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Malesian Euphorbiaceae Descriptions |
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Haegens, R.M.A.P. 2000. Taxonomy, Phylogeny, and Biogeography of Baccaurea, Distichirhops, and Nothobaccaurea (Euphorbiaceae). Blumea Suppl. 12: 1--216.
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| Genus description |
| Species descriptions |
Baccaurea Lour., Fl.
Cochinch. (1790) 661; Müll.Arg.
in DC., Prodr. 15, 2 (1866) 456; Bedd., Fl. Sylv. S. India (1869) 280; Kurz,
Forest Fl. Burma
2 (1877) 356; Benth. & Hook.f., Gen. Pl. 3 (1883) 283; Hook.f., Fl.
Brit. India 5 (1887) 367; Pax in Engl. & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam. 3,
5 (1891) 30; Brandis, Indian Trees (1906) 562; J.J.Sm., Meded.
Dept.
Landb. Ned.-Indië 10 (1910) 245; Pax & K.Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenr.
IV.147.xv (1922) 45; Ridl., Fl.
Malay
Penins. 3 (1924) 242; Gagnep. in M.H.Lecomte, Fl. Indo-Chine 5 (1927) 547; Merr., Trans.
Amer. Philos. Soc. New Ser. 24, 2 (1935) 29, 47; Corner, Wayside Trees
Mal. 1 (1940) 238; Backer & Bakh.f., Fl. Java 1 (1964) 453; Whitmore, Tree
Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 63; A.C.Sm., Allertonia 1 (1978) 377; Fernando, Philipp. J.
Biol. 8 (1979) 301; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. Add. Ser. 8 (1980) 34; Kew Bull. 36
(1981) 258; G.L. Webster, Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 81 (1994) 51; Haegens & Welzen in
Welzen et al., Thai For. Bull. 28 (2000) 68; Haegens, Blumea
Suppl. 12 (2000) 81; Radcl.-Sm.,
Gen. Euph. (2001) 62. — Lectotype species (Merrill, 1935):
Baccaurea
ramiflora Lour.
Pierardia Roxb. ex Jack, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, Bot. 14 (1823) 119; Blume,
Bijdr. Fl. Ned. Ind. (1825) 578; Roxb., Fl. Ind. 2 (1832) 254; Endl., Gen. Pl. 2
(1839) 1124; Walp., Repert. Bot. Syst. 5 (1846) 366; Griff., Ic. Pl. Asiat.
(1854) 738; Wight, Icon. Pl. Ind. Orient. (1852) 30; Miq., Fl. Ned. Ind.
1, 2 (1859) 358; Fl. Ned. Ind., Eerste bijv. (1861) 441; Baill., Adansonia 3
(1863) 139. — Type: Pierardia dulcis Jack [=
Baccaurea dulcis
(Jack) Müll.Arg.].
Adenocrepis
Blume, Bijdr. Fl. Ned. Ind.
(1825) 579; Endl., Gen. Pl. 2 (1839) 1123; Baill.,
Adansonia 3 (1863) 139; Müll.Arg. in DC., Prodr. 15, 2 (1866) 465. — Type: Adenocrepis
javanica Blume [= Baccaurea javanica (Blume) Müll.Arg.].
Microsepala
Miq., Fl. Ned. Ind., Eerste bijv.
(1861) 444. — Type:
Microsepala accuminata Miq.
[= Baccaurea javanica (Blume) Müll.Arg.].
Calyptroon Miq., Fl. Ned. Ind., Eerste bijv. (1861) 471; Müll.Arg. in DC., Prodr.
15, 2 (1866) 466. — Type:
Calyptroon sumatranum Miq. [= Baccaurea
sumatrana (Miq.) Müll.Arg.].
Everettiodendron Merr., Philipp. J. Sci., Bot. 4 (1909) 279. — Type:
Everettiodendron
philippinense Merr. [= Baccaurea philippinensis (Merr.) Merr.].
Gatnaia Gagnep., Bull. Soc. Bot. France 71 (1924) 870; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 14
(1960) 353. — Type: Gatnaia annamica Gagnep.
[=
Baccaurea ramiflora Lour.].
Shrub to tree, dioecious, with Terminalia branching
pattern. Indumentum of simple and often also of stellate hairs. Bark
finely
fissured. Leaves simple, alternate, spirally arranged; petiole
apically and rarely basally pulvinate, transverse cracks often present; stipules
triangular or rarely foliaceous, early to late caducous, often ciliate; blade
basally cordate to attenuate; margin entire, marginal glands present; apex
usually rounded to cuspidate to rarely retuse; upper surface glabrous, sometimes
densely hairy on the veins, raised glands often present, sometimes granulate;
lower surface glabrous to densely hairy, raised glands often present, discoid
glands sometimes present; nervation raised, secondary veins curved and
sometimes closed at margin. Inflorescences axillary to cauline, reduced
thyrses, solitary to many clustered together; flowers hypogynous,
actinomorphic; pedicel with abscission zone. Staminate inflorescences not
to distinctly branched, 10–many-flowered, flowers scattered along
inflorescence to clustered at the tip; bracts triangular to rarely (broadly)
ovate; branchlets 1–20 (in B. bracteata to 40)-flowered. Staminate
flowers: sepals (3 or) 4 or 5(–8), free to slightly fused at base; petals
absent; disc absent; stamens 3–10, shorter than sepals, glabrous; anthers
introrse, basifixed to dorsifixed, opening with a longitudinal apical slit; staminodes (or disc
glands) sometimes present, 3–8; pistillode usually present, small. Pistillate
inflorescences not branched, one- to many-flowered; bracts inserted on
rachis to usually along pedicel, 1 or 3 per flower, triangular to ovate. Pistillate
flowers: sepals 4–6 (or in B. papuana up to 9), caducous to
persistent; petals absent; staminodes absent; disc absent; ovary cylindrical to
globose, 2–4-locular, ovules 2 per locule, attached at apex of column, wings
usually absent; stigmas not cleft to completely divided into 2 lobes;
protuberances (see Fig. 1.9) often present. Fruits berries to late
dehiscing fleshy capsules; raised glands often present; seeds 0–8, 0–2 per
locule, ellipsoid but laterally flattened; arillode enclosing seed totally;
cotyledons flat, rarely folded.
Distribution — Forty-three species in India, SE Asia
and the Pacific.
Habitat & Ecology — Primary to secondary
rain forest or freshwater swamp forest. Soil: sand to clay to loam. Altitude:
sea level up to 1600(–1800) m, usually in lowland. Flowering and fruiting
throughout the year.
Uses — Arillode of all and pericarp of some species edible, sour to sweet.
Baccaurea angulata Merr., Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 15 (1929) 148; Meijer, Bot. News Bull.
Forest Dept., Sabah 7 (1967) 35; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. Add. Ser. 4 (1975) 46;
Haegens, Blumea Suppl. (2000) 96, Fig. 3.5, Map 3.1, Photo 1. — Type: Elmer
21842 (holo A; iso B, DS, G, L, U), Borneo, Sabah, Tawau.
Tree 6–21 m high, dbh 9.6–40 cm, buttresses absent;
branchlets glabrous; young shoots pale straw when fresh, green-grey to blackish
when dry; Terminalia branching pattern weakly developed. Indumentum of
simple hairs. Bark grey-brown to red-brown to green when fresh, grey
when dry, smooth to rough, flaky, soft to hard, corky; inner bark yellow to
reddish to green, 0.6–4 mm thick. Heartwood brown. Leaves:
petiole 20–125 mm long, glabrous, brown to grey to greenish when dry,
raised glands usually present; stipules 4–11 by 2–5 mm, glabrous to densely
hairy outside, glabrous inside, margin ciliate, not hyaline; lamina elliptic to
obovate, 12–39 by 4–13.6 cm, l/w ratio 2–4.4, thick leathery; base cuneate
to attenuate (rounded); apex acuminate to cuspidate to rarely obtuse, (0)3–22
mm long; upper surface glabrous, raised glands absent, usually not granulate,
dull to glossy dark green when fresh, grey to green to rarely brown when dry;
lower surface glabrous, sometimes subglabrous at midrib, discoid glands absent,
pale green with whitish midrib below when fresh, grey to green to rarely brown
when dry; secondary veins 9–16 per side, closed at margin; nervation
reticulate, not clearly visible. Staminate inflorescences cauline, few
clustered together, 0.5–23 cm long, c. 1 mm thick, sparsely hairy, branching
minute, up to 50-flowered, flowers scattered along inflorescence, yellow; bracts
1 per branchlet, 1–1.5 mm long, densely hairy outside, glabrous inside, margin
ciliate, not hyaline; bracteoles c. 0.5 mm long, 2 per cymule; cymules
cylindrical, c. 0.5 mm long, densely hairy, 3-flowered. Staminate flowers
2–2.6 mm diam.; pedicel 2–4 mm long, upper part 1.2–2.5 mm long, densely
hairy; sepals 4 or 5, obovate, 1.1–1.4 by 0.6–0.7 mm, apex slightly recurved,
outside and inside densely hairy; staminodes 6; stamens 6, 0.6–0.8 mm long,
glabrous; filaments 0.5–0.7 mm long, straight; anthers 0.1–0.2 by 0.2–0.25 by
c. 0.1 mm; disc absent; pistillode obtriangular, c. 0.3 mm high, densely hairy,
hollow. Pistillate inflorescences cauline to ramiflorous, solitary or
up to 7 clustered together, 4–25 cm long, 1–3 mm thick, subglabrous to
densely hairy, 8–many-flowered, red; pedicel 2.5–5.5 mm long, upper part
thickened, 0.5–1 mm long, sparsely to densely hairy; bracts 3 per flower,
sparsely to densely hairy outside, glabrous inside, margin ciliate. Pistillate
flowers 4–10 mm diam., pale yellow to cream yellow to greenish; sepals 5
(or 6), elliptic, (3.5–)8–11 by 1–2 mm, outside and inside densely hairy,
persistent to caducous; ovary urn-shaped, 3–6 by 1.5–3 mm, 3-locular,
densely hairy, wings 6; style absent; stigmas 0.7–1.5 mm long, cleft for upper
0–20(–50)%, persistent to rarely caducous; lobes 0.7–1.5 by 0.7–1.5 mm,
glabrous to subglabrous above, glabrous to densely hairy below, protuberances
above and below. Fruits obovoid, star-shaped in cross section,
1–3-seeded berries, 30–52 by 10–26 by 10–26 mm when dry, c. 50 by 26 mm
when fresh, raised glands present, sparsely hairy outside, glabrous to subglabrous
inside, red to purple to pink to red-brown; pericarp 1–2 mm thick, ruminate
when dry; column 22–25 mm long, straight; pedicel 4–8 mm long, upper part
0.5–1 mm long. Seeds globose to ellipsoid, laterally flattened, 16–23
by 7–16 by 4–9.5 mm; arillode white; testa cream to greenish; cotyledons
often folded, 8–12.5 by 6–11 by c. 0.1 mm; radicle 1.2–3 mm long;
endosperm c. 1.5 mm thick.
Distribution — Borneo.
Habitat & Ecology — Primary and secondary rain forest, riverine and
non-riverine forest. Soil: sandstone or laterite. Altitude: 0–800 m.
Flowering: May, June, Aug., Oct., Nov. Fruiting: throughout the year.
Uses — Pericarp and arillode edible, sour to sweet.
Vernacular names — Borneo (Kalimantan): Asem ketiak, pidau, umbing,
umbung. Sarawak: Uchong, ujung (Iban).
Brunei: Embaling bobou (Dusun);
belimbing hutan. Sabah: Embaling (Dusun), belimbing uchong, pelawak, popotong,
tampoi hutan.
Baccaurea bracteata Müll.Arg. in DC., Prodr.
15, 2 (1866) 466; Hook.f., Fl.
Brit. India 5 (1887) 372; Boerl., Handl. Fl. Ned. Ind. 3, 1 (1900) 281;
Merr., J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. (1921) 330; Pax & K.Hoffm. in
Engl., Pflanzenr. IV.147.xv (1922) 65; Ridl., Fl. Malay Penins. 3 (1924) 246;
Merr., Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 15 (1929) 145; Pax & K.Hoffm., Mitt.
Staatsinst.
Allg. Bot.
Hamburg 7 (1931) 233; Corner, Wayside Trees Mal. 1 (1940) 239; Meijer,
Bot. News Bull. Forest Dept., Sabah 7 (1967) 36; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 26 (1972)
219; Whitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 76; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. Add. Ser. 4
(1975) 46; Kew Bull. 36 (1981) 260; Haegens & Welzen in
Welzen et al., Thai For. Bull. 28 (2000) 69; Haegens, Blumea Suppl. (2000) 99, Fig. 3.6,
Map 3.3. — Type: Wallich 7834 (holo K; iso G), Singapore and
Penang (both are mentioned on specimen label).
Baccaurea crassifolia J.J.Sm., Bull. Jard. Bot.
Buitenzorg 3, 1 (1920) 394; Pax & K.Hoffm.
in Engl., Pflanzenr.
IV.147.xv
(1922) 66; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. Add. Ser. 4 (1975) 46; Kew Bull. 36 (1981) 260.
— Type: Hallier 2158 (holo L; iso BO, K), Borneo, Soengei
Kenepai.
Treelet or tree 2–25 m high, dbh 4–40 cm, buttresses sometimes
present, up to 1 m high, c. 13 cm thick, stilt roots rarely present, bole rarely
fluted; branchlets glabrous to densely hairy, Terminalia branching pattern
weakly developed. Indumentum of simple and stellate hairs. Bark
brown to grey to pink to red to yellow when fresh, (dark to red-)brown to
blackish when dry, 0.25–1 mm thick, usually smooth, hard, flaking in
rectangular flakes of c. 10 by 2 mm; inner bark red to pale yellow to
(red)-brown to green to pink, 0.25–8 mm thick, hard to soft. Heartwood
pink to brown. Leaves: petiole 8–65(–87) mm long, subglabrous to
densely hairy, simple hairs longer than those of the stellate tufts, transverse
cracks often present, (pink)brown when fresh, black to red brown when dry,
raised glands usually absent; stipules triangular, 2–6 by 1–2.5 mm,
subglabrous to velutinous outside, glabrous to subglabrous inside, rarely
densely hairy, margin ciliate, not hyaline; lamina ovate to elliptic (to obovate),
3.5–21 by 1.7–9.8 cm, l/w ratio 1.4–3.4, papery to subleathery; base
truncate to attenuate; marginal glands sometimes slightly visible as small
indentations; apex obtuse to cuspidate, up to 20 mm long; upper surface glabrous
to subglabrous, small raised glands present, granulate, white green to dark
green when fresh, pale to dark green-brown when dry; lower surface sparsely
hairy to rarely densely hairy, sparsely hairy to velutinous on the midrib (to
subglabrous), stellate hair-tufts at base with a conspicuous black gland,
discoid glands usually present, placed in rows to scattered, raised glands
sometimes present, bigger, white to pale green below when fresh, (pale)
green-brown below when dry; nervation whitish to black-brown above when dry,
blackish brown below, often sunken above; secondary veins 3–8 per side, not to
almost closed at margin; nervation reticulate to weakly scalariform. Staminate
inflorescences axillary to just below the leaves, solitary to 3 clustered
together, 0.5–16 cm long, 0.5–1.2 mm thick, sparsely hairy to velutinous,
branched, c. 10–100-flowered, flowers scattered along inflorescence, red;
sometimes leaf-like bracts present; bracts 1 per branchlet, (broadly) ovate to
triangular, conspicuous, 2–6 mm long, caducous to persistent, margin ciliate,
sometimes hyaline, densely hairy to rarely subglabrous outside, glabrous inside,
red to pale green; bracteoles c. 6, 1–5 mm long; branchlets cylindrical,
2–15 mm long, densely hairy, (3- or) 4–17(–40-)flowered. Staminate
flowers 1.5–2.9 mm diam., caducous at the moment of opening; pedicel
0.3–1.2 mm long, upper part c. 0.1–1.1 mm long, densely hairy; sepals 4 or
5, ovate, 1–2.2 by 0.6–1.5 mm, apex recurved, densely hairy outside and
inside, white to yellow to green to pink to red to brown when fresh; stamens 4
or 5, 0.25–0.5 mm long, glabrous, yellow;
filaments
0.05–0.3 mm long, straight; anthers 0.1–0.25 by 0.15–0.2 by c. 0.1 mm,
light yellow to reddish; disc absent; pistillode usually present, cylindrical to
globose, up to 1 mm high, densely hairy, solid. Pistillate inflorescences
axillary to just below the leaves, solitary, 1–6.5 cm long, in Borneo up to 16
cm long, c. 1.5 mm thick, sometimes branched, densely hairy, 5–30-flowered;
pedicel 1–5 mm long, upper part 0.5–2 mm long, densely hairy, raised glands
often present; bracts 1–6 per branchlet, (broadly) ovate, velutinous outside,
glabrous inside, margin ciliate, persistent to caducous; rachis pink to
brown-red to yellow-brown-green. Pistillate flowers 4–12 mm diam.,
yellowish to greenish to (red)brown; sepals 4 or 5 (or 6), ovate to elliptic,
3.5–11 by 0.9–3.5 mm, outside and inside densely hairy, caducous to
persistent; staminodes rarely present; ovary cylindrical to globose, 2–4 by
1.5–3 mm, 2- or 3-locular, velutinous, wings absent (to 6), brown-yellow;
style 0–1.6 by 0.5–1 mm, velutinous, pale yellow green; stigmas 0.9–2.5 mm
long, cleft for upper 70–90%, persistent to caducous; lobes 0.8–1.8 by
0.2–0.5 mm, glabrous to subglabrous, protuberances small above, below densely
hairy, protuberances strong. Fruits globose to triangular,
3–6-seeded, fleshy capsules, 19–25 mm diam. when fresh, 10.5–23 by 14–25
by 14–25 mm when dry, only partly loculicidally dehiscent, raised glands
usually present, subglabrous to densely hairy outside, glabrous to sparsely
hairy inside, septa subglabrous to sparsely hairy, red to orange-brown-green;
pericarp 1–4.5 mm thick, often ruminate when dry; column 8–19.5 mm long,
straight, persistent; pedicel 3–9 mm long, upper part 1.5–4.5 mm long,
sometimes thickened. Seeds ovoid to obovoid, (6.2–)7–10 by
(4–)4.5–6.5 by 3–4.8 mm; arillode (orange) yellow; testa white; cotyledons
sometimes folded, 3–5 by (3–)4–5.5 by 0.05–0.1 mm; radicle 0.5–1.5 mm
long; endosperm 0.5–1 mm thick.
