. 1 by 0.8 mm; disc glands 6; ovary glabrous or rarely pubescent; styles 0.8-1 mm long; stigmas c. 1 mm long. Fruits: pedicel 1-2 mm long; fruit capsular, 5-8 mm in diam., glabrous. Seeds trigonous, 4-5 by 3-4 mm.

    Thailand.— PENINSULAR: Chumphon (Langsuan), Ranong (Khao Pawta Luang Kaew), Surat Thani (Kiriratnikom, Koh Samui), Phangnga (Koh Yao Yai), Krabi (Phanom Bencha), Nakhon Si Thammarat (Tasala, Thung Song), Phattalung (Khao Pad Pha), Trang (Khao Chong, Thung Khai), Satun (Kuan Kalong, Tamtao, Tarutao, Ton Pliew waterfall), Songkhla (Cha Na, Hat Yai), Pattani (Khao Karakiri), Narathiwat (Sungei Kolok).

    Distribution.— Malaysia, Sumatra (type).

    Ecology.— In evergreen forest. Altitude: 50-900 m.

    Vernacular.— Yom hin (ยมหิน) (Surat Thani), Yai chung lan (ยายจูงหลาน) (Chumphon); Yai thip lan (ยายถีบหลาน) (Trang).

29. Phyllanthus pachyphyllus Müll.Arg. in DC., Prodr. 15, 2: 353. 1866; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 23: 29. 1969; Kew Bull. 26: 321. 1972; Chantar., Thai Forest Bull. (Bot.) 33: 17. 2005; in Welzen & Chayam., Fl. Thailand 8, 2: 497. 2007. — Phyllanthus coriaceus Wall. ex Hook.f., Fl. Brit. Ind. 5: 292. 1887; Ridl., Fl. Malay Penins. 3: 203. 1924. — Phyllanthus klossii Ridl., J. Fed. Malay States Mus. 10: 114. 1920. — Phyllanthus campanulatus Ridl., Bull. Misc. Inform., Kew 1923: 362. 1923; Fl. Malay Penins. 3: 203. 1924; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 23: 30. 1969. — Phyllanthus frondosus Wall. ex Müll.Arg. var. rigidus Ridl., Fl. Malay Penins. 3: 203. 1924. — Phyllanthus annamensis Beille in Lecomte, Fl. Indo-Chine 5: 585. 1927; Merr. & Chun, Sunyatsenia 5: 93. 1940. — Phyllanthus sciadiostylus Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 23: 30. 1969.

Shrubs up to 1-2 m high, branchlets sharply 4-angled, glabrous. Stipules subulate or triangular, 3-4 mm long. Leaves: petiole 2-3 mm long; blade ovate-lanceolate, 8-17 by 2-4 cm, chartaceous, glabrous on both sides, base cordate or subcuneate, margin entire, apex acute or acuminate and apiculate; nerves in 4-7 pairs; reticulation conspicuous on both sides. Flowers axillary in fascicles or on special leafless branchlets, bisexual, with several staminate flowers and 1 or 2 pistillate flowers. Staminate flowers: pedicel 1.5-3 mm long; sepals 6, ovate or broadly oblong, median line elevated, 3-3.5 by 1.5-2 mm, dark reddish; disc glands 6, obovate; stamens 3, staminal column c. 0.1 mm long, anthers c. 2 mm long. Pistillate flowers: pedicel 3-3.5 mm long; sepals 6, ovate or elliptic, 2-2.5 by 1-1.5 mm; disc glands annular; ovary glabrous; styles 1-1.5 mm long; stigmas c. 0.5 mm long. Fruits: pedicel c. 4 mm long; fruit capsular, 8-9 cm in diam., glabrous. Seeds trigonous, 5-6 by c. 4 mm.

    Thailand.— SOUTH-EASTERN: Prachin Buri; PENINSULAR: Chumphon (Langsuan, Ta San), Ranong (Hard Hin Dam, Klong Naka, Kra Buri, Muang Len, Phate), Phangnga (Khao Kat Kwan, type of P. sciadiostylus : KERR 18487, K, isotypes BK, BM, Tap Put).

    Distribution.— China (Hainan), Indochina, Malaysia (type), Singapore.

    Ecology.— In evergreen forest. Altitude: 10-1,000 m.

    Vernacular.— Mayom tai (มะยมใต้) (Peninsular).

30. Phyllanthus pulcher Wall. ex Müll.Arg., Linnaea 32: 49. 1863; in DC., Prodr. 15, 2: 421. 1866; Hook.f., Fl. Brit. Ind. 5: 301. 1887; J.J.Sm., Meded. Dep. Landb. 10: 94. 1911; Beille in Lecomte, Fl. Indo-Chine 5: 598.1927; M.R.Hend., J. Malayan Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 17: 71. 1939; G.L.Webster, J. Arnold Arbor. 38: 360. 1957; Backer & Bakh.f., Fl. Java 1: 466. 1963; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 26: 322. 1972; G.L.Webster in Dassan. & Clayton, Revis. Handb. Fl. Ceylon 11: 234. 1997; Chantar. in Welzen & Chayam., Fl. Thailand 8, 2: 497. 2007.

Shrubs to 1.5 m high, branchlets terete with white dendritic hairs adaxially. Stipules triangular-lanceolate or subulate, 1.3-3 mm long. Leaves: petiole 1-2 mm long; blade oblong to elliptic, 0.7-2.8 by 0.6-1.7 mm, subcoriaceous, glabrous on both sides, base oblique, margin entire, cartilagenous, apex abruptly mucronate; nerves in 4-6 pairs; reticulation inconspicuous on both sides. Flowers reddish, glabrous in axillary glomerules; staminate flowers 2-6 in proximal axils; pistillate flower solitary in distal axils. Staminate flowers: pedicel 6-15 mm long; sepals (3)4, triangular or ovate, 2-3 by 1-1.6 mm, margin fimbriate; disc glands 4, reniform; stamens 4, staminal column 0.5-0.6 mm long, anthers 0.2-0.3 mm long. Pistillate flowers: pedicel 14-25 mm long, glabrous; sepals (5)6, upper part red, lower part green, glabrous, rhombic-ovate, 2-4.5 by 1.1-2.5 mm, margin fimbriate; disc annular, 6-lobed; ovary glabrous; styles c. 0.1 mm long; stigmas 0.3-0.4 mm long. Fruits: pedicel 15-22 mm long; fruit capsular, light greenish red, 6-8 lobed, c. 2.5 mm in diam., glabrous. Seeds trigonous, 2-3 by 0.3-0.5 mm.

    Thailand.— NORTHERN: Chiang Mai, Phrae; NORTH-EASTERN: Loei (Wang Saphung); SOUTH-WESTERN: Prachuap Khiri Khan (Bang Saphan); SOUTH-EASTERN: Chanthaburi (Khao Sabap); PENINSULAR: Chumphon (Langsuan), Ranong, Surat Thani (Pak Sui, Plai Paya), Nakhon Si Thammarat (Lan Saka), Phattalung (Sak), Trang (Khao Chong), Satun (Nah Mawn), Pattani (Nong Chik), Narathiwat (Nikom Waeng, Toh Moh).

Distribution.— Burma, Indochina, Malaysia (Penang-type), Indonesia.

    Ecology.— In mixed deciduous forest. Altitude: 50-100 m.

    Vernacular.— Kra thuep yop (กระทืบยอบ) (Chumphon); Kang pla (ก้างปลา) (Narathiwat); Kang pla din (ก้างปลาดิน); Dok tai bai (ดอกใต้ใบ) (Nakhon Si Thammarat); Kang pla daeng (ก้างปลาแดง), Khrip yot (ครีบยอด) (Surat Thani); Khot sai (คดทราย) (Songkhla); Dee-ko-noh (เดอก้อเนาะ) (Malay-Narathiwat); Trueng baa daan (ตรึงบาดาล) (Prachuap Khiri Khan); Ru ri (รุรี) (Satun); Wan thorani san (ว่านธรณีสาร); Saniat (เสนียด) (Bangkok).

    Uses.— Ornamental plant, a decoction of the whole plant can be used to treat stomach complaints.

    Note.— See table under P. huamotensis to see differences with P. chantaranothaii and P. huamotensis.

31. Phyllanthus pulcheroides Beille in Lecomte, Fl. Indo-Chine 5: 597.1927; Chantar., Thai Forest Bull. (Bot.) 33: 18. 2005; in Welzen & Chayam., Fl. Thailand 8, 2: 498. 2007.

Shrubs, up to 1 m high, branchlets terete, rufo-furfuraceous. Stipules triangular or suborbicular, 0.6-1.8 by 0.5-0.7 mm. Leaves: petiole 0.5-1 mm long, rufo-furfuraceous; blade lanceolate-oblong, 13-26 by 4-9 mm, chartaceous, glabrous on both sides, base oblique, margin cartilaginous, revolute, apex subacute and oblique; nerves in 7-10 pairs; reticulation inconspicuous on both sides. Flowers in axillary fascicles; staminate flowers 2-6 in proximal axils; 1 pistillate flower in distal axils. Staminate flowers: pedicel 5-7 mm long; sepals 4, triangular or ovate, 1-2.5 by 1-1.3 mm, margin fimbriate; disc glands 4, semi-orbicular; stamens 4, staminal column c. 0.1 mm long, anthers 0.2-0.3 mm long. Pistillate flowers: pedicel 0.9-2.5 cm long, glabrous; sepals 5, oblong-lanceolate, ovate or elliptic, 2.2-3 by 1.2-1.8 mm, fimbriate, median line elevated; disc glands 5, oblong, apex truncate; ovary villous; styles c. 0.1 mm long; stigmas 0.5-0.6 mm long. Fruits: pedicel 1.8-2.5 cm long; fruit capsular, 2-3 cm in diam, villous. Seeds trigonous, 2-3.5 by 0.4 mm.

    Thailand.— NORTH-EASTERN: Loei (Phu Kradung, Phu Luang).

    Distribution.— Vietnam (Cochinchine-type).

    Ecology.— In hill evergreen or bamboo forest. Altitude: 1,100-1,530 m.

    Vernacular.— Mayom chat (มะยมฉัตร) (Loei).