Distribution — Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia,
Sumatra, Borneo.
Habitat & Ecology — Primary or secondary rain forest,
freshwater swamp, peat swamp, heath swamp, kerangas, rarely in mangrove forest.
Altitude: sea level up to 390(–900) m. Soil: usually white sand. Flowering and
fruiting: throughout the year. Fruits eaten by birds.
Uses — Sarawak: Shoots are used in making laminaang (= Dayak Kenya
longhouse). Sabah: used for construction; arillode and pericarp edible, sour.
Vernacular names — Thailand: Khao-rang.
Sumatra: Berat mata, tampui
kaka. Bangka: Kelempa. Borneo: Kapul pugi nentalon, pugi ranau (Dusun); tampoi
paya (Brunei, Kedayan); puak, puak burong, pugi barong (Iban); depot kayu masam
(Mili); kelibon (Murut); jemating, selantikan, tampoi hutan, tampoi-tampoi hutan,
tampoi munyit, terai rapak.
Note — See note B. simaloerensis.
Baccaurea brevipes Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 5 (1887) 372; Boerl., Handl. Fl. Ned. Ind. 3, 1
(1900) 281; K.Heyne, Nutt. Pl. Ned. Ind. 3 (1917) 73; Pax & K.Hoffm. in
Engl., Pflanzenr. IV.147.xv (1922) 58; Ridl., Fl. Malay Penins. 3 (1924) 250;
Corner, Wayside Trees Mal. 1 (1940) 239; Meijer, Bot. News Bull. Forest Dept.,
Sabah 7 (1967) 36; Whitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 66; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull.
Add. Ser. 4 (1975) 47; Kew Bull. 36 (1981) 260; Haegens & Welzen in
Welzen et al., Thai For. Bull. 28 (2000) 69; Haegens, Blumea Suppl. (2000)
102, Map 3.4. — Type: Maingay KD 1366 (lecto K, selected here; isolecto
L), Peninsular Malaysia.
Tree 3–10 m high, dbh 4–15 cm, buttresses absent; branchlets
glabrous, densely hairy when young, Terminalia branching pattern weakly
developed. Indumentum of simple hairs. Bark brown to grey
to cream to white to green when fresh, brown when dry; inner bark (orange-)brown
to white. Leaves: petiole 11–50 mm long, sparsely to densely hairy,
usually not apically pulvinate, raised glands often absent; stipules 8–16 by
2–5 mm, glabrous on both sides, midrib velutinous outside, margin ciliate, not
hyaline, caducous to late caducous; lamina elliptic to obovate, 15–35 by
6.2–14.4 cm, l/w ratio 1.9–3, papery; base cuneate to rounded; apex
cuspidate to acute to rarely rounded, (0–)6–20 mm long; upper surface
glabrous, raised glands absent, not granulate, brown when dry; lower surface
densely to sparsely hairy, discoid glands absent, brown when dry; secondary
veins 11–15 per side, sometimes closed at margin; nervation scalariform to
somewhat reticulate. Staminate inflorescences ramiflorous to just below
the leaves (to axillary), solitary to 8 clustered together, 8–17.5 cm long, up
to 1.5 mm thick, velutinous, many-flowered, flowers scattered along
inflorescence; bracts 1–3 per branchlet, 1.5–6 mm long, densely hairy
outside, glabrous inside, margin ciliate, not hyaline, persistent; branchlets
present to absent, cylindrical, 0–1 mm long, velutinous, 3-flowered. Staminate
flowers 1.5–3 mm diam., yellowish green; pedicel 1.7–2.2 mm long, upper
part 0.7–1.1 mm long, densely hairy; sepals 3–6, obovate or different in
shape, 0.5–2 by 0.5–1.4 mm, apex recurved, densely hairy outside and inside;
stamens 5, 0.5–1 mm long, glabrous; filaments 0.3–0.9 mm long, geniculate; anthers 0.1–0.2 by 0.1–0.2 by
0.1–0.3 mm; disc present to absent; pistillode obtriangular to globose,
0.4–1.1 mm high, densely hairy to velutinous, solid. Pistillate
inflorescences cauline (to ramiflorous to axillary), solitary to 3-clustered
together, 12–22.5 cm long, 0.7–3 mm thick, densely hairy, many-flowered;
rachis pink; pedicel 0–4.5 mm long, upper part 0–1.2 mm long, velutinous;
bracts 3 per branchlet, densely hairy outside, glabrous inside, ciliate,
persistent. Pistillate flowers 5–7 mm diam.; sepals 4, obovate to
elliptic, 5.6–6.5 by 1.5–3.5 mm, densely hairy, caducous to persistent;
ovary globose, 2.2–2.6 by 2.2–3 mm, 2- or 3-locular, velutinous; style c.
0.2 by 1 mm wide, velutinous; stigmas c. 1 mm long, persistent. Fruits
globose, 1–3-seeded, fleshy capsules to berries, 14–20 by 10–18.5 by
10–17 mm, not dehiscing to rarely splitting, raised glands present, glabrous
to densely hairy outside, glabrous inside, white to red to pink; pericarp
0.5–1.5 mm thick; column 15–17 mm long, straight, persistent; pedicel 1–5
mm long, upper part 0.1–1 mm long. Seeds ellipsoid, laterally
flattened, 8–13 by 6–8 by 3.1–5 mm; arillode blue to violet to rarely red;
testa brown; cotyledons 5–7 by 6–7 by < 0.1 mm; radicle c. 1 mm long.
Distribution — Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, NW Borneo.
Habitat & Ecology — Primary and secondary rain forest, and seasonal
swamp forest. Altitude: 20–700 m. Soil: sand, clay or granite. Flowering: Dec.
to Apr. Fruiting: May, July to Nov.
Uses — Locally grown for fruits.
Vernacular names — Peninsular Malaysia: Rambai, rambai hutan.
Baccaurea carinata
Haegens, Blumea
Suppl. (2000) 103, Map 3. — Typus: Hoogland & Craven 10350 (holo
L), Papua New Guinea, East Sepik Province, Ambunti subdistrict, near Melawei.
Shrub to tree 7.5–10.5 m high; branchlets glabrous, densely hairy when
young, Terminalia branching pattern weakly developed. Indumentum of simple
hairs. Bark grey-brown when fresh, flaky; inner bark white, c. 2.5 mm
thick. Leaves: petiole 21–59 mm long, glabrous to sparsely (to densely)
hairy, transverse cracks usually absent, (dark to red-)brown when dry, raised
glands absent to present; stipules 5–11.5 by 2–4.5 mm, glabrous outside,
midrib glabrous to densely hairy, margin ciliate, hyaline or not; lamina ovate
to obovate, 15–29 by 9.3–15.3 cm, l/w ratio 1.8–2.0, papery to slightly
leathery; base attenuate to cuneate; apex rounded to acute, up to 10 mm long;
upper surface glabrous, raised glands sometimes present, dark brown to greyish
when dry; lower surface glabrous to subglabrous, midrib and secondary veins
glabrous to densely hairy, raised glands present, discoid glands absent, (dark)
brown when dry; nervation whitish to (light to dark) brown above when dry,
(light to red) brown below when dry; secondary veins 10–15 per side, not
completely parallel, closed at margin; nervation reticulate to weakly
scalariform. Staminate inflorescences axillary to cauline, few clustered
together, (4–)7–17 cm long, c. 1 mm thick, densely hairy, subglabrous at
base, many-flowered, flowers scattered along inflorescence; bracts 3 per
branchlet, 0.5(–2) mm long, glabrous to densely hairy outside, glabrous
inside, margin ciliate, not hyaline; branchlets minute, 3-flowered. Staminate
flowers 1.5–1.8 mm diam., yellow; pedicel 1.5–1.8 mm long, upper part
0.8–1 mm long, densely hairy; sepals 4, ovate, c. 1 mm long, apex straight,
densely hairy outside and inside; stamens 6–9, c. 0.5 mm long, glabrous;
filaments
c. 0.3 mm long, straight; anthers c. 0.2 by 0.25 by 0.1 mm; disc absent;
pistillode obtriangular, c. 0.5 mm high, densely hairy, solid. Pistillate
inflorescences cauline, many clustered together; bracts 3 per branchlet. Pistillate
flowers: sepals caducous; ovary 3-locular; stigmas persistent.
Infructescences 8–13 cm long, 1.5–2.5 mm thick. Fruits ellipsoid,
usually 5-seeded berries, c. 21 by 12 by 12 mm, slightly ruminate when dry,
raised glands present, densely hairy outside, glabrous inside, green with pink
tinges; pericarp c. 1 mm thick; column c. 17 mm long, straight; pedicel 3–5 mm
long, upper part 1.5–3.5 mm long.
Distribution — Papua New Guinea (Prov.: E and W Sepik,
Madang).
Habitat & Ecology — Secondary rain forest, swamp
forest. Altitude: 50–100 m. Fruiting: Aug. to Sept.
Uses — Arillode edible.
Vernacular names — New Guinea: Mapiok (Waskuk).
Note — The species is named for its strongly and
sharply raised midvein at the lower side of the lamina, which resembles a keel.
Baccaurea
costulata (Miq.) Müll.Arg. in DC., Prodr. 15, 2 (1866)
464; Boerl., Handl. Fl. Ned. Ind. 3 (1900) 281; Pax & K.Hoffm. in Engl.,
Pflanzenr. IV.147.xv (1922) 68; S.Moore, J. Bot. Br. 63 (1925) 98; Airy Shaw,
Kew Bull. Add. Ser. 4 (1975) 47; Kew Bull. 36 (1981) 261; Haegens, Blumea Suppl.
(2000) 105, Map 3.6. — Mappa costulata Miq., Fl. Ned. Ind.,
Eerste bijv.
(1861) 459. —
Pierardia
costulata (Miq.) Müll.Arg., Flora 47 (1864) 469. — Type: Teijsmann HB
3655 (holo U), Sumatra, Palembang, near Tubuan, Oga-ulu.
Tree up to 10–30 m high, dbh up to 28 cm, buttresses
absent; branchlets glabrous to sparsely hairy, densely hairy when young,
Terminalia branching pattern weakly developed. Indumentum of simple
and stellate hairs. Bark grey, flaky. Leaves: petiole 9–47 mm
long, glabrous to densely hairy, transversal stripes sometimes present, brown
when dry, raised glands absent; stipules 2.5–5.5 by 1–2.5 mm, densely hairy
outside, glabrous inside, base inside densely hairy, margin ciliate, not
hyaline; lamina ovate to obovate, 6.1–19.6 by 2.3–7 cm, l/w ratio 2–2.7,
papery to slightly leathery; base rounded to cuneate; apex obtuse to cuspidate,
up to 21 mm long; upper surface glabrous, raised glands absent, sometimes
punctuate, (dark) brown to grey when dry; lower surface (sub)glabrous, densely
hairy at secondary veins, discoid glands absent or present, if present in a row
between two secondary veins, (light) brown when dry; secondary veins 5–8 per
side, closed at margin or almost so; nervation reticulate to weakly scalariform.
Staminate inflorescences axillary to somewhat ramiflorous, solitary,
1.5–4 cm long, c. 1 mm thick, densely hairy, many-flowered, flowers scattered
along inflorescence; bracts 1–1.5 mm long, 1 per branchlet, margin ciliate,
not hyaline, densely hairy outside, sparsely hairy inside, persistent;
branchlets cylindrical, 1.5–3 mm long, densely hairy, 3–6-flowered. Staminate
flowers 1–2.5 mm diam.; pedicel 1–1.5 mm long, upper part 0.5–1 mm,
densely hairy; sepals 4 or 5, ovate, 1–1.7 by 0.6–1 mm, outside and inside
densely hairy; disc absent; stamens 5, c. 0.3 mm long, glabrous;
filaments c. 0.15
mm long, straight; anthers c. 0.15 by c. 0.3 by c. 0.15 mm; pistillode,
cylindrical to globose, 1.1–1.2 mm high, densely hairy, solid. Pistillate
inflorescences axillary to ramiflorous, solitary. Pistillate flowers:
sepals 4 or 5, persistent; ovary 3-locular; stigmas sessile, bifid,
persistent. Infructescences 0.8–3.7(–13) cm long, 1.5–4 mm thick. Fruits
3- (or 4-)seeded, globose berries, 19–30 by 23–30 by 23–30 mm, 50 mm diam.
when fresh, glabrous to sparsely hairy outside, subglabrous to sparsely hairy
inside, raised glands usually absent; pericarp 1–4.5 mm thick; column 19–25
mm long, straight, persistent; pedicel 2–8 mm long, upper part 0.5–2 mm
long. Seeds subglobose, laterally flattened, 12–19 by 11–16 by 3–8
mm; cotyledons c. 8.5–12.3 by 9.5–10.8 by 0.1 mm; radicle c. 1.5 mm long.
Distribution — Sumatra, Borneo.
Habitat & Ecology — Altitude: up to 450 m.
Flowering: unknown. Fruiting: Feb., Apr., July, Aug.
Uses — Arillode edible, with a bitter aftertaste.
Vernacular names — Borneo: Kampul (Dayak).
Note — In Baccaurea the vegetative parts of
male and female plants usually closely resemble each other. This species,
however, causes some interpretation problems, because the similarity between
male and female is not 100%. The male type specimen is clearly different from
all other material. Three fruiting specimens resemble this male specimen most
(they do not fit into other species). The female flowering and fruiting specimens, that
traditionally have been included here, are hesitantly accepted by me.
Baccaurea
deflexa Müll.Arg. in DC., Prodr. 15, 2 (1866) 462; Boerl., Handl. Fl. Ned. Ind.
3, 1 (1900) 281; J.J.Sm., Meded. Dept. Landb. Ned.-Indië 10 (1910) 248; Pax
& K.Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenr. IV.147.xv (1922) 69; Merr., Univ. Calif.
Publ. Bot. 15 (1929) 145; Backer & Bakh.f., Fl. Java 1 (1963) 454; Meijer,
Bot. News Bull. Forest Dept., Sabah 7 (1967) 37; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. Add. Ser.
4 (1975) 47; Haegens, Blumea Suppl. (2000) 108, Fig. 3.7, Map 3.8. — Type: Zippelius
s.n. (lecto L, sheet 903.154-568, barcode L 0050885, selected here),
probably Java.
Treelet or tree 6–25 m high, dbh 10–70 cm,
buttresses rarely present, up to 1 m high; branchlets glabrous, densely hairy
when young, Terminalia branching pattern weakly developed. Indumentum of
simple and stellate hairs. Bark grey to brown reddish when fresh,
brown when dry, up to 2 mm thick, smooth to rough, peeling off in strips of
5–10 mm long; inner bark red to brownish to yellowish. Heartwood
reddish. Leaves: petiole 17–50 mm long, subglabrous to densely hairy,
raised glands absent; stipules 3–6 by 1–2.5 mm, densely hairy outside,
glabrous inside, margin ciliate, not hyaline; lamina ovate to obovate,
7.5–19.5 by 3.8–8.9 cm, l/w ratio 1.6–2.5, papery to slightly leathery;
base acute to attenuate; marginal glands rarely as small indentations; apex
acuminate to cuspidate, 4–14 mm long; upper surface glabrous, rarely
granulate, brown to grey when dry; lower surface subglabrous to densely hairy,
raised glands absent, few discoid glands sometimes present, (greyish) brown when
dry; secondary veins (5 or) 6–8 (or 9) per side, closed at margin or almost
so; nervation (weakly) scalariform, brown to white-brown when dry. Staminate
inflorescences axillary to cauline, solitary to 4(–many) clustered
together, 1–5 cm long, c. 1 mm thick, branched, densely hairy, many-flowered,
flowers scattered along inflorescence; bracts 0.5–1 mm long, 1 or 3 (then 2
rudimentary) per branchlet, densely hairy outside, glabrous (to densely hairy?)
inside, margin ciliate, not hyaline; branchlets cylindrical, 0.5–2.2 mm long,
densely hairy, 3-flowered. Staminate flowers 1–2.5 mm diam., sessile,
green; sepals 3 or 4, ovate, 0.5–1.5 by 0.5–1.5 mm, apex slightly recurved,
outside and inside densely hairy; stamens (4–)6, 0.3–0.6 mm long, glabrous;
filaments
0.3–0.5 mm long, straight; anthers 0.1–0.15 by 0.1–0.3 by 0.1–0.15 mm;
disc absent; pistillode absent to present, globose, up to 0.3 mm high,
velutinous, solid. Pistillate inflorescences axillary to
ramiflorous, 1–3 clustered together, 3.5–9 cm long, 0.4–1 mm thick,
densely hairy, many-flowered, yellow; pedicel 1–2.5 mm long, upper part
0.5–2 mm long, geniculate (90º bent), densely hairy; bracts 1 or 3 (2 very
small) per branchlet, densely to sparsely hairy outside, glabrous inside, margin
ciliate. Pistillate flowers 1.6–3.1 mm diam., yellow-green; sepals (4
or) 5 or 6, ovate to triangular, 1–2 by 0.4–1.5 mm, outside and inside
densely hairy, caducous to rarely persistent; ovary globose to cylindrical,
1.2–2 by 1–1.5 mm, 2-locular, densely hairy; style absent; stigmas 0.3–0.6
mm long, cleft, caducous; lobes 0.3–0.6 by c. 0.2 mm, glabrous above and below.
Infructescences 5–17 cm long, 1–2.5 mm thick. Fruits subglobose
to ellipsoid, but laterally flattened, usually 1- (or 2-)seeded fleshy capsules,
9–12 by 6–15 by 3–14 mm, loculicidally and often also septicidally
dehiscent, raised glands absent, subglabrous to densely hairy outside,
velutinous inside; pericarp 0.5–2 mm thick; column 7–12 mm long, curved to
straight, persistent; pedicel 2–6 mm long, upper part 1–3 mm long. Seeds
subglobose, laterally flattened, 5.8–12 by 4.5–8 by 2.5–4 mm; cotyledons
2.5–4 by 3–5 by c. 0.1 mm; radicle c. 1 mm long; endosperm up to 1 mm thick.