32. Phyllanthus reticulatus Poir. in Lam., Encycl. Méth. 5: 298. 1804; Müll.Arg., Linnaea 32: 12. 1863; in DC., Prodr. 15, 2: 344. 1866; Hook.f., Fl. Brit. Ind. 5: 288. 1887; J.J.Sm., Meded. Dep. Landb. 10: 63. 1911; Craib, Bull. Misc. Inf. Kew 1911: 459. 1911; Merr., Enum. Philipp. Fl. Pl. 2: 394. 1923; Ridl., Fl. Malay Penins. 3: 202. 1924; Beille in Lecomte, Fl. Indo-Chine 5: 575. 1927; G.L.Webster, J. Arnold Arbor. 38: 57. 1957; Backer & Bakh.f., Fl. Java 1: 467. 1963; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 26: 322. 1972; G.L.Webster in Dassan. & Clayton, Revis. Handb. Fl. Ceylon 11: 217. 1997; Chantar. in Welzen & Chayam., Fl. Thailand 8, 2: 499, Fig. 55C, 63. 2007. — Kirganelia reticulata (Poir.) Baill., Étude Gén. Euphorb.: 613. 1858. — Cicca reticulata (Poir.) Kurz, Forest Fl. Burma 2: 354. 1877.

Shrubs or small trees, up to 4 m high, branchlets terete, densely hairy. Stipules lanceolate or linear oblong, 1-3 mm long, densely hairy outside, glabrous inside, apex acuminate, scarious. Leaves: petiole 1.5-3 mm long, hairy; blade elliptic, (1-)1.7-3.5(–4.6) by (0.6-)1-2.5 cm, chartaceous, hairy on both sides, base cuneate, margin entire, apex obtuse or orbicular; nerves in 5-9 pairs; reticulation conspicuous on both sides. Flowers in bisexual cymes, each with several staminate flowers and (1)2 pistillate flowers. Staminate flowers: pedicel 2.7-6.5 mm long, hairy; sepals 5 or 6, oblong, obovate or suborbicular, 1.7-3 by 0.75-2 mm, outer ones sparsely hairy outside; disc glands 5 or 6, semi-orbicular or triangular; stamens 5, imbricate, 3 stamens joining together into a staminal column of c. 0.5 mm long, the other free, filaments c. 0.3 mm long, anthers 0.3-0.6 mm long. Pistillate flowers: pedicel 4-8 mm long, sparsely hairy; sepals 5 or 6, oblong, elliptic, suborbicular, 0.8-2 by 0.6-1.4 mm, outer oness  hairy outside; disc glands 5 or 6, semiorbicular; ovary glabrous, 8-10-locular; styles 0.1-0.4 mm long; stigmas c. 0.1 mm long. Fruits: pedicel c. 3 mm long; fruit baccate, 4-9 mm in diam., depressed globose, blackish or purplish. Seeds plano-convex, 2.2-2.5 by 1.5 mm.

    Thailand.— NORTHERN: Mae Hong Son, Chiang Mai (Angka Noi, Doi Chiangdao, Doi Inthanon, Doi Saket, Fang), Lampang (Doi Luang, Ngao, Che Hom), Phrae (Huay Hom), Tak; NORTH-EASTERN: Phetchabun (Lom Sak), Loei (Phu Kradung); EASTERN: Chaiyaphum (Nong Bua Dang), Nakhon Ratchasima (Bua Yai, Pak Thong Chai), Surin (Tatoom); SOUTH-WESTERN: Kanchanaburi (Si Sawat), Prachuap Khiri Khan (Kan Kradai); CENTRAL: Chai Nat, Suphan Buri, Ang Thong, Saraburi (Sam Lahn), Nakhon Pathom, Nakhon Nayok (Nang Rong, Salika), Krung Thep Maha Nakhon; SOUTH-EASTERN: Sa Kaeo, Chon Buri (Khao Khieo, Sriracha), Rayong (Khao Cha Mao), Chanthaburi (Pong Nam Rawn); PENINSULAR: Phangnga (Koh Surin Nua, Koh Yao Yai), Phuket, Krabi (Lanta), Trang (Khao Chong), Songkhla (Tepa), Pattani (Khao Kalakiri).

    Distribution.— India (type?), Sri Lanka, Burma, China (Hainan, Hong Kong), Vietnam, Laos, Peninsular Malaysia.

    Ecology.— On open space, waste ground, dipterocarp or evergreen forest. Altitude: 500-1,150 m.

    Vernacular.— Kraong (กระออง) (Prachuap Khiri Khan); Kang pla khao (ก้างปลาขาว) (Ang Thong, Chiang Mai); Kang pla khruea (ก้างปลาเครือ) (General); Kang pla daeng (ก้างปลาแดง) (Surat Thani; Kla khlong (ข่าคล่อง) (Suphan Buri); Ta-kha-kho-khuey (ต่าคะโคคึย), Sa-brae-thi (สะแบรที) (Karen-Mae Hong Son); Mat kham (หมัดคำ) (Phrae); Ma yiao (หมาเยี่ยว) (Nakhon Pathom); Am ai (อำอ้าย) (Nakhon Ratchasima).

33. Phyllanthus ridleyanus Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 26: 323. 1972; Chantar., Thai Forest Bull. (Bot.) 33: 18. 2005; in Welzen & Chayam., Fl. Thailand 8, 2: 499, Fig. 54D. 2007. — Cleistanthus? minutiflorus Ridl., J. Str. Br. Roy. Asiat. Soc. 59: 169. 1911, non Phyllanthus minutiflorus F.Muell. ex Müll.Arg., 1865. — Phyllanthodendron coriaceum Gage, Rec. Bot. Surv. Ind. 9: 219. (sphalm. ‘P. dubium’ [alterum!] ), et in indice, 250. 1922; Ridl., Fl. Malay Penins. 3: 205. 1924; M.R.Hend., J. Malayan Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 17: 71. 1939, non Phyllanthus coriaceous Müll.Arg., 1865, nec Wall. ex Hook.f., 1887; Croizat, J. Arnold Arbor. 23: 35. 1942. — Phyllanthodendron minutiflorum (Ridl.) Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 14: 471. 1960; Kew Bull. 16: 343. 1963.

Climbing shrubs, branchlets subterete puberulous, glabrescent. Stipules not seen. Leaves: petiole 3-4 mm long, pubescent; blade oblong-elliptic, 4.5-7 by 1.8-3 cm, stiff, coriaceous, glabrous on both sides, base cuneate, margin obscure cartilaginous, apex acute and apiculate; nerves in 7-10 pairs; reticulation conspicuous on both sides. Flowers in axillary fascicles, each with c. 10 staminate flowers and c. 2 or 3 pistillate flowers. Staminate flowers: pedicel c. 5 mm long; sepals 6, lanceolate or ovate. apex long-acuminate or aristate, c. 1.5 by 0.8 mm; disc glands 6, obovate; stamens 3, staminal column c. 0.4 mm long, anthers c. 0.5 mm long. Pistillate flowers: pedicel c. 1 mm long; sepals 6, ovate, apex long-acuminate or aristate, c. 5 by 2-3 mm; disc glands 6, obovate; ovary hairy; styles, c. 0.2 mm long; stigmas c. 0.1 mm long. Fruits capsular, not seen. Seeds unknown.

    Thailand.— SOUTH-WESTERN: Kanchanaburi (Sangkhaburi), Prachuap Khiri Khan (Bangtaphan, type of Cleistanthus? minutiflorus : KEITH s.n., lectotype K, Khao Luang); PENINSULAR: Ranong (Khao Pawta Luang Kaew).

    Distribution.— Malaysia.

    Ecology.— In evergreen forest. Altitude: 400-1,050 m.

    Vernacular.— Mayom bai khaeng (มะยมใบแข็ง).

34. Phyllanthus roseus (Craib & Hutch.) Beille in Lecomte, Fl. Indo-Chine 5: 590. 1927; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 26: 323. 1972; Chantar. in Welzen & Chayam., Fl. Thailand 8, 2: 501, Fig. 55D, G. 2007. — Phyllanthodendron roseum Craib & Hutch., Bull. Misc. Inf., Kew 1910: 23. 1910. — Phyllanthodendron album Craib & Hutch., Bull. Misc. Inf., Kew 1910: 279. 1910. — Uranthera siamensis Pax & K.Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenr. IV. 147, iii: 95. Feb. 1911. — Cleistanthus dubius Ridl., J. Str. Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 59: 168, July. 1911. — Glochidion flavum Ridl., J. Str. Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 59: 173, July. 1911. — Phyllanthodendron roseum Craib & Hutch. var. glabrum Craib ex Hosseus, Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 28(2): 406. Nov. 1911. — Phyllanthodendron roseum Craib & Hutch. var. siamensis (Pax & K.Hoffm.) Craib, Bull. Misc. Inform., Kew 1911: 460. Dec. 1911. — Phyllanthodendron siamensis (Pax & K.Hoffm.) Hosseus, Fedde, Rep. Sp. Nov. 10: 116. 1912. — Phyllanthodendron dubium (Ridl.) Gage, Rec. Bot. Surv. Ind. 9: 219. 1922; Ridl., Fl. Malay Penins. 3: 205. 1924. — Phyllanthus albus (Craib & Hutch.) Beille in Lecomte, Fl. Indo-Chine 5: 590. 1927. — Phyllanthus roseus (Craib & Hutch.) Beille var. glabrum (Craib ex Hosseus) Beille in Lecomte, Fl. Indo-Chine 5: 590. 1927.

Shrubs or small trees to 5 m high, branchlets terete, puberulous rarely glabrous. Stipules ovate-lanceolate or triangular, 2.5-4.7 by 1-1.8 mm long, with appendaged bilobed base. Leaves: petiole 3-5 mm long; blade oblanceolate, (8-)11.5-23.5 by (2-)2.4-4.5 cm, subcoriaceous, glabrous on both sides except hairy on midrib, base attenuate, margin revolute, apex acuminate or mucronate; nerves in (9-)11-20 pairs; reticulation inconspicuous above, conspicuous beneath. Flowers in axillary fascicles, staminate flowers in proximal axils. Staminate flowers: pedicel 1-4 mm long; sepals 5, ovate or oblong, lanceolate, (1-)2.8-3.2 by 0.6-1.2 mm, apex acuminate or aristate; disc glands 5, narrowly ovate or clavate; stamens 3, connective with appendage, 0.4-0.5 mm long, staminal column c. 0.5 mm long, anthers 0.5-0.6 mm long. Pistillate flowers: pedicel 2.5-5 mm long; sepals 5, elliptic, obovate, oblanceolate, 3-5 by 0.8-1.2 mm, apex acuminate or aristate; disc glands 5, narrowly linear; ovary glabrous; styles c. 0.1 mm long; stigmas c. 0.5 mm long. Fruits: pedicel 1.5-3 cm long; fruit capsular, globose, 1-1.3 cm in diam., pinkish or reddish. Seeds subtrigonous, 7-8 by 3-3.5 mm.