Distribution — Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Borneo
(the type is the only specimen from Java).
Habitat & Ecology — Primary rain forest.
Altitude: sea level up to 450 m. Soil: sand, clay. Flowering: May, July to Nov.
Fruiting: May, July to Sept., Nov.
Vernacular names — Sumatra: Bergang gaya, birah mato,
djatikau, djentikan betima, djentikan merah, merah matu, tampoei. Simeuluë
Island: Bolawah ontur, bolawah silai. Bangka: Kepris, ketjepat, masput, rankop,
rankup. Borneo: Jelentikan (Kutai); keliwat’n (Benuag/Tunjun); lubi, tampoi.
Notes — Müller Argoviensis (1866) already noted that
this species is very similar to B. costulata. Airy Shaw (1975) regarded
the two as conspecific, with no further explanation. In my opinion, however, the two species
are rather different, and the confusion must have been due to incomplete data.
The leaves of B. deflexa tend to be larger than those of
B. costulata;
the midrib (lower surface) usually densely hairy, compared with usually sparsely
hairy; the staminate inflorescences less lax, always densely hairy (often
sparsely hairy in B. costulata), bracts 0.5–1 mm long, compared with
1–2.5 mm long; stamens (4–)6, compared with 4 or 5, 0.3–0.6 mm long, in
contrary to 0.2–0.3 mm long. These differences together with the different
appearance of both species in the herbarium material (B. deflexa dark
brown, B. costulata more glossy, greyish brown) have me led to conclude
that B. deflexa and B. costulata are not conspecific. I omitted the pistillate inflorescences and infructescences from the
discussion because of insufficient knowledge of these
characters in B. costulata (see note under
B. costulata).
Baccaurea
dolichobotrys Merr., Univ. Calif. Publ.
Bot. 15 (1929) 147; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. Add. Ser. 4 (1975) 47; Haegens, Blumea
Suppl. (2000) 110, Map 3.9. — Type: Elmer 21676 (lecto L,
selected here; isolecto DS, GH, K, US), Borneo, Sabah, Tawau.
Tree 12–24 m high, dbh c. 29 cm, buttresses small;
branchlets subglabrous to sparsely hairy; young shoots blackish when dry,
Terminalia branching pattern weakly developed. Indumentum of simple
and stellate hairs. Bark red-brown to dark reddish when fresh, brown when
dry, scaly with cracks of 2 mm long; inner bark red-brown, c. 6 mm thick. Leaves:
petiole 35–131 mm long, (sub)glabrous, dark brown to blackish when dry, raised
glands usually absent; stipules 4–6 by c. 3 mm, densely hairy to velutinous
outside, subglabrous to sparsely hairy inside, usually margin not ciliate, not
hyaline; lamina ovate, (8.8–)10–30.3 by (5.7–)6.2–16.5 cm, l/w ratio
1.4–2.2, papery; base rounded to cordate; apex obtuse to acute, 2–15 mm
long; upper surface glabrous, secondary veins glabrous to sparsely hairy,
sometimes granulate; lower surface subglabrous to sparsely hairy, tuft of
hairs present in nerve-axils, raised glands absent or present, discoid glands
absent or present; secondary veins 10–12 per side, closed at margin; nervation
scalariform. Staminate inflorescences unknown. Pistillate inflorescences
ramiflorous to cauline. Pistillate flowers mainly unknown; sepals
persistent to rarely caducous; ovary 3-locular, stigmas persistent.
Infructescences 14–40 cm long, 1.7–2.5 mm thick. Fruits globose,
usually 1- (or 2-)seeded, fleshy capsules, (9.5–) 10–13 by 10–10.5 by
10–13.5 mm, loculicidally dehiscent, raised glands often present, subglabrous
to sparsely hairy outside, sparsely to densely hairy inside, yellow to
orange-brown; pericarp 0.1–0.3 mm thick; column 9–12 mm long, curved to
straight, persistent; pedicel 4.5–9 mm long, upper part 2–5 mm long. Seeds
globose, laterally flattened, 5.3–7.3 by 5–7.2 by 2–3 mm; arillode red to
orange; testa pale brown; cotyledons 4.2–6.3 by 5–6.5 by c. 0.1 mm; radicle
0.3–1 mm long; endosperm 0.3–1.5 mm thick.
Distribution — Borneo.
Habitat & Ecology — Riverine rain forest.
Altitude: 0–700 m. Soil: yellow sand, loam. Fruiting: Febr., July, Oct.
Uses — Arillode edible.
Vernacular names — Sarawak: Buah jelentik (Iban).
Note — Airy Shaw synonymised B. dolichobotrys
with B. hookeri (= B. polyneura). Baccaurea dolichobotrys
is in my opinion clearly different from B. polyneura. The indument on the
branches is sparsely hairy in B. dolichobotrys, whereas
B. polyneura
is densely hairy (B. dolichobotrys is in general less hairy than
B. polyneura); the petioles and leaves are on average longer in B.
dolichobotrys; the fruits are 10–10.5 mm diam., compared with 12–26 in
B. polyneura. Other characters (such as colour of the leaves when dry) differ
in range but usually overlap.
Baccaurea
dulcis (Jack) Müll.Arg. in DC., Prodr.
15,
2 (1866) 460; Boerl., Handl. Fl. Ned. Ind. 3, 1 (1900) 281; Koord., Exkurs. Fl.
Java 2 (1912) 481; K.Heyne, Nutt. Pl. Ned. Ind. 3 (1917) 73; Pax & K.Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenr.
IV.147.xv (1922) 51; S.Moore, J. Bot. Br. 63 (1925)
98; Backer & Bakh.f., Fl. Java 1 (1963) 454; Soejarto, Bot. Mus. Leafl.
(1965) 82; Meijer, Bot. News Bull. Forest Dept., Sabah 7 (1967) 37; Airy Shaw,
Kew Bull. 36 (1981) 261; Haegens, Blumea Suppl.
(2000)
112, Map 3.10. — Pierardia dulcis Jack, Trans.
Linn. Soc. 14 (1823) 120; Walp., Repert.
Bot. Syst. 5 (1846) 367; Miq.,
Fl. Ned. Ind. 2, 1 (1859) 358; Fl. Ned. Ind., Eerste bijv.
(1861)
441; Baill., Adansonia 3 (1863) 140. — Type: Jack s.n. (holo K),
Sumatra, male flowering specimen.
Baccaurea
suvrae Chakrab. &
M.Gangop., J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 18 (1994)
423. — Type: Forbes 3017 (holo CAL; iso L),
Sumatra, Palembang, R. Rawas, Soeroelangoen.
Tree 3–30 m high, dbh 4–30 cm, buttresses absent;
branchlets (sub)glabrous, hollow; young shoots (pale) red-brown to (pale) brown
to grey when dry, Terminalia branching pattern weakly developed. Indumentum of
simple hairs. Bark whitish-brown when fresh, grey when dry, c. 1 mm
thick, rough; inner bark white, 2–3 mm thick. Leaves: petiole 8–68
mm long, glabrous to subglabrous, brown to red-brown when dry, raised glands
usually present; stipules 6–15 by 2.5–6 mm, glabrous outside, but often
densely hairy at base, glabrous to densely hairy at midrib, inside glabrous,
margin not ciliate, not hyaline; lamina obovate, 7.8–30 by 3.7–11.6 cm, l/w
ratio 1.5–3.3, papery to slightly leathery; base acute to attenuate; apex
obtuse to acuminate, up to 11 mm long; upper surface glabrous, raised glands
usually present, usually granulate, brown to reddish to grey to green when dry;
lower surface glabrous, often subglabrous at midrib, discoid glands absent,
brown to reddish to grey to green when dry; secondary veins 5–12 per side,
closed at margin; nervation reticulate. Staminate inflorescences axillary
to just below the leaves, solitary to few clustered together, 0.3–10 cm long,
0.5–1 mm thick, (glabrous to) subglabrous to densely hairy, many-flowered,
flowers scattered along inflorescence; bracts 1 per branchlet, 1–2 mm long, (sub)glabrous
outside, glabrous inside, margin ciliate, (not) hyaline; bracteoles 0–2, up
to 0.3 mm long, sparsely hairy outside, glabrous inside; branchlets absent to
cylindrical, 0–3 mm long, densely hairy, (2- or) 3-flowered. Staminate
flowers 2–4.5 mm diam.; pedicel 1–3.8 mm long, upper part 0.5–1.5 mm
long, densely hairy; sepals 4, ovate, 1.2–3.5 by 0.5–1.6 mm, apex (slightly)
recurved, outside and inside densely hairy; staminodes 6–8; stamens 6–8,
0.4–0.9 mm long, glabrous; filaments 0.4–0.7 mm long,
usually geniculate; anthers 0.1–0.15 by 0.15–0.2 by c. 0.1 mm; disc absent;
pistillode absent to obtriangular, up to 1 mm high, densely hairy, hollow. Pistillate
inflorescences axillary to ramiflorous (to cauline), solitary to
few-clustered together, 2.5–12 cm long, 1–2.5 mm thick, (sub)glabrous,
8–30-flowered; pedicel, 2.5–10 mm long, upper part 0.3–4.2 mm, subglabrous
to densely hairy; bracts inserted on rachis and pedicel, 3 per branchlet, (sub)glabrous
outside, glabrous inside, ciliate. Pistillate flowers 5–10 mm diam.,
yellow; sepals 4 or 5, elliptic, 3–11 by 1.7–4.5 mm, sparsely to densely
hairy outside, densely hairy inside, caducous, whitish when dry; ovary globose,
1.5–2.7 by 1.5–2.7 mm, 3-locular, (sub)glabrous; style absent; stigmas
0.4–0.8 mm long, not cleft to 90%, usually persistent; lobes 0.2–0.8 by
0.3–1 mm, glabrous and ruminate above and below. Fruits globose,
1–3-seeded berries, 24–35 by 11–26 by 11–26 mm when dry, raised glands
present, ruminate when dry, (sub)glabrous outside, glabrous inside, yellow;
pericarp 1.5–11 mm thick; column 21–24 mm long, straight; pedicel 8–17.5
mm long, upper part c. 1 mm long. Seeds globose to ellipsoid, laterally
flattened, (10.6–)12.5–18 by (9–)10–12.5 by 3–5 mm; arillode purple;
cotyledons 7–10.5 by 5.5–11.5 by c. 0.1 mm; radicle 1.5–2 mm long;
endosperm c. 1 mm thick.
Distribution — Sumatra, W Java.
Habitat & Ecology — Primary rain forest, and
cultivated. Altitude: 90–700 m. Flowering: June, Aug., Oct. Fruiting: May,
June, Sept., Nov., Dec.
Uses — Fruits sweet to sour.
Vernacular
names — Sumatra: Kapunduang (Minang); cupak, kaloe, ketoepa, menteng negri,
toepa.
Simeuluë Island: Pranggo.
Baccaurea edulis Merr., Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 15 (1929) 149; Meijer, Bot. News Bull. Forest Dept., Sabah 7 (1967) 36; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. Add. Ser. 4 (1975) 47; Haegens, Blumea Suppl. (2000) 113, Fig. 3.8; Map 3.11. — Type: Elmer 21783 (holo A; iso DS, L), Borneo.
Tree 8–33 m high, dbh 5–60 cm, buttresses absent to
up to 4 m high by 1 m wide, thin; branchlets glabrous, densely hairy when young,
Terminalia branching pattern weakly developed. Indumentum of simple
and stellate hairs. Bark pale to red-brown when fresh, brown when dry, c.
0.5 mm thick, smooth, hard to soft; inner bark light red to red-brown to yellow
to pale brownish, 2–10 mm thick, soft, sometimes brittle. Heartwood
red-brown. Leaves: petiole 12–77 mm long, densely hairy, raised glands
absent; stipules triangular to elliptic, 6–11 by 2.5–4.5 mm, sparsely to
densely hairy outside, (sub)glabrous inside, margin ciliate, not hyaline; lamina
usually elliptic, 8.3–29 by 3.2–11.8 cm, l/w ratio 2.3–3.8, papery; base
rounded to cuneate; marginal glands often visible as small indentations; apex
acute to cuspidate, 3–20 mm long; upper surface glabrous, midvein usually
densely hairy, dark green when fresh, dark brown when dry; lower surface
subglabrous to densely hairy, raised glands usually absent, discoid glands
present, yellowish green when fresh, light brown (to green-brown) when dry;
young leaves with yellowish brown indumentum; secondary veins (7 or) 8–10 per
side, closed at margin; nervation reticulate, white (to light brown) above when
dry. Staminate inflorescences axillary to just below the leaves, solitary
to few clustered together, 1.5–12.5 cm long, c. 1 mm thick, branched, densely
hairy, many-flowered, flowers scattered along inflorescence; bracts usually 1
per branchlet, spatulate, 1–4 mm long, densely hairy outside, (sub)glabrous
inside, margin ciliate, not hyaline; bracteoles absent; cymules variable in
shape, 3–18-flowered, densely hairy. Staminate flowers 1–2.5 mm diam.,
yellowish green to yellow to white; pedicel 0.5–1.7 mm long, upper part
0.3–1.5 mm long, densely hairy; sepals 4 or 5, ovate to elliptic, 0.7–1.5 by
0.5–1 mm, apex recurved, outside and inside densely hairy; stamens (3 or) 4 or
5, 0.2–0.4 mm long, glabrous; filaments
0.1–0.3 mm long, straight; anthers 0.1–0.2 by 0.15–0.2 by c. 0.1 mm, pale
yellow; pistillode absent to present, globose, up to 0.2 mm high, densely hairy,
solid. Pistillate inflorescences ramiflorous to cauline, 2–6 clustered
together, 2–18 cm long, 1–1.5 mm thick, densely hairy, 10–25-flowered,
green; pedicel 3–7.8 mm long, upper part 0.5–1.5 mm long, densely hairy;
bracts persistent, 1(–3) per branchlet, subglabrous to sparsely hairy
outside, glabrous inside, margin ciliate. Pistillate flowers 3–7 mm
diam., greenish yellow; sepals 4 or 5, ovate, 2–3.5 by 1–2 mm, outside and
inside densely hairy, persistent; ovary globose, 2–4 by 1.5–4 mm, 2-locular,
densely hairy; style 1–2 by c. 1 mm, densely hairy; stigmas 1–2 mm long,
cleft for upper 90%, caducous (to persistent); lobes 1–2 by c. 1 mm, glabrous
above, densely hairy below. Infructescences 2–4 mm thick. Fruits
globose, 2–4-seeded berries, 5–6 cm diam. when fresh, 23–60 by 23–60 by
23–60 mm when dry, raised glands absent, glabrous outside, densely hairy when
young, subglabrous to densely hairy inside, (orange-)brown to whitish to yellow;
pericarp 4–10 mm thick; column 19–25 mm long, straight; pedicel 5–14 mm
long, upper part 1–6 mm long. Seeds globose to ellipsoid, laterally
flattened, 13–20.5 by 8–21 by 2–8 mm; arillode white to yellow; cotyledons
11–12 by 10.5–16 by 0.1–0.4 mm; radicle 1–1.5 mm long; endosperm 1–2
mm thick.
Distribution — (Peninsular Malaysia), Borneo.
Habitat & Ecology — Primary and secondary rain
forest, and swamp forest. Soil: sand. Altitude: up to 700 m. Flowering: Mar.,
June to Aug., Oct. Fruiting: Feb., Mar. to June, Aug., Sept.
Uses — Arillode and seed-coat edible, sweet to sour,
sold in local markets.
Vernacular names — Borneo: Apor-apor (Bassap); pendal
nyumbo, tampoi paya (Iban); pas, tampoi paya (Malay); boenjan, kapul, kapul
putih, kelawat’n petik, kepsoet awoet, kulibon, puak burong.
Baccaurea
javanica (Blume) Müll.Arg. in DC., Prodr.
15,
2 (1866) 456; Boerl., Handl. Fl. Ned. Ind. 3, 1 (1900) 281; J.J.Sm., Meded.
Dept. Landb. Ned.-Indië 10 (1910) 253; Koord., Exkurs.
Fl.
Java 2 (1912) 482; K.Heyne, Nutt. Pl. Ned. Ind. 3 (1917) 73; Merr., J. Straits
Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. (1921) 331; Pax & K.Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenr.
IV.147.xv (1922) 50; S.Moore, J. Bot. Br. 63 (1925) 98; Holth. & H.J. Lam,
Blumea 5 (1942) 200; Backer & Bakh.f., Fl. Java 1 (1963) 254; Soejarto, Bot.
Mus. Leafl. 21 (1965) 96; Meijer, Bot. News Bull. Forest Dept., Sabah 7 (1967)
37; Whitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 65; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. Add. Ser. 4
(1975) 48; Kew Bull. 36 (1981) 263; 37 (1982) 8; Chakrab.
&
Rao, J. Econ.
Taxon. Bot. 5 (1984) 957; G.L. Webster, Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 81
(1994) 51; Haegens, Blumea Suppl. (2000) 116, Fig. 3.9, Map 3.12. — Adenocrepis
javanica Blume, Bijdr.
(1825) 579; Baill.,
Étude Euphorb.
(1858) 601; Adansonia 3 (1863) 134. — Type: Blume
s.n. (lecto L, sheet 903.154-589, selected here), Java, Tjanjor, Parang.
Hedycarpus
javanicus Miq., Fl. Ned. Ind. 1, 2 (1859) 359. — Type: Hasskarl
s.n. (lecto L, sheet 909.25-49, barcode L 0059164, selected here), Java.
Microsepala acuminata
Miq., Fl. Ned. Ind., Eerste bijv.
(1861) 444. —
Baccaurea acuminata (Miq.)
Müll.Arg.
in DC., Prodr.
15, 2 (1866) 463; Boerl., Handl. Fl. Ned. Ind. 3, 1
(1900) 281. — Type: Diepenhuis s.n. (lecto U, sheet -95/007-45,
selected here), Sumatra, Priaman, Lubualang.
Baccaurea
minutiflora Müll.Arg. in DC., Prodr.
15,
2 (1866) 463; Boerl., Handl. Fl. Ned. Ind. 3, 1 (1900) 281; J.J.Sm., Meded.
Dept. Landb. Ned.-Indië 10 (1910) 257; Koord., Exkurs. Fl. Java 2 (1912) 482;
Pax & K.Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenr.
IV.147.xv
(1922) 58; Backer & Bakh.f., Fl. Java 1 (1963) 455; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 36
(1981) 260. — Type: Zollinger 3048 (holo G), Java.
Baccaurea
minahassae Koord., Meded. Lands Plantentuin 19 (1898) 625; Boerl.,
Handl. Fl. Ned. Ind. 3, 1 (1900) 281; Koord., Syst. Verz. 3 (1914) 67; K.Heyne,
Nutt. Pl. Ned. Ind. 3 (1917) 74. — Type: Riedel s.n. (holo K), North
Celebes, Gorontalo.
Baccaurea
sanguinea J.J.Sm., Icon. Bogor. 4 (1910) 25, t. 319. — Type: Bogor
Botanical Garden: VIII.F.3a (lecto BO, selected here).
Aporosa
dolichocarpa Pax & K.Hoffm. in
Engl., Pflanzenr. IV.147.xv (1922) 98; S.Moore, J. Bot. Br. 63 (1925) 97; Airy
Shaw, Kew Bull. 36 (1981) 264. — Type: Forbes 3159 (lecto L,
selected here), Sumatra.
Baccaurea
leucodermis Hook.f. ex Ridl., Fl. Malay Penins. 3 (1924) 244; Airy
Shaw, Kew Bull. Add. Ser. 4 (1975) 49. — Syntypes: Kunstler s.n. (K,
n.v.), Malakka, Perak, Kinta; Ridley s.n. (K, n.v.), Johore, Castlewood.
Shrub to tree 3–12 m high, dbh up to 30 cm,
buttresses absent to up to 30 cm high, 10 cm long, c. 5 cm thick; branchlets
glabrous, densely hairy when young, Terminalia branching pattern well-developed.
Indumentum of simple hairs. Bark (light) brown to pale grey to
yellowish to white to silvery green, 1–2 mm thick, smooth,
finely
fissured; inner bark brown to yellow-brown, 2–4 mm thick, soft. Heartwood
brown. Leaves: petiole 2–45 mm long, (sub)glabrous, sometimes with a
tuft of short hairs at base, brown when dry; stipules 1–6 by 1–2 mm, densely
hairy on both sides, margin ciliate, hyaline; lamina obovate (to ovate),
2.9–20 by 1.2–9.5 cm, l/w ratio 1.9–3.9, base cuneate; apex acuminate, up
to 15 mm long; upper surface glabrous, sometimes granulate; raised glands
sometimes present, (dark) green when fresh, yellowish green to brown when dry;
lower surface glabrous, discoid glands rarely present, (dark) green when fresh,
yellowish green to brown when dry; secondary veins 4–8 per side, ending open;
nervation reticulate, red to brown when dry, slightly raised above; young leaves
reddish brown when dry. Staminate inflorescences axillary to just below
the leaves, solitary to 4 clustered together, 1.5–14 cm long, 0.5–1 mm
thick, subglabrous to sparsely hairy, many-flowered, flowers scattered along
inflorescence; bracts 1 per branchlet, 0.5–1.1 mm long, persistent, glabrous
on both sides, densely hairy at base outside, margin ciliate, hyaline;
bracteoles 0 or 2, up to 0.5 mm long; branchlets cylindrical, 0–2.1 mm long,
glabrous to densely hairy, (1–)3-flowered. Staminate flowers
1.7–3.7(–5.5) mm diam., green to white to light yellow to brownish; pedicel
1.2–4.2 mm long, upper part 0.9–2.2 mm long, glabrous to densely hairy;
sepals 4 (or 5), ovate, 1.1–4.2 by 0.5–2.3 mm, apex recurved, outside
glabrous except one side at margin densely hairy, densely hairy inside, brown
outside when dry, whitish inside when dry; staminodes absent or 4–7; stamens
4–7, 0.4–1 mm long, glabrous; filaments 0.25–1 mm long, apically geniculate; anthers 0.1–0.4 by
0.1–0.2 by 0.1–0.2 mm; disc present, less than 0.1 mm thick; pistillode
cylindrical, 0.3–1.1 mm long, densely hairy to velutinous. Pistillate
inflorescences axillary to just below the leaves (to ramiflorous), solitary,
up to 8.5 cm long, 1.2–1.4 mm thick, glabrous to sparsely hairy (to densely
hairy), 1–17-flowered, brown to reddish brown when dry; pedicel 1.6–4 mm
long, upper part 0.2–1.1 mm long, glabrous (to densely hairy); bracts 1 or 3
per branchlet, 0.7–0.8 by 0.7–0.8 mm, persistent, glabrous, margin ciliate;
flowers up to 1 cm diam., green; sepals 4, ovate to lanceolate, 3–7.5 by
1.2–2.5 mm, outside glabrous, inside densely hairy, outside brown when dry,
inside whitish when dry, caducous; ovary globose to cylindrical, 1.2–2.5 by
1–1.9 mm, 2-locular (2- or 3-locular in Borneo), pilose to velutinous,
greenish-white; style absent or up to 0.1 mm; stigmas whitish, c. 0.5 mm diam.,
persistent, not lobed. Fruits globose to cylindrical, bivalved, 1- or
2(–4-)seeded, fleshy capsules, 10–17 by 7–11 by 7–11 mm, not to
loculicidally dehiscing, glabrous outside and inside, pale to dark orange to
yellow; pedicel 1.5–5 mm long, upper part 0.5–2.5 mm long; pericarp
0.1–1.5 mm thick; column 7–11 mm long, curved when 1-seeded, caducous. Seeds
ellipsoid to slightly globose, but laterally flattened, 5–9 by 5.5–7.4 by
1–5 mm; arillode purplish blue to dark purplish to violet; testa red to
purplish red; cotyledons 5–6 by 6–6.5 by 0.1–2.5 mm thick.
Distribution — Andaman and Nicobar Islands,
Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Sulawesi (Talaud Island).
Habitat & Ecology — Primary or secondary rain
forest, or freshwater swamps. Altitude: sea level up to 1800 m. Flowering and
fruiting: throughout the year.
Uses — Arillode edible, sweet to sour.
Vernacular names — Sumatra: Bosi, toepak rawang.
Simeuluë Island: Ahanang bala, ahalang bahok, ahanang bahok pajo, toeanang,
toepa rawang. Java: Houtjit, hutjiet, huetjip, heuncit, heuntit. Borneo: Mata
plantok (Tidong); sarakat. Bali: Kepinding.
Baccaurea
lanceolata (Miq.) Müll.Arg. in DC., Prodr.
15,
2 (1866) 457; Hook.f., Fl.
Brit. India 5 (1887) 368; Stapf, Trans. Linn. Soc.
London, Bot. 4 (1894) 224; Boerl., Handl. Fl. Ned. Ind. 3, 1 (1900) 280; Merr.,
Philipp. J. Sci., Bot. 4 (1909) 277; J.J.Sm., Meded.
Dept.
Landb. Ned.-Indië 10 (1910) 247; Koord., Exkurs.
Fl. Java 2
(1912) 481; K.Heyne, Nutt. Pl. Ned. Ind. 3 (1917) 73; Merr., J. Straits Branch
Roy. Asiat. Soc. (1921) 331; Pax & K.Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenr. IV.147.xv
(1922) 60; Merr., Enum. Philipp. Fl. Pl. 2 (1923) 411; Ridl., Fl. Malay Penins.
3 (1924) 248; S.Moore, J. Bot. Br. 63 (1925) 98; Merr., Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot.
15 (1929) 150; Pax & K.Hoffm., Mitt.
Staatsinst. Allg. Bot.
Hamburg
7 (1931) 233; M.R. Hend., J. Malayan Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 17 (1939) 69;
Corner, Wayside Trees Mal. 1 (1940) 240; Backer & Bakh.f., Fl. Java 1 (1963)
454; Meijer, Bot. News Bull. Forest Dept., Sabah 7 (1967) 35; Airy Shaw, Kew.
Bull. 26 (1972) 220; Whitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 65; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull.
Add. Ser. 4 (1975) 49; Fernando, Philipp. J. Biol. 8 (1979) 302; Airy Shaw, Kew
Bull. 36 (1981) 263; Enum. Euphorb. Philipp. (1983) 9; Haegens & Welzen in
Welzen et al., Thai For. Bull. 28 (2000) 70; Haegens, Blumea Suppl.
(2000) 119, Fig. 3.10, Map 3.13, Photo 2, 3. — Hedycarpus lanceolatus
Miq., Fl. Ned. Ind. 1, 2 (1859) 359. — Adenocrepis lanceolatus (Miq.)
Müll.Arg.,
Linnaea 32 (1863) 82. — Type: Zollinger 3265 (holo U; iso K),
Java.
Pierardia pyrrhodasya
Miq., Fl. Ned. Ind., Eerste Bijv. (1861) 441. — Baccaurea pyrrhodasya (Miq.)
Müll.Arg. in DC., Prodr.
15, 2 (1866) 462; Boerl., Handl. Fl. Ned. Ind. 3, 1
(1900) 281; Pax & K.Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenr. IV.147.xv (1922) 65; Airy
Shaw, Kew Bull. 36 (1981) 265, syn. nov. — Type: Junghuhn s.n. (lecto
U, sheet 35998, the flowers only, selected here), Sumatra, Ankola.
Baccaurea
glabriflora Pax & K.Hoffm. in
Engl., Pflanzenr.
IV.147.xv (1922) 59; Merr., Enum.
Philipp. Fl. Pl. 2 (1923) 411; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. Add. Ser. 4 (1975)
50. — Type: Merril 853 (holo US; iso K), Philippines, Island of
Paragua, San Antonio Bay.
Tree 3–30 m high, dbh 5–60 cm, buttresses absent;
trunk gnarled; branchlets (sub)glabrous; young shoots green to grey-green to
brownish when dry, Terminalia branching pattern usually weak. Indumentum of
simple hairs. Bark grey to pale brown to yellowish to whitish to
greenish when fresh, grey when dry, 0.2–3 mm thick, smooth, scaly, sometimes
peeling off, soft; inner bark pale brown to white to grey to yellowish, 2–3.5
mm thick. Heartwood yellowish to brownish. Leaves: petiole
16–184 mm long, glabrous, apically and slightly basally pulvinate, green to
grey to brown-green when dry, raised glands usually present; stipules
(3–)5–16 by 2–6 mm, caducous (to late caducous), glabrous outside and
inside, midrib often densely hairy above, margin (not) ciliate, usually hyaline
(in Peninsular Malaysia not hyaline); lamina ovate to obovate, 9.2–45 by
3.7–26.5 cm, l/w ratio 1.7–3.4, papery; base attenuate to rounded; apex
acute to cuspidate, (0–)3–20 mm long; upper surface glabrous, raised glands
present, sometimes granulate, glossy dark green when fresh, (grey to brown to)
green when dry; lower surface glabrous, sometimes sparsely hairy at midrib,
raised glands present, discoid glands absent, (dull pale) green when fresh, (grey
to brown to) green when dry, nervation paler; secondary veins 6–13 per side,
closed at margin to almost so; nervation reticulate. Staminate inflorescences
cauline, many clustered together, 3.5–18 cm long, 0.1–1 mm thick, glabrous
to sparsely hairy, branching minute, many-flowered, flowers scattered along
inflorescence, yellow to pink to cream-white; bracts 1 per branchlet, 0.4–1.5
mm long, densely hairy outside, (sub)glabrous inside, margin ciliate, hyaline;
bracteoles 0.1–0.5 mm long, 2 per branchlet, glabrous outside, (sub)glabrous
inside; branchlets absent, 3-flowered. Staminate flowers 2–7 mm diam.,
yellow to pink to purple to cream-white; pedicel 1.8–7 mm long, upper part
1.7–7 mm long, (sub)glabrous, densely hairy at base; sepals (3 or ) 4 or 5,
obovate to spatulate, often variable in size and shape, 1.1–5.5 by 0.6–2.7
mm, apex slightly recurved or straight, glabrous outside (densely hairy in
Peninsular Malaysia), sparsely to densely hairy inside; petals often present,
3–5, rudimentary; staminodes 3–5; stamens (3 or) 4 or 5, 0.4–0.6 mm long,
glabrous; filaments 0.1–0.3 mm long, straight; anthers 0.2–0.35 by 0.2–0.4 by
0.15–0.2 mm; disc absent; pistillode globose to cylindrical, 0.2–0.7 mm
high, velutinous, solid. Pistillate inflorescences cauline, few clustered
together, 8–33(–50) cm long, 1–5 mm thick, subglabrous to sparsely hairy
(glabrous in Peninsular Malaysia), 20–25-flowered, yellowish brown to
reddish; pedicel 0.8–4.5 mm long, thickened at abscission zone, upper part
0.1–1.5 mm long, subglabrous to densely hairy (glabrous in Peninsular
Malaysia), pink; bracts 3 per branchlet, (sub)glabrous outside, glabrous inside,
margin ciliate. Pistillate flowers 3.5–10 mm diam., yellow to orange to
purple to reddish cream to whitish; sepals 4 or 5, ovate to obovate, 1–6 by
0.9–3.2 mm, densely hairy outside, (sub)glabrous inside, caducous; petals
2–8, reduced; ovary globose, 1.5–3.2 by 1.5–3.2 mm, 3- or 4-locular,
sparsely to densely hairy, wings usually absent, rarely 3 or 4 poorly developed,
purple to green; style absent; stigmas 0.7–1 mm long, cleft for upper
10–90%, reddish to ochre, persistent to caducous; lobes 0.7–1 by 0.2–0.6
mm, glabrous and ruminate above, glabrous to densely hairy below. Fruits
globose to ellipsoid, 1–4-seeded berries, 24–54 by 16.5–41 by 16.5–41 mm
when dry, 38 by 60 mm when fresh, raised glands present, ruminate when dry,
glabrous outside and inside, purple or green when young, green to yellow to
whitish to greyish to brownish when mature; pericarp 1–10 mm thick; column c.
32 mm long; pedicel (1–)2.5–17 mm long, upper part 0.5–11 mm long. Seeds
ellipsoid, laterally flattened, 12.2–26 by 8–15 by 4.8–9 mm; arillode
white to grey, translucent; testa yellow to whitish; cotyledons 10–11.5 by
8.9–13 by c. 0.1 mm; radicle 1–2.2 mm long; endosperm 1–2 mm thick.
Distribution — Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia,
Sumatra, N Java, Borneo, Palawan.
Habitat & Ecology — Primary and secondary rain
forest, on slopes and in riverine forest. Soil: sandy clay, loam. Altitude: sea
level up to 1300 m, common in lowland. Flowering: Mar. to Dec. Fruiting:
throughout the year.
Uses — Against stomachache: the leaves are pounded
in bamboo and mixed with water. Pericarp and arillode edible but sour and
therefore eaten with sugar or salt. Rarely in cultivation in fruit gardens.
Eaten with chicken rice.
Vernacular names — Peninsular Malaysia: Asam pahong,
asam pahung, asam paung, limpanong, pahu asam, pahu temuangi. Sumatra: Tegeiluk
(Mentawai); kaloe goegoer, langsat hutan, lempaong, lempaoe-oeng, peng. Java:
Lingsoe. Borneo: Limpasu (Banjarese; Bundu tuhan); ampusu’ (Bidayuh); asam
pauh, empaong, lampaong, lampawong, lampong (Iban); buah lepasu, lipasu,
nipassu (Dusun); kalampesu, lempahong (in Kalimantan); buah lipauh (Kelabit);
kelepesoh (Kenyah); tampoy (Malay); buah lepesuh (Punan); empawang, lapahung,
lempawong, paong.
Note — The type specimen is a mixtum, the leaves are Terminalia
sp.
Baccaurea
macrocarpa (Miq.) Müll.Arg. in DC., Prodr. 15, 2 (1866) 457;
Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 5 (1887) 375; Boerl., Handl. Fl. Ned. Ind. 3, 1 (1900)
280; K.Heyne, Nutt. Pl. Ned. Ind. 3 (1917) 73; Pax & K.Hoffm., Engl.
Pflanzenr. IV.147.xv (1922) 49; Meijer, Bot. News Bull. Forest Dept., Sabah 7
(1967) 35; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. Add. Ser. 4 (1975) 50; Kew Bull. 36 (1981) 263; Haegens & Welzen in
Welzen et al., Thai For. Bull. 28 (2000) 70;
Haegens, Blumea Suppl. (2000)
121, Fig. 3.11, Map 3.14, Photo 4. — Pierardia macrocarpa Miq., Fl.
Ind. Bat., Eerste bijv. (1861) 441. — Type: Teijsmann s.n. (lecto U,
sheet -95/007-35||36001, selected here), Sumatra, Dapoei, Mangala, Lampongs.
Mappa
borneensis Müll.Arg., Flora 47 (1864) 468. —
Baccaurea
borneensis (Müll.Arg.)
Müll.Arg. in DC., Prodr.
15,
2 (1866) 460; Boerl., Handl. Fl. Ned. Ind. 3, 1 (1900) 280; Merr., J. Straits
Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. (1921) 330; Pax & K.Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenr.
IV.147.xv (1922) 62; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. Add. .Ser. 4 (1975) 50. — Type: Motley
199 (holo K), Borneo, near Bandjarmassing.
Baccaurea
griffithii Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 5 (1887) 371; Boerl., Handl.
Fl. Ned. Ind. 3, 1 (1900) 281; Pax & K.Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenr.
IV.147.xv (1922) 66; Ridl., Fl. Malay Penins. 3 (1924) 248; Merr., Pap.
Michingan Acad. Sci. 20 (1935) 100; Corner, Wayside Trees Mal. 1 (1940) 240;
Whitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 66; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. Add. Ser. 4 (1975)
50. — Type: King’s Collector 3266 (lecto K, selected here),
Malakka, Perak, Larut.