    Thailand.— NORTHERN: Chiang Mai (Bo Luang, Doi Chiangdao, Doi Inthanon, Doi Pui, Doi Suthep-type of Phyllanthodendron roseum : KERR 697, K, isotypes BM, K, Doi Suthep-lectotype of Phyllanthodendron album : Kerr 521, K, isolectotypes BM, K, TCD, Doi Suthep-type of Uranthera siamensis : HOSSEUS 505, holotype K, isotypes BKF, BM, Mae Klang, Tat Noi), Lampang (Doi Luang, Jae Sawn, Mae Sai), Phrae (Mae Hray), Tak (Doi Pae Pae), Phitsanulok (Thung Salang Luang); NORTH-EASTERN: Loei (Phu Kradung); EASTERN: Nakhon Ratchasima; SOUTH-WESTERN: Kanchanaburi, Prachuap Khiri Khan CENTRAL: Saraburi, Nakhon Nayok (Khao Yai); SOUTH-EASTERN: Chanthaburi (Khao Kitchakut, Khao Sabap, Lam Sing, Pong Nam Rawn), Trat (Khao Kuap); PENINSULAR: Chumphon, Ranong (Khao Pawta Luang Kaew), Surat Thani, Phangnga (Khao Katakwan, Koh Surin, Tapput), Krabi (Nai Sa), Nakhon Si Thammarat, Trang (Khao Soi Dao, Khao Sung, Yahndakao), Satun (Klong Tan), Pattani (Khao Kalakiri), Narathiwat (Bacho).

    Distribution.— Indochina, Malaysia.

    Ecology.— In evergreen forest. Altitude: 50-1,380 m.

    Vernacular.— Phak yot tong (ผักยอดทอง) (Chiang Mai); Ma yom pa (มะยมป่า) (Chanthaburi).

35. Phyllanthus sikkimensis Müll.Arg., Linnaea 32: 48. 1863; in DC., Prodr. 15, 2: 425. 1866; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 23: 35. 1969; Kew Bull. 26: 35. 1972; Chantar. in Welzen & Chayam., Fl. Thailand 8, 2: 502, Plate XXVII: 1. 2007. — Agyneia tetrandra Buch.-Ham., Trans. Linn. Soc. 15: 125. 1826, non Phyllanthus tetranus Roxb., 1832. — Phyllanthus hamiltonianus Müll.Arg., Linnaea 34: 75. 1865; in DC., Prodr. 15, 2: 424. 1866; Hook.f., Fl. Brit. Ind. 5: 304. 1887; M.R.Hend., J. Malayan Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 17: 71. 1939. — Phyllanthus secundiflora Ridl., J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 59: 170. 1911. — Phyllanthus perlisensis Ridl., J. Str. Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 59: 171. 1911. — Reidia hamiltoniana (Müll.Arg.) A.M.Cowan & J.M.Cowan, Trees N. Bengal: 117. 1929. — Eriococcus hamiltonianus (Müll.Arg.) Hurusawa & Tan. in Hara, Fl. E. Himal.: 117. 1966.

Shrubs or small trees up to 3 m high, branchlets terete, minutely puberulous. Stipules triangular, c. 1 by 1 mm long. Leaves: petiole 1.5-2 mm long, pilose; blade obliquely ovate, 2.9-3.7 by 1.5-2.1 cm, thinly membranous, thin minutely puberulous on both sides, base broadly cuneate, margin acuminate, apex acute-apiculate; nerves in 4-7 pairs; reticulation conspicuous on both sides. Flowers: staminate flowers in axillary fascicles in proximal axils, pistillate flowers in bare racemes in distal axils or sometimes from leaf-axils. Staminate flowers: pedicel 2-5 mm long, pilose; sepals 4, ovate, margin fimbriate, 1.5-1.7 by 0.8-1 mm; disc glands 4, obovate; stamens 4, staminal column c. 0.1 mm long, anthers c. 0.1 mm long. Pistillate flowers: pedicel 5-7 mm long, puberulous; sepals 6, narrowly elliptic or ovate, 1.5-1.7 by 0.6-0.7 mm; bracts subulate or triangular, c. 1.5 by 0.3-0.5 mm, puberulous; disc annular; ovary crispy papillose-puberulous; styles 1-1.2 mm long; stigmas 0.2-0.3 mm long. Fruits: pedicel 0.8-1 cm long; fruit capsular, 1.5-3 mm in diam., crispy papillose-puberulous, dark purple. Seeds trigonous, 1.5-1.7 by 0.7-0.8 mm.

    Thailand.— NORTHERN: Tak (Mae Sot); NORTH-EASTERN: Loei; EASTERN: Nakhon Ratchasima (Lat Bua Kao); SOUTH-WESTERN: Prachuap Khiri Khan (Khao Sam Roi Yot, Pranburi); CENTRAL: Lopburi (Chaibadan), Saraburi (Muak Lek); PENINSULAR: Chumphon (Siep Yuan), Surat Thani (Khao Phra Rahu, Klong Sek), Songkhla (Sadao).

    Distribution.— Sikkim (type), Bangladesh, Malaysia.

    Ecology.— In mixed deciduous or evergreen forest, on limestone hills. Altitude: 100-200 m.

    Vernacular.— Phak wan khao (ผักหวานเขา) (Chumphon).