Treelet or tree 5–27 m high, dbh 6–64 cm; bole
sometimes fluted, up to 5 m high; buttresses absent to low to small; branchlets
glabrous; young shoots blackish, Terminalia branching pattern weakly
developed. Indumentum of simple hairs and small stellate. Bark
dark to pale (red) brown to grey to orange when fresh, greyish-brown when dry,
hard, c. 0.1 mm thick, smooth; inner bark red-brown to pale brown to orange to
red to pinkish white, soft, 2.5–3 mm thick. Leaves: petiole
(10–)22–145 mm long, glabrous to sparsely hairy, brown to blackish when dry,
raised glands usually present; stipules 2–9 by 1–5 mm, glabrous to tomentose
outside, glabrous inside, margin ciliate, not hyaline; lamina (ovate to)
elliptic (to obovate), (7.2–)9–37 by 3.1–17.5 cm, l/w ratio
(1.1–)1.6–2.8(–3.5), leathery to papery; base attenuate to cuneate (to
rounded); apex (obtuse to) acuminate to cuspidate, up to 20 mm long; upper
surface glabrous, sometimes granulate, brown to greenish when dry, nervation
brown to rarely whitish when dry; lower surface (sub)glabrous, mostly sparsely
hairy on midrib and secondary veins, raised glands absent or present, discoid
glands in a row between secondary veins, green with brown nervation when fresh,
brown to greenish when dry; secondary veins 6–10(–13) per side, not
completely parallel, ending open at margin; nervation reticulate to weakly
scalariform; young leaves blackish brown when dry. Staminate inflorescences
(axillary to) ramiflorous to cauline, solitary to few clustered together,
0.5–13 cm long, c. 1 mm thick, densely to sometimes sparsely hairy, usually
branched, many-flowered, flowers scattered along inflorescence; bracts 1 (or 3)
per branchlet, 1–3 mm long, subglabrous to densely hairy outside, glabrous to
densely hairy inside, margin ciliate, not hyaline; branchlets cylindrical,
(0–)1–2 mm long, densely hairy, 3–12-flowered. Staminate flowers
0.7–2 mm diam., green to yellow to white; pedicel 1–2 mm, upper part
0.1–1.5 mm long, densely hairy; sepals 5, elliptic, 0.7–1.5 by 0.4–0.7 mm,
apex straight, outside and inside densely hairy; stamens 5 (or 6), 0.1–0.25 mm
long, glabrous, yellowish; filaments
0.1–0.2 mm long, straight; anthers c. 0.1 by 0.15 by 0.1 mm; disc absent;
pistillode globose to obtriangular, c. 0.5 mm high, densely hairy, sometimes
hollow. Pistillate inflorescences ramiflorous to cauline, solitary to 3
clustered together, 3.5–18 cm by 2–3 mm thick, subglabrous to densely hairy,
8–many-flowered; pedicel 3–7.5 mm long, upper part 0.4–0.5 mm long,
geniculate or not, densely hairy, green; bracts 1 or 3 (then 1 big) per
branchlet, sparsely to densely hairy outside, subglabrous to densely hairy
inside, margin ciliate. Pistillate flowers 2–4.5 mm diam.; sepals
4–6, ovate, 1.5–2.8 by 1–1.3 mm, outside and inside densely hairy,
persistent; ovary globose to cylindrical, c. 2 by 1.2–2 mm, 3- or 4-locular,
tomentose; style 0.5–1.5 mm long, c. 1 mm wide, sparsely hairy; stigmas
0.5–1 mm long, cleft, persistent to caducous; lobes c. 1 by 0.4 mm, (sub)glabrous.
Infructescences up to 15 cm long, 4–6 mm thick. Fruits (sub)globose,
(2- or) 3–6-seeded, fleshy capsules, 30–65 by 34–75 by 34–75 mm, up to
80 mm diam. when fresh, loculicidally (and also septicidally) dehiscent, (sub)glabrous
outside, subglabrous to densely hairy inside, raised glands present, brown to
yellow to orange to dull red to dark green; pericarp 4–11 mm thick; column
16–32 mm long, straight, caducous; pedicel 7–30 mm long, upper part 5–20
mm long, thickened at abscission zone. Seeds globose to ellipsoid,
laterally flattened, (to triangular), 13–23 by 11–18.5 by 4–7 mm; arillode
white to yellow to sometimes orange; testa yellow to brown; cotyledons 9–15 by
9–19 by up to 1 mm; radicle 1–2.3 mm long; endosperm c. 1 mm thick.
Distribution — Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Borneo,
(Ambon, Irian Jaya).
Habitat & Ecology — Primary rain forest, riverine
rain forest and swamp forest, rarely also in secondary forest. Soil: granitic
sand, sandy clay or red clay. Altitude: sea level up to 1600 m. Flowering and
fruiting: throughout the year.
Uses — Arillode edible, sweet to sour. Sold in
markets and cultivated in gardens.
Vernacular names — Peninsular Malaysia: Merkeh (Kelantan);
ngeke (Malay); lara (Temuan); rambai, tampoi batang, tampoi, tampui.
Sumatra:
Tampoei daoen, tampoei benez. Bangka: Medang, tampui. Borneo: Pasin (Bassap Dyab);
pegak (Dayak Tunjung); puak, tampoi (Iban); setai (Kenya); djentikan (Malay,
Kutei); tampoi (Malay, Kedayan); buah setei, empak kapur, kapul, terai.
Baccaurea
macrophylla (Müll.Arg.)
Müll.Arg. in DC., Prodr. 15, 2 (1866)
460; Hook.f., Fl.
Brit. India 5 (1887) 369; Boerl., Handl. Fl. Ned. Ind.
3, 1 (1900) 281; K.Heyne, Nutt. Pl. Ned. Ind. 3 (1917) 74; Merr., J. Straits
Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. (1921) 331; Pax & K.Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenr.
IV.147.xv (1922) 62; Ridl., Fl. Malay Penins. 3 (1924) 247; S.Moore, J. Bot.
Br. 63 (1925) 98; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 26 (1972) 220; Whitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya
2 (1973) 66; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. Add. Ser. 4 (1975) 51; Kew Bull. 36 (1981) 263; Haegens & Welzen in
Welzen et al., Thai For. Bull. 28 (2000) 71; Haegens, Blumea Suppl. (2000) 124, Map 3.15. —
Pierardia macrophylla
Müll.Arg., Flora 47 (1864) 516. — Type: Anonymous (Hb Hook.f.; holo
K), Malakka, Puolo-Penang.
Baccaurea beccariana Pax & K.Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenr. IV.147.xv (1922) 62; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 26 (1972) 220. — Type: Beccari PB 3249 [holo FI (?, n.v.); iso G, K], Borneo. The type is to be expected in FI but could not be found.
Tree 8–27 m high, dbh 14–63 cm; buttresses absent
or small; bole sometimes fluted; branchlets glabrous, sparsely hairy when young;
young shoots brown when fresh, brown to blackish when dry, Terminalia branching
pattern weakly developed. Indumentum of stellate hairs. Bark
grey to dark red to red-brown when fresh, grey when dry, smooth, flaky; inner
bark pale red to pinkish, thick, brittle, soft with sticky sap. Heartwood
dark red-brown. Leaves: petiole 30–88 mm long, subglabrous to sparsely
hairy, raised glands absent or present; stipules 2–11 by 3–11.5 mm, caducous
(to late caducous), (glabrous to) subglabrous to sparsely (to densely) hairy
outside, midrib sparsely to densely hairy, (sub)glabrous inside, margin ciliate,
not to slightly hyaline; lamina (ovate to) elliptic (to obovate), 9.6–33 by
4.5–14.4 cm, l/w ratio 1.9–2.3(–2.9), papery; base rounded to cuneate;
marginal glands not to slightly visible as indentation marks; apex acute, 2–10
mm long; upper surface glabrous, not granulate, dark brown when dry; lower
surface glabrous to sparsely hairy, raised glands absent or present, discoid
glands present below in a row between two secondary veins; brown when dry;
secondary veins 6–13 per side, usually ending open at margin; nervation
reticulate; young leaves yellowish green. Staminate inflorescences
axillary to ramiflorous, solitary to few clustered together, 2.5–8.6 cm long,
0.5–1 mm thick, densely hairy, many-flowered, flowers clustered at the tip of
inflorescence; bracts 1 per branchlet, 1.5–2.5 mm long, sparsely (to densely)
hairy outside, (sub)glabrous inside, margin ciliate, usually not hyaline;
bracteoles 2 per branchlet, 0.2–0.7 mm long; branchlets cylindrical, 0.7–3
mm long, densely hairy, 3-flowered. Staminate flowers 0.7–1.5 mm diam.,
green to yellow; pedicel 0–0.7 mm long, densely hairy; sepals 4 or 5, ovate,
0.4–0.9 by 0.4–0.6 mm, outside and inside densely hairy; staminodes absent
to 4; stamens 4 or 5, 0.2–0.7 mm long, glabrous;
filaments
0.1–0.7 mm long, straight; anthers 0.1–0.2 by 0.2–0.3 by c. 0.1 mm,
yellow; disc absent; pistillode globose to cylindrical, 0.3–0.6 mm high,
densely hairy, solid. Pistillate inflorescences ramiflorous, few
clustered together, (4–)12–25 cm long, 1–1.5 mm thick, densely hairy to
velutinous, few to many-flowered, green; pedicel 2–5 mm long, upper part c.
0.2 mm long, geniculate (90° bent), densely hairy; bracts 3 per branchlet,
sparsely to densely hairy outside. Pistillate flowers 2–4 mm diam.,
green when fresh; sepals 4, lanceolate, c. 1.5 by 1–1.5 mm, outside and inside
densely hairy, caducous (to persistent); ovary globose, 1.5–2 by 1–1.5 mm,
(2- or) 3-locular, velutinous; stigmas sessile, c. 0.7 mm long, apically not
lobed, glabrous, persistent. Infructescences up to 25 cm long. Fruits
globose, 2- or 3-seeded, fleshy capsules, 10–16 by 9.5–15 by 9.5–15 mm,
loculicidally dehiscent to irregularly splitting, ruminate when dry, raised
glands present, (sub)glabrous outside, septa glabrous to densely hairy, usually
green to sometimes light yellow to whitish violet to reddish to brown; pericarp
0.5–1.5 mm thick; column 10–14.5 mm long, straight; pedicel 3.5–14 mm
long, upper part 0.3–7 mm long. Seeds globose, laterally flattened,
8–12.5 by 7.5–11 by 2–4 mm; arillode translucent; cotyledons 5–8.4 by
7–10 by 0.1–2 mm; radicle 0–1.3 mm long; endosperm cream.
Distribution — Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Borneo, (Moluccas).
Habitat & Ecology — Primary and secondary rain forest, and peat
swamp forest. Altitude: sea level up to 650 m. Flowering: Febr. to July, Oct.,
Nov. Fruiting: Mar., June to Oct.
Uses — Arillode edible, sweet to sour.
Vernacular names — Peninsular Malaysia: Ampai ka, tampoi, tik. Sumatra:
Rambai, rambaiklih lanang. Borneo: Jelenteh (Iban); keliw.
Baccaurea maingayi Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 5 (1887) 370; Boerl., Handl. Fl. Ned. Ind. 3, 1
(1900) 281; Pax & K.Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenr. IV.147.xv (1922) 63; Ridl.,
Fl. Malay Penins. 3 (1924) 246; Whitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 65; Airy
Shaw, Kew Bull. Add. Ser. 4 (1975) 51; Haegens, Blumea Suppl. (2000) 126, Map
3.16. — Type: Maingay KD 1415 (lecto K, selected here; isolecto
L), Peninsular Malaysia.
Tree 10–22 m high, dbh 16–32 cm, buttresses absent; branchlets
densely hairy, Terminalia branching pattern weakly developed. Indumentum of
simple and stellate hairs. Bark red to brown when fresh, thin; inner
bark red to pink. Leaves: petiole 31–120 mm long, glabrous to densely
hairy, brown to black when dry, raised glands absent; stipules elliptic to
ovate, 3–7.5 by 1.5–2.8 mm, velutinous outside, glabrous to rarely sparsely
hairy inside, margin ciliate, not hyaline; lamina elliptic to ovate, 8–19.5 by
3.8–10.2 cm, l/w ratio 1.6–2.9, papery; base rounded to cordate to
attenuate; apex cuspidate, 0–17 mm long; upper surface glabrous, raised glands
normally present, often granulate, green to brown when dry; lower surface
densely hairy, raised glands, normally present, absent, discoid glands absent to
present, brown to green-brown when dry; secondary veins 8–11 per side, closed
at margin; nervation scalariform; young leaves black when dry. Staminate
inflorescences axillary to just below the leaves (to ramiflorous), solitary
to 3 clustered together, 0.7–5 cm long, c. 1 mm thick, densely hairy to
velutinous, 14–many-flowered, flowers clustered at the tip of inflorescence
rarely somewhat scattered; branchlets cylindrical, 1.5–3 mm long, densely
hairy to velutinous, 2-flowered; bracts absent. Staminate flowers 1–1.3
mm diam.; pedicel 0–1 mm long; sepals 4, ovate or variable in shape, 0.5–0.9
by 0.3–0.8 mm, straight, velutinous outside and inside; stamens 4, 0.2–0.5
mm long, glabrous; filaments 0.1–0.4 mm long, geniculate to straight; anthers c. 0.1 by 0.2
by 0.1 mm; pistillode absent. Pistillate inflorescences ramiflorous,
solitary, c. 8.5 cm long, c. 1 mm thick, densely hairy to velutinous,
9–20-flowered; pedicel 3–3.5 mm long, upper part c. 0.5 mm long, geniculate
(90° bent), densely hairy; bracts 3 per branchlet, densely hairy outside and
inside, margin ciliate. Pistillate flowers 2–3 mm diam.; sepals 6,
ovate, 1.8–3 by 0.9–1.4 mm, velutinous outside and inside, persistent; ovary
globose, c. 1.3 by 1.3 mm, 3-locular, velutinous; style absent; stigmas small,
persistent. Infructescences 6–19(–45) cm long, 1–3 mm thick. Fruits
globose, 0–2-seeded, fleshy capsules, 10–20 by 14–22 by 13–20 mm, often
loculicidally dehiscent, raised glands sometimes present, velutinous outside,
densely hairy to velutinous inside, green to orange; pericarp c. 1 mm thick;
column 9–15 mm long, curved to straight, caducous to persistent; pedicel
7.5–13 mm long, upper part 2.5–5 mm long. Seeds ellipsoid, laterally
flattened, 8–16 by 7–14 by 2–4 mm; arillode amber; cotyledons 6.5–7.2 by
6–7 by < 0.1 mm.
Distribution — Peninsular Malaysia, Simeuluë Island,
Borneo.
Habitat & Ecology — Primary rain forest and peat
swamp forest. Altitude: 80–500 m. Flowering: Apr., May, Oct. Fruiting: Mar. to
Aug., Dec.
Uses — Arillode edible, sweet.
Baccaurea
microcarpa
(Airy
Shaw) Haegens, Blumea Suppl. (2000) 127, Fig. 3.12, Map 3.17. — Baccaurea
nesophila Airy Shaw var. microcarpa Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 33 (1979)
530. — Type: Brass 27290 (holo K; iso L, US), Papua New Guinea,
Fergusson Island, Agamoia.
Tree c. 10 m high, dbh 25–30 cm; branchlets densely
hairy when young, blackish when dry, Terminalia branching pattern weakly
developed. Indumentum of simple hairs. Leaves: petiole
11–26 mm long, densely hairy when young, sometimes longitudinal cracks
present, raised glands absent; stipules c. 2.8 by 1.4 mm, densely hairy outside,
margin ciliate, not hyaline; lamina obovate, 5.2–11.8 by c. 2–4.9 cm, l/w
ratio 2.4–2.6, papery; base attenuate to cuneate; apex obtuse to acute, up to
5 mm long; upper surface glabrous to subglabrous, raised glands absent,
granulate, greenish brown when dry, nervation reddish brown, sometimes slightly
sunken; lower surface subglabrous, sparsely hairy at veins, small raised glands
present, discoid glands absent to present, reddish brown when dry; secondary
veins 5–7 per side, closed at margin; nervation reticulate, brown. Staminate
inflorescences unknown. Pistillate inflorescences axillary to just
below the leaves, solitary, densely hairy, few to c. 20-flowered. Pistillate
flowers: sepals caducous; ovary 2-locular; stigmas persistent.
Infructescences 3–7 cm long, c. 1 mm thick. Fruits globose, 1- or
2-seeded, fleshy capsules, 9–10.5 by c. 10 by 10 mm, dehiscing irregularly,
raised glands present, sparsely hairy outside, glabrous inside, green; pericarp
c. 0.5 mm thick; pedicel 2.2–3.5 mm long, upper part 1–2 mm long. Seeds
globose, laterally flattened, c. 6.5 by 7.5 by 4 mm; cotyledons c. 4.5 by 6 by
0.1 mm; radicle c. 1 mm long; endosperm c. 1 mm thick.
Distribution — Papua New Guinea: Fergusson Island.
Habitat & Ecology — Altitude c. 200 m. Flowering: June.
Note — Only known from the type specimen.
Baccaurea minor Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 5 (1887) 370; Boerl., Handl. Fl. Ned. Ind. 3, 1
(1900) 281; Pax & K.Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenr. IV.147.xv (1922) 64; Ridl.,
Fl. Malay Penins. 3 (1924) 245; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 16 (1963) 342; Soejarto,
Bot. Mus. Leafl. 21 (1965) 71; Meijer, Bot. News Bull. Forest Dept., Sabah 7
(1967) 37; Whitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 66; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. Add. Ser.
4 (1975) 51; Kew Bull. 36 (1981) 264; Haegens & Welzen in
Welzen et al., Thai For. Bull. 28 (2000) 71; Haegens, Blumea Suppl. (2000) 129,
Fig. 3.13, Map 3.18.— Type: King’s Collector 10287 (lecto L,
selected here; isolecto K), Malakka, Perak.
Aporosa billitonensis Pax & K.Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenr. IV.147.xv (1922) 97; Airy Shaw,
Kew Bull. 16 (1963) 342. — Type: Van Rossum 28 (holo B†; lecto
L, selected here; isolecto K), Billiton Isl.
Baccaurea pendula Merr., Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 15 (1929) 152; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. Add.
Ser. (1975) 51. — Type: Elmer 21508 (holo PNH†; lecto L, selected
here; isolecto DS, GH, K, US), Borneo, Tawau.