36. Phyllanthus sootepensis Craib, Bull. Misc. Inform., Kew 1911: 459. 1911; Beille in Lecomte, Fl. Indo-Chine 5: 599. 1927; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 23: 36. 1969; Kew Bull. 26: 325. 1972; Chantar., Thai Forest Bull. (Bot.) 33: 19. 2005; in Welzen & Chayam., Fl. Thailand 8, 2: 503. 2007. — Phyllanthus subpulchellus Croizat, J. Jap. Bot. 16: 652. 1940. — Phyllanthus winitii Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 23: 36. 1969; Kew Bull. 26: 325. 1972.

Shrubs up to 3 m high, branchlets terete, glabrous. Stipules subulate, 1.5-5 by 0.3-0.6 mm long. Leaves: petiole 0.5-0.9 mm long; blade elliptic, obliquely ovate, obovate or broadly elliptic, 12-18.5 by 6.5-10 mm, membranous, glabrous on both sides, base unequal, obtuse, orbicular or broadly cuneate, margin entire, revolute, apex orbicular, acute or apiculate-acute; nerves in 4-6 pairs; reticulation inconspicuous on both sides. Flowers staminate flowers in axillary fascicles along lower half of the branchlets, rarely at the tip of the branchlets and pistillate flowers at the tip of branchlets or in leaf axils, single. Staminate flowers: pedicel 4-11 mm long; sepals 4, obovate, subrhomboid, orbicular, broadly ovate or suborbicular, margin fimbriate, 1.2-2 by 0.8-2 mm, disc glands 4, elliptic or reniform; stamens 4, staminal column c. 0.1 mm long, anthers c. 0.2 mm long. Pistillate flowers: pedicel 7.5-20 mm long, filiform; sepals 6, obovate or orbicular, 1.6-3.8 by 2.2-2.5 mm, membranous, glabrous; disc glands 6, orbicular; ovary glabrous; styles 0.1-0.2 mm long; stigmas 0.2-0.3 mm long. Fruits: pedicel 8-25 mm long; fruit 2.5-3 mm in diam. Seeds trigonous, c. 1.5 by 1 mm.

    Thailand.— NORTHERN: Chiang Mai (Bo Luang, Chom Thong, Doi Chiangdao, Doi Hua Mot, Doi Inthanon, Doi Pra Dam, type: Doi Suthep, Chiang Mai, KERR 657, holotype K, isotypes BM, K, TCD, Fang, Jawm Tong, Mae Tun, Sa Moeng), Lamphun (Mae Li - type of P. winitii : WINIT 430, holotype K, isotype BK, Sukhothai (Muang Gow); Khamphaeng Phet (Khao Hua Mot); NORTH-EASTERN: Phetchabun (Phu Miang), Loei (Wang Sapung), Nong Khai (Dong Srichompoo); SOUTH-WESTERN: Kanchanaburi (Thong Phapoom).

    Distribution.— China (Yunnan).

    Ecology.— In evergreen, secondary, dry dipterocarp or dry dipterocarp-oak forest or bamboo thickets. Altitude: 450-1,300 m.

    Vernacular.— Ma kham pom din (มะขามป้อมดิน) (Chiang Mai, Lamphun).

37. Phyllanthus taxodiifolius Beille in Lecomte, Fl. Indo-Chine. 5: 605. 1927; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 23: 38. 1969; Kew Bull. 26: 325. 1972; Chantar., Thai Forest Bull. (Bot.) 33: 18. 2005; in Welzen & Chayam., Fl. Thailand 8, 2: 503, Fig. 54E. 2007.

Small shrubs, c. 60 cm high, branchlets angled, glabrous. Stipules triangular, lanceolate, c. 1 mm long. Leaves: petiole c. 0.5 mm long, glabrous; blade oblong, 3-5 by 0.5-1 mm, chartaceous or subcoriaceous, glabrous on both sides, base oblique, margin entire, apex obtuse or acute and apiculate; nerves in 3 or 4 pairs; reticulation inconspicuous on both sides. Flowers axillary, solitary. Staminate flowers: pedicel c. 2 mm long, glabrous; sepals 4, broadly cordate, ovate or obovate, 0.3-0.5 by 0.1-0.2 mm; disc glands 6, orbicular; stamens 2, staminal column c. 0.1 mm long, anthers c. 0.1 mm long. Pistillate flowers: pedicel c. 2 mm long, glabrous; sepals 6, ovate, ovoid or elliptic, 1-1.3 by 0.5-0.7 mm; disc annular; ovary glabrous; styles 0.1-0.2 mm long; stigmas 0.2-0.3 mm long. Fruits: pedicel 2.7-3 mm long; fruit capsular, globose, 3.2-4(-7) mm in diam., rugose. Seeds trigonous, 2.5-2.7 by 1-1.5 mm, covered with adpressed, rufous fibrils.

    Thailand.— NORTHERN: Nakhon Sawan; NORTH-EASTERN: Udon Thani, Nong Khai (Dong Srichompoo), Nakhon Phanom (That Phanom), Kalasin (Phon Thong), Maha Sarakham (Chiang Yun), Khon Kaen; EASTERN: Chaiyaphum (Nam Phrom, Phu Khieo, Tungluilai), Buri Ram (Satuk), Surin (Ta Toom), Roi Et (Suwanapoom), Si Sa Ket (Kantharom, Rasisalai), Ubon Ratchathani; CENTRAL: Suphan Buri, Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya.