Tree 5–35 m high, dbh up to 8–70 cm; buttresses absent or present, up
to 1 m high, 1 m long; branchlets subglabrous, Terminalia branching pattern
well-developed. Indumentum of simple hairs. Bark red-brown
to brown or black, rarely greyish when fresh, brown to greyish brown when dry,
up to 8 mm thick, smooth to rough, soft, flaking with small rectangular
fibrous flakes, c. 1 cm wide, 6–7 mm thick; inner bark red to brown, up
to 2.5 mm thick, fibrous. Leaves: petiole 7–35 mm long, glabrous, densely hairy
when young, transverse cracks present; stipules lanceolate, 1–4 by 0.7–1.5
mm, densely hairy outside and inside, margin not ciliate, not hyaline; lamina
ovate to obovate, 3.5–16.3 by 1.6–8.5 cm, l/w ratio 1.5–3.2(–4.2),
papery; base (rounded to) cuneate to attenuate; apex acuminate to cuspidate,
1–20 mm long; upper surface glabrous, granulate, brown to greenish brown to
white when dry, nervation brown; lower surface glabrous, midrib rarely densely
hairy, discoid glands 0–13, often between two secondary veins or in a row at
0–5 mm distance of the midrib, (whitish to greenish) brown when dry; secondary
veins 4–8 per side, closed at c. 3 mm from the margin; nervation reticulate to
weakly scalariform, brown. Staminate inflorescences axillary to just
below the leaves, solitary to 3 clustered together, 1–5 cm long, c. 1 mm
thick, densely hairy, 25–60-flowered, flowers clustered at the tip of
inflorescence; bracts 1 per branchlet, c. 4.5 mm long, caducous, sparsely to
(densely) hairy outside, margin not ciliate; bracteoles 3 per branchlet, small;
branchlets cylindrical to spatulate, 1.5–2 mm long, densely hairy, 1- or
2-flowered. Staminate flowers 0.8–2 mm diam., clustered at the tip of
the branchlets, greenish yellow to yellow, rarely flushed pink; pedicel absent;
sepals 4 (or 5), not uniform in shape, 0.3–1 by 0.3–1 mm, apex straight,
densely hairy outside and inside; stamens 4 (or 5), 0.2–1 mm long, glabrous;
filaments 0.2–1 mm long, laterally flattened, straight; anthers 0.1–0.2
by 0.1–0.2 by c. 0.1 mm when dehisced; disc absent; pistillode sometimes
present, globose, up to 0.5 mm high, densely hairy, solid. Pistillate
inflorescences ramiflorous, solitary to 4 clustered together, 4.5–28 cm
long, 1–2 mm thick, densely hairy except at base, 3–20-flowered; pedicel
2–2.5 mm long, abscission zone present, upper part 1–1.5 mm long, densely
hairy, pale green; bracts 3 per branchlet, persistent, densely hairy outside and
inside, margin ciliate. Pistillate flowers 3–8 mm diam.; sepals 4,
ovate to obovate, each with a different size and shape, 2.2–4.5 by 1–2.2 mm,
densely hairy at both sides, green when fresh, brown when dry, persistent;
staminodes rarely present; ovary cylindrical, 1.5–3 by 1.2–2.6 mm,
3-locular, densely hairy; style 0–3 mm long, tomentose; stigmas 0.8–1.4 mm
long, apically cleft for upper 90%, persistent; lobes 0.7–1.3 by 0.3–0.6 mm,
glabrous above, hirsute below, with rather long whitish hairs. Fruits
globose, 3-seeded, fleshy capsules, 8–14 by 10–15 by 10–15 mm, dehiscing
septicidally and loculicidally, raised glands absent, densely hairy outside,
velutinous inside, orange to ochre; pericarp 0.8–1.7 mm thick; column 9–13
mm long, usually persistent, straight; pedicel 3–7 mm long, upper part c. 1 mm
long. Seeds almost globose but strongly laterally flattened, 5.9–9.5 by
5.4–8.3 by 0.1–0.3 mm, flat; seed-coat red; arillode dull, yellow to orange;
cotyledons 4–6 by 5–8 by c. 0.1 mm; radicle up to 2.2 by 1 mm.
Distribution — Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Borneo.
Habitat & Ecology — Primary, old secondary, or
bamboo forest, on ridges or slopes. Soil: granite, yellow sand or yellow sandy
loam. Altitude: sea level up to 1200 m. Flowering: Mar. to Sept. Fruiting: June
to Jan.
Uses — Used as timber in house construction. Arillode
edible, sour-bitter.
Vernacular names — Peninsular Malaysia: Jentek-jentek,
kaum tampoi, tampoi, rambai, tinlek-tinlek. Sumatra: Petik. Borneo:
Sintak-nyabor (Iban); ubah merah (Malay); bua sarotic, djentikan, obar nasi.
Baccaurea mollis
Haegens,
Blumea Suppl. (2000) 131, Fig. 3.14, Map 3. — Type: S (Blicher, Rantai et
al.) 60306 (holo L), Malaysia, Sarawak, Nanga Sebatu, Memgiong, Baleh.
Tree 9–16.5 m high, dbh 14–19 cm, buttresses low if
present; branchlets sparsely hairy to velutinous, Terminalia branching pattern
weakly developed. Indumentum of stellate and simple hairs. Bark
red-brown when fresh; inner bark red. Leaves: petiole (34–)38–90 mm
long, velutinous, raised glands absent; stipules 10.5–17 by 2.5–4 mm, late
caducous, velutinous outside and inside, margin ciliate, not hyaline; lamina
ovate to elliptic (to obovate), (8.8–)11.7–27.6 by (4.6–)6.3–12.1 cm,
l/w ratio 1.6–2.9, papery; base truncate to acute; marginal glands as identification marks; apex acuminate to cuspidate, 4–16 mm long; upper surface
(sub)glabrous, not granulate, nervation sunken; lower surface densely hairy,
midrib and secondary veins velutinous, raised glands few to absent, discoid
glands often present; secondary veins (6–)9–12 per side, closed at margin;
nervation reticulate. Staminate inflorescences ramiflorous, solitary to
few clustered together, 3–4 cm long, 0.6–1.5 mm thick, velutinous, branching
minute, many-flowered, flowers scattered along inflorescence; bracts 1 per
branchlet, 1.2–2 mm long, densely hairy outside and inside, margin ciliate,
not hyaline; bracteoles absent; branchlets cylindrical, 0.5–1 mm long, densely
hairy, 3-flowered. Staminate flowers 1–1.5 mm diam., yellow-green;
pedicel c. 0.1 mm long; sepals (3 or) 4 or 5, ovate, 0.6–1 by 0.6–1.2 mm,
apex recurved, outside and inside densely hairy; staminodes absent or 4 or 5;
stamens 4, c. 0.3 mm long, glabrous; filaments c. 0.15
mm long, straight; anthers c. 0.15 by 0.2 by 0.1 mm; disc absent; pistillode
cylindrical, c. 0.4 mm high, densely hairy, solid. Pistillate inflorescences
ramiflorous to cauline, solitary to 2 clustered together, 1.5–3 cm long,
1.5–3 mm thick, velutinous, more than 20-flowered; pedicel c. 2 mm long, upper
part c. 1 mm, velutinous; bracts 3 per branchlet, velutinous outside and inside,
margin ciliate. Pistillate flowers c. 5 mm diam.; sepals 4 of which 2
adnate, ovate, c. 2 by 1.5 mm, outside and inside densely hairy, persistent;
disc absent; ovary globose, c. 3 by 3.5 mm, 2-locular, velutinous; style 0–0.1
mm long, c. 1 mm wide, densely hairy; stigmas 1.2–1.5 mm long, cleft for upper
c. 80%, usually persistent; lobes c. 1 by 1 mm, subglabrous above, densely hairy
below, protuberances above and below. Infructescences 1–4.5 cm long,
3–6 mm thick. Fruits globose, 1–4-seeded berries, 27–36 by 26–38
by 26–38 mm, raised glands usually absent, not ruminate, glabrous to sparsely
hairy outside, subglabrous to sparsely hairy inside, light (yellow-)brown;
pericarp (1–)2–6 mm thick; column 20–26.5 mm long, straight, persistent;
pedicel 2–7 mm long, upper part 1–2 mm long. Seeds globose to
ellipsoid, laterally flattened, 12–15 by 8.2–15 by 3.5–7 mm; arillode deep
red; cotyledons 8.5–9.2 by 6–13 by 0.1–0.3 mm; radicle 1–1.5 mm long;
endosperm 0.1–0.3 mm thick.
Distribution — Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Borneo.
Habitat & Ecology — Rain forest. Altitude:
60–550(–1800) m. Flowering: Mar., Apr., July. Fruiting: Feb., Apr., June,
July, Nov.
Uses — Arillode and pericarp edible, sweet-sour.
Vernacular names — Borneo (Sarawak): buah telok
kejira, buah pekan (Iban); lebek (Kayan); tampoi (Malay).
Note — The species is named for its dense soft
indumentum.
Baccaurea motleyana (Müll.Arg.)
Müll.Arg.
in DC., Prodr. 15, 2 (1866) 461; Hook.f., Fl.
Brit.
India 5 (1887) 371; Boerl., Handl. Fl. Ned. Ind. 3, 1 (1900) 281; K.Heyne,
Nutt. Pl. Ned. Ind. 3 (1917) 74; Merr., J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc.
(1921) 331; Pax & K.Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenr. IV.147.xv (1922) 53; Ridl.,
Fl. Malay Penins. 3 (1924) 250; Corner, Wayside Trees Mal. 1 (1940) 240; Backer
& Bakh.f., Fl. Java 1 (1964) 454; Soejarto, Bot. Mus. Leafl. 21 (1965) 9,
10, 12, 73; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 26 (1972) 220; Whitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2
(1973) 66; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. Add. Ser. 4 (1975) 52; 8 (1980) 35; Kew Bull. 36
(1981) 264; Haegens & Welzen in
Welzen et al., Thai For. Bull. 28 (2000) 71; Haegens, Blumea Suppl. (2000) 134, Fig. 3.15, Map 3.20, Photo 5, 6.
— Pierardia motleyana Müll.Arg., Flora 47 (1864) 516. — Type: Motley
773 (holo K), Borneo, near Banjarmasin.
Baccaurea pubescens Pax & K.Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenr. IV.147.xv (1922) 61; Ridl., Fl.
Malay Penins. 3 (1924) 250. — Type: Wawra 297a (holo W),
Singapore.
Tree 8–20 m high, dbh 13–50 cm, buttresses short;
branchlets densely hairy, Terminalia branching pattern weakly developed.
Indumentum of simple hairs. Bark brown to red-brown to
yellowish when fresh, thin, soft, scaly to flaky; inner bark cream, turning
slightly reddish, hard. Leaves: petiole 23–84 mm long, densely hairy to
velutinous, brown-grey when dry, raised glands absent; stipules 5–10 by
1.5–3.5 mm, glabrous to sparsely hairy outside, glabrous inside, midrib
velutinous outside, margin ciliate, hyaline or not; lamina elliptic to obovate,
13.5–37 by 5.2–15 cm, l/w ratio 1.9–2.5, papery: base rounded to usually
narrowly cordate; apex acute cuspidate, (0–)7–22 mm long; upper surface
glabrous, not granulate, (dark) green when fresh, brown to green to grey when
dry; lower surface densely hairy to sparsely hairy, midrib and secondary veins
velutinous, raised glands absent, discoid glands absent, (dark) green when
fresh, brown to green when dry; secondary veins 10–17 per side, open at
margin; nervation scalariform; young leaves black when dry. Staminate
inflorescences cauline to axillary, solitary to 5 clustered together,
2.5–24 cm long, up to 1.5 mm thick, velutinous, many-flowered, flowers
scattered along inflorescence, greenish yellow; bracts persistent, elliptic,
1–2.5 mm long, 3 per branchlet, glabrous outside and inside, densely hairy at
base inside, margin ciliate, not hyaline; bracteoles absent; branchlets absent
to present, cylindrical, 0–3 mm long, densely hairy, 3-flowered. Staminate
flowers 2–3 mm diam., green to yellow; pedicel 1.6–2.3 mm long, upper
part 0.6–1.6 mm long, densely hairy; sepals 4 or 5, ovate, 0.7–1.4 by
0.5–1.4 mm, usually recurved, densely hairy outside and inside; stamens
5–10, 0.4–0.6 mm long, glabrous; filaments 0.4–0.6 mm long, geniculate to straight; anthers c. 0.1 by 0.2
by 0.1 mm; disc present, c. 0.1 mm thick; pistillode obtriangular, 0.4–0.5 mm
high, velutinous, hollow. Pistillate inflorescences ramiflorous to
cauline, solitary to 5 clustered together, 13–42 cm long, 1–2.5 mm thick,
velutinous, more than 30-flowered, greenish yellow; pedicel 2–5.5 mm long,
upper part 0.2–1 mm long, densely hairy to velutinous; bracts 3 per branchlet,
persistent, velutinous outside, glabrous to densely hairy inside, margin
ciliate. Pistillate flowers 4–10 mm diam., green to yellow; sepals 4 or
5, ovate, 4–8 by 1.5–3.5 mm, densely hairy outside and inside, persistent;
ovary globose, 1.6–2.6 by 1.7–2.9 mm, 3-locular, velutinous; style 0–0.4
by 0.8–1.2 mm wide, velutinous; stigmas 0.5–1 mm long, glabrous above and
below, persistent. Fruits globose to ellipsoid, 3-seeded berries, 22–45
by 15–25 by c. 25 mm, raised glands present, glabrous to densely hairy
outside, glabrous inside, greenish yellow to white; pericarp 0.5–1.5 mm thick;
column 18–23 mm long, straight, caducous; pedicel 4–10 mm long, upper part
1–2 mm long. Seeds ellipsoid, laterally flattened, 13–20 by 9–14.5
by 2.5–4 mm; arillode translucent white to rarely purple; cotyledons 5–9 by
5–9 by c. 0.1 mm; radicle 2–3 mm long.
Distribution — Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Borneo, Halmahera.
Habitat & Ecology — Primary and secondary rain forest, and rarely
riparian forest, often cultivated. Soil: yellow clay, sand or limestone.
Altitude: 15–500 m. Flowering: Jan. to May, Aug., Oct., Nov. Fruiting: Jan.,
May, July to Sept., Nov., Dec.
Uses — Locally grown for fruits: arillode edible, sour to sweet.
Squeezed cambium and inner bark used as a remedy for sore eyes.
Vernacular names — Peninsular Malaysia: Rambai. Sumatra: Rambai.
Borneo: Pekan (Iban); rambai (Iban, Malay); ulup-lavai (Punan).
Baccaurea multiflora Burck ex J.J.Sm., Icon. Bog. 4 (1910) 37, t. 312; K.Heyne, Nutt. Pl.
Ned. Ind. 3 (1917) 74; Pax & K.Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenr. IV.147.xv (1922)
67; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 36 (1981) 264; Haegens, Blumea Suppl. (2000) 136, Fig.
3.16, Map 3.21. — Type: Teijsmann HB 3504 (lecto L, selected
here), Sumatra, Bangka.
Tree c. 8 m high, dbh 10–20 cm, buttresses absent;
branchlets glabrous to sparsely hairy, densely hairy when young; young shoots
dark brown to blackish when dry, Terminalia branching pattern weakly developed.
Indumentum of stellate and simple hairs. Bark grey-brown to
dark brown when fresh, c. 2 mm thick; outer bark
finely
fissured; inner bark pale brown, c. 0.5 mm thick. Leaves: petiole
8–45 mm long, glabrous to sparsely hairy, transverse cracks present, dark
brown to blackish when dry, raised glands often present; stipules 2.5–5 by
2–3 mm, densely hairy to velutinous outside, subglabrous inside, margin
ciliate, not hyaline; lamina obovate, 6.7–13.2 by 2.5–5.9 cm, l/w ratio
(1.3–)1.9–2.7(–3.1), (slightly) leathery; base cuneate to attenuate; apex
obtuse to acute, up to 11 mm long; upper surface glabrous, raised glands usually
present, green when fresh, dark (green-, or grey-)brown when dry; lower surface
glabrous, nervation sometimes subglabrous, raised glands usually present,
discoid glands absent, pale yellow-green when fresh, (pale) (yellow-)brown with
darker nervation below when dry; secondary veins 4–7 per side, often closed at
margin; nervation reticulate, indistinct. Staminate inflorescences
axillary to ramiflorous, solitary to few clustered together, 1–9.5 cm long,
0.5–1 mm thick, branched, subglabrous to densely hairy, many-flowered, flowers
usually scattered along inflorescence, cream-yellow; bracts usually present,
leaf-like; bracts 1 per branchlet, 1–3.5 mm long, sparsely to densely hairy
outside, subglabrous to densely hairy inside, margin ciliate, not hyaline;
bracteoles c. 0.5 mm long, subglabrous outside;
branching cylindrical, 1.5–12 mm long, densely hairy, 3–10-flowered. Staminate
flowers 1–2 mm diam., cream-yellow; pedicel 1–3.3 mm long, upper part
0.6–1.8 mm long, densely hairy; sepals 4 or 5, ovate to obovate, 0.5–1.8 by
0.4–0.9 mm, apex recurved, outside and inside densely hairy, cream-yellow;
stamens 3–6, 0.2–0.5 mm long, glabrous;
filaments 0.1–0.4 mm long, straight; anthers 0.1–0.15 by 0.2–0.3 by
c. 0.1 mm; disc absent; pistillode globose, up to 0.2 mm high, velutinous,
solid. Pistillate inflorescences probably ramiflorous, few clustered
together, c. 3.3 cm long, 0.8–1 mm thick, densely hairy to velutinous,
many-flowered; pedicel 1–4 mm long, upper part 0.7–3 mm, velutinous; bracts
3 per branchlet, 2 small, densely hairy outside, (sub)glabrous inside, margin
ciliate. Pistillate flowers 2.5–6.8 mm diam.; sepals (4 or) 5, ovate to
obovate, 2–3.5 by 1–1.9 mm, outside and inside velutinous, caducous; ovary
fusiform to cylindrical, 1.8–4.5 by 1.5–3.6 mm, 2-locular, velutinous; style
0.3–0.9 by 0.9–1.2, densely hairy; stigmas 0.5–1.5 mm long, cleft for
upper 0–50%, caducous; lobes 0.5–0.7 by 0.2–0.5 mm, glabrous above,
densely hairy below, protuberances above and below. Fruits globose,
berries, 24–28 by 22–23 by 22–23 mm when dry, raised glands present,
velutinous outside and inside, peel brownish; pericarp 4–6 mm thick; column c.