    Distribution.— Vietnam (Cochinchine-type), Cambodia.

    Ecology.— Along river, reservoir or canal bank. Altitude: 50-700 m.

    Vernacular.— Khrai hang nak (ไคร้หางนาค), Siao nam (เสียวน้ำ) (Prachin Buri); Ta khrai hang sing (ตะไคร้หางสิงห์) (Suphan Buri); Siao noi (เสียวน้อย), Siao lek (เสียวเล็ก) (Khon Kaen).

38. Phyllanthus urinaria L., Sp. Pl.: 982. 1753; Müll.Arg., Linnaea 32: 19. 1863; in DC., Prodr. 15, 2: 364. 1866; Hook.f., Fl. Brit. Ind. 5: 293. 1887; Merr., Enum. Philipp. Fl. Pl. 2: 396. 1923; Ridl., Fl. Malay Penins. 3: 200. 1924; Beille in Lecomte, Fl. Indo-Chine 5: 586. 1927; Croizat, J. Jap. Bot. 16: 657. 1940; G.L.Webster, J. Arnold Arbor. 38: 194. 1957; Backer & Bakh.f., Fl. Java 1: 469. 1963; G.L.Webster in Dassan. & Clayton, Revis. Handb. Fl. Ceylon 11: 227. 1997; Chantar. in Welzen & Chayam., Fl. Thailand 8, 2: 504, Fig. 64. 2007.

Annual herbs, erect to 60 cm high, stem and branchlets flattened and winged, glabrous. Stipules ovate lanceolate or triangular, scarious, 0.5-1.3 mm long. Leaves: petiole 0.3-0.9 mm long; blade oblong or oblong-ovate, 8-18 by 2-7 mm, subcoriaceous, finely puberulous on both sides, base obliquely orbicular, margin ciliate, apex obtuse and mucronulate; nerves in 4 or 5 pairs; reticulation raised and conspicuous above, inconspicuous beneath. Flowers axillary, unisexual glomerules; pistillate flowers solitary, in the 5-20 proximal axils; staminate flowers 5-7 together in distal axils. Staminate flowers: pedicel 0.1-0.4 mm long, glabrous; sepals 6, elliptic or oblong-ovate, 0.2-0.6 by 0.3-1.2 mm, disc glands 6, orbicular; stamens 3, staminal column 0.1-0.2 mm long, anthers 0.1-0.2 mm long. Pistillate flowers: pedicel 0.1-0.4 mm long; sepals 6, linear-oblong or oblanceolate, 0.5-0.9 by 0.1-0.5 mm, minutely serrulate or entire, apex obtuse or orbicular; disc annular, shallowly lobed; ovary tuberculate; styles slightly connate at base, c. 0.1 mm long; stigmas minute. Fruits: pedicel 0.5-0.8 mm long; fruit capsular, depressed subglobose, 2-4 mm in diam., scurfy-tuberculate. Seeds trigonous, 1-1.5 by c. 1 mm, with 8-10 transverse ridges on the back, often with 1-3 orbicular pits on the sides.

    Thailand.— Widespread throughout the country.

    Distribution.— Widely distributed in tropical region, Sri Lanka (Ceylon-type).

    Ecology.— Common in open spaces, , dry dipterocarp or mixed deciduous forest, and along the sandy coast. Altitude: 30-1,100 m.

    Vernacular.— Fai duean ha (ไฟเดือนห้า) (Chon Buri); Ma kham pom din (มะขามป้อมดิน) (Northern); Yaa tai bai (หญ้าใต้ใบ) (Ang Thong, Surat Thani); Mak khai lang (หมากไข่หลัง) (Loei).

    Uses.— Whole plant applied for diaphoretics.

    Note.— See table under P. chayamaritiae for differences with P. amarus and P. chayamaritiae.

39. Phyllanthus virgatus G.Forst., Fl. Ins. Austr. Prodr.: 65 (‘virgata’). 1786; Backer & Bakh.f. Fl. Java 1: 469. 1963; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 26: 325. 1972; Chantar. in Welzen & Chayam., Fl. Thailand 8, 2: 504, Fig. 55H. 2007. — Phyllanthus simplex Retz., Obs. Bot. 5: 29. 1789; Thwaites, Enum. Pl. Zeyl.: 282. 1861; Müll.Arg. in DC., Prodr. 15, 2: 391. 1866; Hook.f., Fl. Brit. Ind. 5: 295. 1887; Trimen, Handb. Fl. Ceylon 4: 22. 1898; Müll.Arg., Linnaea 32: 32. 1863; Craib, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1911: 459. 1911; Merr., Enum. Philipp. Fl. Pl. 2: 395. 1923; Ridl., Fl. Malay Penins. 3: 200. 1924; Beille in Lecomte, Fl. Indo-Chine 5: 578. 1927, excl. var. tonkinensis Beille; Backer & Bakh.f., Fl. Java 1: 469. 1963.— Phyllanthus simplex Retz. var. virgatus (G.Forst.) Müll.Arg., Linnaea 32: 32. 1863.