20 mm long, straight; pedicel 8–9 mm long. Seeds only seen immature;
arillode whitish.
Distribution — Sumatra.
Habitat & Ecology — Primary rain forest. Soil:
yellow-red loam. Altitude: 50–900 m. Flowering: Aug. (and July, Nov. in
cultivation). Fruiting: Dec.
Vernacular names — Sumatra: Rambay hutan, roesip,
temoeleëng. Simeuluë Island: Bolawah anteu.
Baccaurea
nanihua Merr., Interpr.
Rumph.
Herb. Amboin.
(1917)
315; Pax & K.Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenr.
IV.147.xv
(1922) 67; J.J.Sm., Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg 3 (1924) 94; K.Heyne, Nutt.
Pl. Ned. Ind., 3rd ed., 1 (1950) 914; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. Add. Ser. 4 (1975)
52; Kew Bull 37 (1982) 8; Haegens, Blumea Suppl. (2000) 138, Map 3.22. — Type:
Robinson 331 (holo A; iso G, SING, US), Moluccas, Ambon, Koesoekoesoe
and Mahija.
Baccaurea
tristis Pax & K.Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenr. IV.147.xv (1922) 69; Airy Shaw,
Kew Bull. Add. Ser. 8 (1980) 37, syn. nov. — Type: Ledermann 9811
(lecto L, selected here), Papua New Guinea.
Treelet or tree 5–25 m high, dbh 8–40 cm; bole
sometimes fluted up to 1 m; mouldings 20 cm out, 10 cm thick; branchlets
subglabrous, densely hairy when young; young shoots brown to grey when dry,
Terminalia branching pattern weakly developed. Indumentum of stellate
and simple hairs. Bark red to red-brown to grey-brown to dark brown when
fresh, 0.2–2 mm thick, sometimes slightly peeling off; inner bark red to
red-brown to yellowish red, 0.5–3 mm thick. Heartwood pale red to
reddish yellow. Leaves: petiole 16–64 mm long, subglabrous to densely
hairy, transverse cracks present, apically and sometimes basally pulvinate,
raised glands rarely present; stipules 3.5–7.5 by 1–3 mm, velutinous
outside, glabrous to densely hairy inside, margin ciliate, not hyaline; lamina
ovate to elliptic (to obovate), 6.5–21(–25) by 2.5–10.8 cm, l/w ratio
1.4–2.9, papery to leathery; base attenuate to rounded; marginal glands
sometimes visible as small indentations; apex (broadly) acuminate, up to 11 mm
long; upper surface glabrous (to densely hairy at midrib), raised glands often
present, sometimes granulate, dark brown to grey-brown when dry, nervation dark
brown to grey-brown; lower surface glabrous to sparsely hairy (to densely hairy
at midrib and veins), raised glands often present, discoid glands if present in
a row between secondary veins, light brown when dry; secondary veins 6–10 per
side, open at margin; nervation reticulate to weakly scalariform, (dark) brown;
young leaves green. Staminate inflorescences axillary (to ramiflorous),
solitary to few clustered together, 1–13.5 cm long, up to 1 mm thick,
branching present, densely hairy, many-flowered, flowers scattered along
inflorescence, rachis pale yellow, bracts leaf-like (up to 2 cm long) usually
present; bracts 1 per branchlet, 1.5–3 by 1–1.2 mm, densely hairy outside,
subglabrous to densely hairy inside, margin ciliate, not to slightly hyaline;
bracteoles 0.5–1.5 mm long, outside and inside densely hairy; branchlets
cylindrical, 2–35 mm long, densely hairy, 3–many-flowered. Staminate
flowers 1.5–2.5 mm diam., pale yellow to whitish; pedicel 1–2 mm long,
upper part 0.6–1.2 mm long, densely hairy, reddish-brown; sepals 4–6, ovate,
0.9–1.5 by 0.3–1 mm, sometimes apically recurved, outside and inside densely
hairy; stamens 4–6, 0.3–0.6 mm long, glabrous, brownish;
filaments 0.15–0.5 mm long,
straight; anthers 0.1–0.2 by 0.15–0.25 by up to 0.1 mm; disc absent;
pistillode globose, 0.1–0.4 mm high, velutinous, solid. Pistillate
inflorescences ramiflorous to axillary, solitary, 0.5–4 cm long, 1–2 mm
thick, velutinous, few-flowered; pedicel c. 4.5 mm long, upper part 1–1.5 mm
long, densely hairy; bracts 1 per branchlet, ovate, velutinous outside, densely
hairy inside, margin ciliate. Pistillate flowers 3–7 mm diam.; sepals 5
(or 6), ovate, 1.5–3 by 1–1.5 mm, velutinous outside and inside, usually
persistent; ovary globose to cylindrical, c. 2.5 by 2.5 mm, (2- or) 3- (or
4-)locular, velutinous; style c. 1 by c. 1.5 mm, velutinous; stigmas c. 0.1 mm
long, persistent to caducous. Fruits globose to suppressed globose,
0–6-seeded, fleshy capsules, 14–25 by 25–29 by 25–29 mm, loculicidally
dehiscent, raised glands usually present, densely short hairy outside, sparsely
hairy to hirsute inside, septa densely long hairy, (yellowish to reddish) brown;
pericarp 3–6.5 mm thick; column 11–13.5 mm long, straight; pedicel 8.5–15
mm long, upper part 3.5–8 mm long. Seeds ellipsoid, laterally
flattened, to long triangular, 7.5–11.5 by 3.8–7 by 3–4.7 mm; cotyledons
5–5.5 by c. 5 by 0.1 mm; radicle c. 0.7 mm long; endosperm 2–2.5 mm thick.
Distribution — Borneo, Sulawesi, Moluccas, New
Guinea.
Habitat & Ecology — Primary rain forest, riverine
rain forest, and edges of mangrove. Soil: sandy loam. Altitude: sea level up
to 600 m. Flowering: June to Jan. Fruiting: Jan., Apr. to July, Sept., Nov.,
Dec.
Vernacular names — Moluccas: Maroontaboea. New
Guinea: Garang kafak (Tehid); mabab (Biak); senesasau (Mekeo); pei (Biak).
Baccaurea
nesophila Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 33 (1979) 529; Kew Bull. Add.
Ser. 8 (1980) 35; Haegens, Blumea Suppl. (2000) 140, Map 3.23. — Type: Brass
27665 (holo K; iso L, US), Papua New Guinea, Mimisa Island, Quark Mt.
Tree 8–20 m high, dbh 10–30 cm, slightly
buttressed; branchlets densely hairy when young, brown to blackish when dry,
Terminalia branching pattern weakly developed to sometimes strong. Indumentum
of simple and rarely a few stellate hairs. Bark brown to
reddish when fresh. Heartwood pinkish. Leaves: petiole 8–31 mm
long, glabrous to sparsely hairy, densely hairy when young, raised glands
absent; stipules 2.5–6 by 1.5–2 mm, glabrous on both sides, densely hairy
when young, margin ciliate when young, (not) hyaline; lamina elliptic to obovate,
3.5–12.9 by 1.9–6.2 cm, l/w ratio 1.6–2.4, papery to slightly leathery,
base attenuate to cuneate; apex (retuse to) obtuse to slightly acute, 0–3 mm
long; upper surface (sub)glabrous, granulate above, nervation not to slightly
sunken, glossy dark green when fresh, green to brown to reddish when dry; lower
surface subglabrous, raised glands absent, discoid glands many, dark to pale
green below when fresh, (light) green to brown below when dry; secondary veins
4–9 per side, closed at margin; nervation reticulate, brown to red when dry. Staminate
inflorescences unknown. Pistillate inflorescences ramiflorous to
axillary, solitary to rarely 5 clustered together, few to c. 15-flowered. Pistillate
flowers: sepals caducous; ovary 2-locular; stigmas persistent.
Infructescences 2.6–7 cm long, 0.5–1.5 mm thick. Fruits globose
to ellipsoid to pear-shaped, 2–4-seeded, fleshy capsules, 16–21 by 12–20
by 12–20 mm, dehiscing loculicidally, (sometimes septicidally also), raised
glands absent to present, glabrous to sparsely hairy outside, glabrous to
subglabrous inside, green to yellow; pericarp 1–1.8 mm thick; column 12–17
mm long, straight to slightly curved; pedicel 2.1–3.6 mm long, upper part
1–2.5 mm long. Seeds globose to ellipsoid, laterally flattened,
8.8–12.5 by 5.7–12 by 3–5 mm; arillode red to orange; testa cream to
whitish; cotyledons 5.5–9 by 6–11 by c. 0.1 mm; radicle 1–2 mm long;
endosperm c. 1.5 mm thick.
Distribution — Papua New Guinea: Louisiade
Archipelago.
Habitat & Ecology — Swamp forest to ridge tops.
Altitude: 0–510 m. Fruiting: Apr., June to Nov.
Vernacular names — Louisiade Archipelago: Dumi, tum.
Baccaurea
odoratissima Elmer, Leafl. Philipp. Bot.
4 (1911) 1276; Pax & K.Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenr. IV.147.xv (1922) 59;
Merr., Enum. Philipp. Fl. Pl. 2 (1923) 411; Fernando, Philipp. J. Biol. 8 (1979)
307; Haegens, Blumea Suppl. (2000) 141, Fig. 3.17, Map 3.24, Photo 7. — Type: Elmer
13160 (lecto L, selected here; isolecto GH, K, US), Philippines, Palawan,
Puerto Princesa.
Baccaurea
membranacea Pax & K.Hoffm. in
Engl., Pflanzenr. IV.147.xv (1922) 49; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. Add. Ser. 4 (1975)
54, syn. nov. — Type: Hose 600 (lecto L, selected here; isolecto
K), Borneo, Sarawak, Baram district, Miri River.
Baccaurea
trunciflora Merr., Univ. Calif. Publ.
Bot. 15 (1929) 151; Meijer, Bot. News Bull. Forest Dept., Sabah 7 (1967) 37;
Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. Add. Ser. 4 (1975) 56, syn. nov. — Type: Elmer 21550
(lecto L, selected here; isolecto GH, US), Borneo, Sabah, Tawau.
Treelet to tree 2–17 m high, dbh 4.4–20 cm,
buttresses absent; branchlets sparsely hairy, female plants rarely glabrous,
Terminalia branching pattern well-developed. Indumentum of simple
hairs, usually in combination with stellate hairs. Bark yellow to grey-brown
when fresh, whitish grey when dry, 0.1–2.5 mm thick; inner bark yellow to
orange-brown, 0.1–0.4 mm thick. Leaves: petiole 9–82 mm long,
sparsely hairy, female plants rarely glabrous, (green- or red-)brown when dry,
raised glands present; stipules 1.7–8 by 0.5–2 mm, glabrous to sparsely
hairy outside, but densely hairy when young, glabrous inside, midrib densely
hairy outside, margin (not) ciliate; lamina obovate to elliptic (to ovate),
6.4–19 by 2–9.9 cm, l/w ratio 1.5–3.3, papery; base acute to attenuate,
apex rounded to cuspidate, up to 22 mm long; upper surface glabrous, raised
glands usually present, green-brown when dry; lower surface glabrous, sparsely
hairy at veins, raised glands usually present, discoid glands absent, brown when
dry; secondary veins 3–8 per side, usually closed at margin; nervation
reticulate to weakly scalariform; young leaves red-brown. Staminate
inflorescences axillary to ramiflorous, solitary to few clustered together,
1.4–8 cm long, up to 1 mm thick, densely hairy, more than 30-flowered, flowers
scattered along inflorescence; branchlets absent; bracts 3 per branchlet, c. 0.6
mm long, persistent, glabrous to densely hairy outside, glabrous inside, margin
ciliate, sometimes hyaline. Staminate flowers 3 per branchlet, 1–2 mm
diam., pale yellow; pedicel 0.8–2.5 mm long, upper part 0.6–2.1 mm long,
densely hairy; sepals 4(–6), ovate, 0.9–1.2 by 0.7–0.9 mm, apex slightly
recurved, densely hairy outside, glabrous inside; stamens 4–7,
(0.2–)0.8–0.9 mm long, glabrous; filaments (0.2–)0.8 mm long, straight; anthers 0.1–0.3 by c. 0.1 by
0.1 mm; disc absent; pistillode subglobose to cylindrical, (0.2–)0.9 mm long,
densely hairy, solid. Pistillate inflorescences cauline (to ramiflorous),
solitary to 3 clustered together, 2–26.5 cm long, 0.5–1.5 mm thick, sparsely
to densely hairy, 9–many-flowered, red; pedicel 1.2–3.5 mm long, upper part
0.5–1 mm long, densely hairy, light green to red; bracts 3 per flower,
persistent, sparsely to densely hairy outside, glabrous inside, margin ciliate. Pistillate
flowers 5–11 mm diam.; sepals 4, obovate, 4–6 by 2–2.7 mm, sparsely
hairy outside, densely hairy inside, greenish yellow when fresh, brown outside
when dry, whitish inside when dry, caducous; ovary globose, 1.2–2.5 by
1.7–2.6 mm, 2-locular, densely hairy to velutinous, light green; style 0–0.1
mm long, c. 1 mm broad; stigmas white, 0.5–0.9 mm long, not lobed, glabrous on
both sides, persistent, rarely caducous. Fruits subglobose to
double globose, 0–2-seeded, fleshy capsules, 7.2–12 by 8–13.5 by
(4–)6.8–11, irregularly splitting, glabrous on both sides, densely hairy
when young outside, raised glands usually absent, red to shiny brown; pericarp
up to 0.5 mm thick; column 6–10 mm long, caducous, straight; pedicel 2.5–9.5
mm long, upper part 0.5–3 mm. Seeds subglobose to ellipsoid, laterally
flattened, 6.5–10 by 2.5–8 by 2.5–6 mm; arillode blue; cotyledons 5.5–7
by 6.8–7.2 by 0.1–0.3 mm; endosperm 1.5 mm thick; radicle 1.3–1.5 mm long.
Distribution — Borneo.
Habitat & Ecology — Primary or secondary forest. Soil: basalt,
yellow sandy clay, blackish sandstone. Altitude: sea level up to 1250(–1500)
m. Flowering: Febr., Apr., July to Oct., Dec. Fruiting: Jan. to Mar., May to
Aug., Oct., Nov.
Uses — Fruit edible.
Vernacular names — Borneo: Enkuni, kune madamayang (Iban); kukunal (Dusun
Kinabatangan); kunau (Brunei, Dusun); kunau kunau (Malay); botung kratek,
enkunig, enkuri, mata kunau, mata pelanduk, rambai tikus, sarotik, tampoi keli.
Note — Airy Shaw (1975) mentioned this species as a synonym of
B.
parviflora with a question mark. However, after studying the type material
and the original descriptions, I am convinced that this species is conspecific with B. membranacea and B. trunciflora, and distinct from
B.
parviflora. Especially the fruit is utterly different, in the number
of locules (B. odoratissima 2-locular,
B.
parviflora 3-locular) as
well as in the fruit shape (globose in B. odoratissima, fusiform in
B.
parviflora).
Baccaurea papuana F.M.Bailey, Proc. Roy. Soc.
Queensland 18 (1904) 3: Pax & K.Hoffm.
in Engl., Pflanzenr.
IV.147.xv (1922) 57; Airy
Shaw, Kew Bull. Add. Ser. 8 (1980) 36; Haegens, Blumea Suppl. (2000) 148, Map
3.25. — Type: F.M.Barton s.n. (holo BRI), Papua New Guinea,
Mekeo District.
Baccaurea plurilocularis J.J.Sm., Nova Guinea 8 (1910) 228; Pax & K.Hoffm. in Engl.,
Pflanzenr. IV.147.xv (1922) 60; S.Moore, J. Bot. Br. 61 (1923) 46; Airy Shaw,
Kew Bull. Add. Ser. 8 (1980) 36. — Type: Versteeg 1263
(lecto L, selected here; isolecto K, U), New Guinea, Irian Jaya, base of the
Nepenthes Hills.
Baccaurea montana Pax & K.Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenr. IV.147.xv (1922) 55, syn. nov. — Type:
Schlechter 18537 (lecto K, selected here; isolecto A), Papua New Guinea,
Kaiser Wilhelmsland, Bismarckgebiet.
Shrub to tree 4–20 m high, dbh 6–30 cm, buttresses absent; branchlets
subglabrous, Terminalia branching pattern usually strong. Indumentum of
simple hairs. Bark (light) brown to (light) grey when fresh, grey
when dry, thin, papery; inner bark pale brown to pale yellow, thin, medium hard.