Annual or perennial herbs, up to 70 cm high, erect or prostrate, branchlets compressed, narrowly wing-angled, glabrous. Stipules unequal triangular with auriculate base, scarious, 1.2-1.7 by 0.8-0.9 mm. Leaves: petiole 0.5-0.9 mm long; blade narrowly to broadly oblong-lanceolate, 1.2-2.5 by 0.2-0.5 cm, chartaceous, glabrous on both sides, base obtuse or rounded, margin entire, apex obtuse and mucronate; nerves in 4-6 pairs; reticulation slightly conspicuous on both sides. Flowers in axillary fascicles with 2-4 staminate flowers and 1 pistillate flower per axil. Staminate flowers: pedicel 0.2-1.2 mm long; sepals 6, broadly elliptic or orbicular, 0.2-0.8 by 0.1-0.4 mm; disc glands 6, orbicular; stamens 3, filaments free, c. 0.1 mm long, anthers c. 0.2 mm long. Pistillate flowers: pedicel (0.1-)0.5-1.9 mm long; sepals 6, subequal, oblong, 0.5-0.8 by 0.2-0.5 mm, entire, apex acute or obtuse; disc shallowly annular; ovary verrucose; styles 0.1-0.2 mm long; stigmas c. 0.4 mm long. Fruits: pedicel 4-5 mm long; fruit capsular, depressed globose, 1.5-2.3 mm in diam., verrucose. Seeds trigonous, 1.2-1.5 mm long, papillose.

    Thailand.— NORTHERN: Mae Hong Son (Khun Yuam), Chiang Mai (Doi Saket, Doi Tau, Jawm Tong), Lamphun (Mae Lu), Lampang (Hang Chat), Phrae (Song), Sukhothai (Tak-Ban Dan Lan Hoi), Nakhon Sawan (Takli); NORTH-EASTERN: Sakon Nakhon, Mukdahan, Maha Sarakham (Vapee), Khon Kaen; EASTERN: Chaiyaphum (Phu Khieo), Nakhon Ratchasima, Si Sa Ket (Kantharom); SOUTH-WESTERN: Kanchanaburi (Salak Phra), Phetchaburi (Cha-am); CENTRAL: Chai Nat, Phra Nakhon Si Ayuthaya, Saraburi (Phu Kae), Pratum Thani; SOUTH-EASTERN: Prachin Buri, Chachoengsao, Chon Buri (Sattahip, Sriracha); PENINSULAR: Chumphon (Bang Son), Surat Thani (Koh Samui), Pattani (Khok Pho).

    Distribution.— India, Burma, Indochina, S. China, Malesia, Polynesia, Australia (type).

    Ecology.— On open waste places with sandy soil, rocky areas. Altitude: 20- 850 m.

    Vernacular.— Khang amphai (ขางอำไพ) (Phrae); Phaeng kham hoi (แพงคำห้อย) (Si Sa Ket); Luk tai bai (ลูกใต้ใบ) (Central).

40. Phyllanthus welwitschianus Müll.Arg., J. Bot. 2: 330. 1864; in DC., Prodr. 15, 2: 351. 1866; Chantar. in Welzen & Chayam., Fl. Thailand 8, 2: 506. 2007. — Phyllanthus beillei Hutch. in Dyer, Fl. Trop. Afr. 6: 733. 1912; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 23: 27. 1969. — Phyllanthus stolzianus Pax & K.Hoffm. ex Pax in Engl., Pflazenw. Afr. III. 2.2: 27. (in clavi), 29: 1921. — ?Phyllanthus nyassae Pax & K.Hoffm., Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 10: 383. 1928. — Phyllanthus grahamii Hutch. & M.B.Moss in Battiscombe & Dale, Trees & Shurbs Kenya Col.: 49. 1936; Bull. Misc. Inform., Kew 1937: 413. 1937.

Shrubs up to 1.5 m high, branchlets angled, glabrous. Stipules lanceolate with auriculate bases, 1.2-2.8 by 0.3-0.4 mm. Leaves: petiole 1-2 mm long, glabrous; blade broadly oblong, obovate-oblong or elliptic-oblong, 8-29 by 7-13 cm, membranous to thinly chartaceous, glabrous on both sides, base obliquely obtuse, rarely cuneate, margin entire, apex broadly orbicular with apiculate or slightly retuse; nerves in 7-13 pairs; reticulation slightly conspicuous above, conspicuous beneath. Flowers axillary in unisexual fascicles. Staminate flowers: pedicel 4-6 mm long; sepals 6, ovate or suborbicular, c. 2 by 1.2 mm; disc glands 3, 2-lobed each; stamens 3, staminal column 0.8-1 mm long, anthers 0.6-0.8 mm long. Pistillate flowers: pedicel 0.5-6 mm long; sepals 6, ovate, obovate or orbicular, 1.5-2 by 1.5-2.2 mm, minutely papillose-ciliolate; disc annular; ovary glabrous; styles 0.5-0.8 mm long; stigmas 0.6-0.8 mm long. Fruits: pedicel c. 5 mm long, fruit capsular, depressed globose, 7-8 mm in diam., glabrous. Seeds trigonous, c. 3 by 3.5 mm.

    Thailand.— NORTH-EASTERN: Mukdahan (Phu Mane); EASTERN: Nakhon Ratchasima (Bukanum), Buri Ram (Ban Nong Bua); CENTRAL: Saraburi (Sam Lahn).

    Distribution.— West & East Tropical Africa (type), Cambodia.

    Ecology.— In evergreen or deciduous forest. Altitude: 100-400 m.

    Vernacular.— Mayom thiam (มะยมเทียม)