Heartwood pinkish brown. Leaves: petiole 7–60 mm long,
subglabrous to densely hairy, transverse cracks absent to some present, raised
glands absent to present; stipules 3–6.5 by 1–2.3 mm, glabrous, densely
hairy when young outside, glabrous inside, margin ciliate, (not) hyaline; lamina
(ovate to) elliptic to obovate, 8–20.5 by 2.8–10.4 cm, l/w ratio 1.6–3.3,
papery; base attenuate to cuneate to rarely rounded; marginal glands not to
slightly visible as identification marks; apex (retuse
to) obtuse to acute (to cuspidate), up to 13 mm long; upper surface glabrous,
midrib glabrous to densely hairy, granulate, dull to shiny, pale to dark green
when fresh, (greyish to greenish) brown when dry, nervation whitish to (dark)
brown; lower surface subglabrous to sparsely hairy, subglabrous to densely hairy
at veins, raised glands usually absent, discoid glands sometimes few present;
dull to shiny, pale to dark green when fresh, (greyish to greenish) brown when
dry; secondary veins 7–15 per side, closed at margin; nervation reticulate to
weakly scalariform, grey-brown; young leaves reddish. Staminate
inflorescences axillary to cauline, solitary to few clustered together,
0.5–23 cm long, c. 1 mm thick, sparsely to densely hairy, many-flowered,
flowers scattered along inflorescence; bracts 3 (or 4) per branchlet, 0.3–1 mm
long, subglabrous to densely hairy outside, glabrous inside, margin ciliate,
hyaline; bracteoles absent; branchlets 0–0.4 mm long, 3-flowered. Staminate
flowers 1.8–3.5 mm diam., cream to yellow, sweet scented; pedicel
1.2–4.2 mm long, upper part 0.6–3 mm, densely hairy, yellow; sepals 4 or 5,
ovate to elliptic, 1–1.8 by 0.5–1.3 mm, apex straight, densely hairy outside
and inside; staminodes 4–8; stamens 4–8, 0.3–0.8 mm long, glabrous;
filaments 0.2–0.7 mm long, slightly geniculate to straight; anthers
0.1–0.2 by 0.2–0.3 by 0.1–0.15 mm; disc absent; pistillode globose to
obtriangular, 0.3–0.6 mm high, densely hairy, hollow. Pistillate
inflorescences cauline, solitary to few clustered together, 7.5–35 cm
long, 0.5–2 mm thick, sparsely hairy to velutinous, 5–40-flowered, yellow;
pedicel 2.5–10 mm long, upper part 0.5–2(–4) mm, densely hairy to
velutinous; bracts 3 per branchlet, sparsely to densely hairy outside, glabrous
inside, margin ciliate. Pistillate flowers 4–18 mm diam., greenish to
yellow to creamy yellow, fragrant; sepals 5–9, lanceolate to rarely obovate,
3–11 by 0.7–4.8 mm, densely hairy outside and inside, persistent; ovary
globose, 1.2–3 by 1.5–3.3 mm, 3- (or 4-) locular, woolly; style absent to
0.01 mm long, c. 1 mm wide, glabrous; stigmas 0.7–1.2 mm long, cleft for upper
0–30%, persistent; lobes c. 0.7 by 0.4 mm, glabrous above and below, ruminate
above and below. Fruits pear-shaped to globose, (3–)6-seeded
berries, 27.5–43 by 24–40 by 24–40 mm, raised glands absent to present,
not to slightly ruminate, glabrous to densely hairy outside, glabrous inside,
brown to green to red to pink to purple; pericarp 1–7 mm thick; pedicel
5–8(–23) mm long, upper part 1–3(–4) mm long. Seeds ellipsoid to
globose, laterally flattened, 9–22 by 9–12 by 3.5–7 mm; arillode yellow to
white; cotyledons 5.5–8 by 5–8 by < 0.1–0.4 mm.
Distribution — New Guinea and (Sulawesi).
Habitat & Ecology — Primary and secondary rain
forest, and swamp forest. Soil: laterite to clay. Altitude: sea level up to 1300
m. Flowering: throughout the year. Fruiting: Jan. to Oct.
Uses — Arillode edible, harsh but refreshing.
Vernacular names — New Guinea: Ngesby (Hattam); apo (Maipa;
Mekeo); kniebieé (Manikiong); esino (Minufia);
ani-abi (Noemfoer); kwame (Onjob); be(h)ga, tomarah (Orokaiva); cobo, gomo (Totubu);
mapiok (Waskuk); motroka, nunuhabu, sakowgwo, yanak.
Baccaurea
parviflora (Müll.Arg.)
Müll.Arg. in DC., Prodr.
15, 2 (1866) 462; Kurz, Forest Fl.
Burma 2 (1877) 357; Hook.f., Fl.
Brit. India 5 (1887) 368; Boerl., Handl. Fl. Ned. Ind. 3, 1 (1900) 281;
Brandis, Indian Trees (1906) 562; K.Heyne, Nutt. Pl. Ned. Ind. 3 (1917) 74;
Merr., J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. (1921) 331; Pax & K.Hoffm. in
Engl., Pflanzenr. IV.147.xv (1922) 59; Ridl., Fl. Malay Penins. 3 (1924) 243; S.Moore, J. Bot. Br. 63 (1925) 98; Corner, Wayside Trees Mal. 1 (1940) 241;
Soejarto, Bot. Mus. Leafl. 21 (1965) 89; Meijer, Bot. News Bull. Forest Dept.,
Sabah 7 (1967) 37; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 26 (1971) 220; Whitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya
2 (1973) 64; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. Add. Ser. 4 (1975) 52; Kew Bull. 36 (1981)
265; Enum. Euphorb. Philipp. (1983) 9; Haegens & Welzen in
Welzen et al., Thai For. Bull. 28 (2000) 72; Haegens, Blumea Suppl. (2000) 152, Fig.
3.18, Map 3.26. — Pierardia parviflora Müll.Arg., Linnaea 32
(1863) 82; Baill., Adansonia 3 (1863) 140. — Type: Wallich 1849
(lecto K, selected here), Tavoy, India Orientalis (see note 2).
Pierardia
dasystachya Miq., Fl. Ned. Ind. 1, 2
(1859) 358. — Baccaurea dasystachya (Miq.) Müll.Arg. in DC., Prodr.
15,
2 (1866) 458; Pax & K.Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenr.
IV.147.xv
(1922) 52; K.Heyne, Nutt. Pl. Ned. Ind., 3rd. ed., 1 (1950) 912; Airy Shaw, Kew
Bull. 36 (1981) 260. — Type: Zollinger 757z (lecto U,
selected here; isolecto A, BO, G), Sumatra.
Baccaurea
affinis Müll.Arg. in DC., Prodr. 15, 2 (1866) 459. — Type: Wallich
7759 B (holo G-DC; iso ?K), Tavoy, India Orientalis (see note 2).
Baccaurea
scortechinii Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 5
(1887) 368; Boerl., Handl. Fl. Ned. Ind. 3, 1 (1900) 281; Pax & K.Hoffm. in
Engl., Pflanzenr. IV.147.xv (1922) 56; Ridl., Fl. Malay Penins. 3 (1924) 244;
Corner, Wayside Trees Mal. 1 (1940) 242; Smitinand, Thai Forest Bull., Bot. 2
(1955) 25; Nat. Hist. Bull. Siam Soc. 20 (1961) 53; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 26
(1972) 221; Kiew, Gard. Bull. Sing. 49 (1997) 37. — Type: Scortechini s.n.
(lecto K, selected by Kiew 1997), Malaysia, Perak. (The type bears ridged
fruits.)
Baccaurea
singaporica Pax & K.Hoffm. in
Engl., Pflanzenr. IV.147.xv (1922) 54. — Type: Ridley (K?,
n.v.), Singapore.
Baccaurea
rostrata Merr., Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 15 (1929) 150; Airy
Shaw, Kew Bull. 21 (1962) 355; Meijer, Bot. News Bull. Forest. Dept., Sabah 7
(1967) 37; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. Add. Ser. 4 (1975) 52. — Type: Elmer 21554
(lecto L, selected here; isolecto A, GH, K, US), Borneo, Sabah, Tawau.
Shrub to tree 3–15 m high, dbh 4–21 cm, buttresses
absent, rarely fluted at base; branchlets glabrous, slightly thickened at tip,
Terminalia branching pattern well-developed. Indumentum of simple
hairs. Bark greenish-grey to grey-black to light yellow-brown to brown,
1.5–3.5 mm thick, rough to smooth, minutely
fissured in
strips 5 mm wide, papery; inner bark yellow to light brown, 1.5–2 mm thick. Leaves:
petiole glabrous, densely hairy when young, 4–55 mm long, brown to reddish
when dry, raised glands usually present; stipules 2.5–7 by 1.5–2.5 mm,
glabrous to rarely densely hairy, margin ciliate, one side with long hairs,
hyaline, midrib hirsute above; lamina elliptic to obovate, 5–23 by 2–9.5 cm,
l/w ratio 1.6–3.7, papery; base attenuate to cuneate; apex acuminate, up to 22
mm long; upper surface glabrous, rarely hair-domatia present at base, rarely
granulate, (dark) green when fresh, red to brown to green when dry; lower
surface (sub)glabrous, raised glands absent, discoid glands sometimes present, (greyish
to light-)green when fresh, red to brown to green when dry; secondary veins
(3–)5–10 per side, closed at 2–3 mm from margin; nervation reticulate to
weakly scalariform, green to yellowish to red when dry; young leaves whitish to
pinkish. Staminate inflorescences cauline, at base of trunk, many
clustered together, 4–28 cm long, rachis up to 1.2 mm thick, densely hairy,
many-flowered, flowers scattered along inflorescence, red to maroon to light
yellow; bracts 1 per branchlet, 0.3–1.6 by 0.15–1 mm, subglabrous (to
densely hairy) outside, glabrous inside, margin ciliate, sometimes hyaline;
bracteoles 2, 0.2–0.4 mm long; branchlets cylindrical, 0.1–2.8 mm long,
densely hairy, (1–)3-flowered. Staminate flowers 1–5 mm diam.;
pedicel 0.4–6 mm long, upper part 0.2–3 mm, sparsely to densely hairy;
sepals 4 or 5, obovate, each with a different size and shape, 0.5–3 by
0.5–1.2 mm, densely hairy outside, glabrous to densely hairy inside, maroon to
yellow outside, cream to yellow inside when fresh, whitish outside, brownish
white inside when dry; stamens 5–7, 0.5–0.9 mm long, glabrous, cream;
filaments
0.4–0.8 mm long, straight; anthers 0.2–0.3 by 0.1–0.2 by 0.1–0.2 mm;
rudimentary disc sometimes present; pistillode obtriangular, 0.3–1.2 mm long,
hirsute, hollow inside, cream. Pistillate inflorescences cauline, at base
of trunk, many clustered together, up to 28 cm long, 1–4 mm thick, densely
hairy (to glabrous), red when dry, fragrant; pedicel 2–6(–9) mm long, often
without a clear abscission zone, upper part 0.2–3(–7.5) mm long, densely
hairy, bright red; bracts 3, up to 1.2(–1.6) by 1(–1.3) mm, persistent,
sparsely to densely hairy outside, glabrous inside, margin ciliate. Pistillate
flowers 5–7.5 mm diam.; sepals 4 or 5, narrowly elliptic to obovate,
2.7–8 by 0.9–2 mm, densely hairy outside, glabrous to densely hairy inside,
white to yellow to usually red when fresh, caducous to persistent; ovary almost
globose, with or without 6 wings, 1.3–2.2 by 1–2.3 mm, (2- or) 3- (or
4-)locular, velutinous, yellow; style 0–2 by c. 1 mm, densely hairy, yellow;
stigmas 0.1–1.5 mm long, cleft apically only or up to base, caducous to
persistent; lobes 0.2–1.4 mm long, glabrous with protuberances above, sparsely
to densely hairy below. Fruits fusiform, 1–3-seeded berries, with or
without 4–6 narrow wings, 16–32 by 7–15 mm, glabrous to sparsely hairy
outside, raised glands present, dull red to maroon turning purple to black when
fresh; pericarp c. 1–2.5 mm thick, glabrous on both sides; column 10–18 mm
long, straight. Seeds ellipsoid, laterally flattened, 9–16 by 4–8 by
1–5 mm; arillode red to purple to white; cotyledons orbicular to square,
membranous, 5.5–11 by 4–6 by 0.5–3.5 mm, radicle up to 1.5 mm long.
Distribution — Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia,
Sumatra, Borneo.
Habitat & Ecology — Primary and secondary
evergreen forest, steep hillsides to dry parts of swamps to alluvial forest.
Soil: sandstone, white sandy soil. Altitude: sea level up to 1250 m. Flowering:
Nov. to June, Sept. Fruiting: Mar. to Dec.
Uses — Wood used as boxwood. Pericarp and arillode edible, sour-sweet.
Vernacular names — Thailand: Somfai Pah. Peninsular Malaysia: Tamun (Batec);
kentamun ayer (Temuan); asam tambun, belembik, dedali, engkuni, setambun, tambun.
Borneo: Bamotong-belaboh (Bassap-Mapulu); belembik plandoek, engkuni, konkuni,
mata pelanduk.
Notes — 1. Baccaurea parviflora is rather heterogeneous in some
characters, especially in the fruits. Kiew (1997) re-established the name B.
scortechinii, based purely on material from the Peninsular Malaysia. She
listed 19 differential characters. I checked all these characters, except for
the fruit colour because this character is impossible to study when only
herbarium material is available. She mentioned this as one of the problems of
species delimitation in this complex (B. parviflora and B.
scortechinii). All 19 characters listed overlap. The values given by Kiew
are mean values only. Collections from Sumatra made by De Wilde & De Wilde-Duyfjes
in Gunung Leuser Park overlap in all characters. According to Kiew, the most
important difference is the position of the inflorescences in combination with
fruit shape. Baccaurea scortechinii flowers at the trunk and branches,
and has ridged fruits, while B. parviflora flowers at the base of the
trunk, and has no ridges at the fruits. However, contrary to these observations,
M. van Balgooy photographed a tree, which flowered at the base of the trunk, and
had ridged fruits. In July 1998 I observed the same phenomenon in the FRIM
campus in Kepong (Photo 8). My conclusion is that these two taxa are conspecific.
2. In 1997 Kiew erroneously typified B.
parviflora. She mentioned Wallich 7759B (K) as the type specimen.
This, however, is an isotype of B. affinis. In the original description
of Pierardia parviflora Müller Argoviensis (1863) quoted: “Wall.!
absque no. in hb. DC”. I have checked G-DC on microfiche, but could not recover
this specimen. The lectotype Wallich 1849 (K, selected here) has
no original number and has been studied by Müller Argoviensis as notes in his
handwriting are found on the sheet. Later the numbers 1849 and 7759B were added,
of which number 7759B is crossed out again.
3. Another extremely closely related Burmese and Thai
taxon is B. ptychopyxis. This species, however, always has axillary
staminate inflorescences, and is ramiflorous to cauline only as an exception. Baccaurea
parviflora is always strictly cauliflorous. The staminate inflorescences in B.
ptychopyxis are solitary, whereas B. parviflora has dense clusters.
Besides these differences there are some minor characters, such as the fruit
length is in B. ptychopyxis 17–20.3 mm, and in B. parviflora 16–32
mm. The material of B. ptychopyxis is, however, very incomplete.
Therefore B. ptychopyxis is here interpreted as a species separate from B.
parviflora.
4. See note under
B. odoratissima.
Baccaurea
philippinensis (Merr.) Merr., Philipp. J.
Sci., Bot. 10 (1915) 275; Pax & K.Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenr.
IV.147.xv (1922) 68; Merr., Enum.
Philipp.
Fl. Pl. 2 (1923) 411; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. Add. Ser. 4 (1975) 53; Fernando,
Philipp. J. Biol. 8 (1979) 303; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. Add. Ser. 8 (1980) 36; Enum.
Euphorb. Philipp. (1983) 9; Haegens, Blumea Suppl. (2000) 157, Fig. 3.19, Map
3.27. — Everettiodendron philippinense Merr., Philipp. J. Sci., Bot. 4
(1909) 279; Elmer, Leafl. Philipp. Bot. 3 (1910) 916. — Type: FB (Everett) 7282
(lecto K, selected here; isolecto US), Philippines, Negros, Himugaan River.
Treelet to tree 4.5–12 m high, dbh 8–25 cm;
branchlets subglabrous, velutinous when young, Terminalia branching pattern
weakly developed. Indumentum of short stellate and usually longer
simple hairs. Bark grey-brown when fresh; inner bark pale red-brown. Leaves:
petiole 17–75 mm long, subglabrous to densely hairy, transverse cracks usually
present, apically and sometimes basally pulvinate, raised glands rarely present;
stipules 3–5.5 by 1.5–3 mm, velutinous outside, sparsely to densely hairy
inside, margin ciliate, not hyaline; lamina ovate to elliptic (to obovate),
(5–)7.2–18 by (2.4–)3.5–9 cm, l/w ratio 1.7–2.3, leathery to papery;
base acute to cuneate (to rounded to attenuate); marginal glands sometimes
visible as small indentations; apex acuminate to cuspidate, 2–18 mm long;
upper surface glabrous, small raised glands sometimes present, rarely granulate,
dark green when fresh, dark to grey-brown when dry, nervation slightly sunken;
lower surface (sub)glabrous, subglabrous to densely hairy at midrib and veins,
small raised glands sometimes present, discoid glands present, sometimes in a
row between secondary veins, pale green when fresh, light to brown-green when
dry, (dark) brown above and below when dry; secondary veins 4–7 per side, open
at margin; nervation reticulate to weakly scalariform. Staminate
inflorescences axillary, solitary to 3 clustered together, 1–6.5 cm long,
c. 0.1 mm thick, branched, many-flowered, densely hairy to velutinous, flowers
scattered along inflorescence; bracts 1 per branchlet, 1.2–3.5 mm long,
velutinous outside, glabrous inside, margin ciliate, not to slightly hyaline;
bracteoles (7–)9–12 per branchlet, 0.3–2 mm long; branchlets cylindrical,
1.2–8 mm long, velutinous, 9–12-flowered. Staminate flowers 1.2–2
mm diam., brownish; pedicel 0.2–1.3 mm long, upper part 0.1–0.6 mm long,
velutinous; sepals 3 or 4, ovate to elliptic, 0.5–1.6 by 0.2–1.1 mm, apex
slightly recurved, outside and velutinous inside; stamens (3 or) 4, 0.25–0.4
mm long, glabrous; filaments 0.1–0.2 mm long, straight; anthers 0.15–0.2 by 0.15–0.2 by
0.1–0.2 mm; disc absent; pistillode globose, absent to 0.2 mm high, velutinous.
Pistillate inflorescences axillary; sepals usually caducous; stigmas
persistent to caducous. Pistillate flowers: ovary 3-locular.
Infructescences 1.9–2 cm long, 1.3–2 mm thick. Fruits suppressed
globose, (0–)3–6-seeded, fleshy capsules, 21–34 by 26–38 by 26–38 mm,
apparently loculicidally dehiscent, but normally not dehiscing, hard, raised
glands usually present, subglabrous to densely hairy outside, sparsely to
densely hairy inside, septa densely hairy, (yellowish) brown; pericarp 4–11
mm thick; column 16–23 mm long; pedicel 4.5–9 mm long, upper part 2–6 mm
long. Seeds ellipsoid to triangular, laterally flattened, 9.5–11.5 by
5–7 by 3.5–5 mm; cotyledons 6–7 by 5–5.5 by c. 0.1 mm; radicle 1–1.5
mm long; endosperm 0.5–1 mm thick.
Distribution — Philippines, Moluccas (Halmahera).
Habitat & Ecology — Primary and secondary rain
forest. Altitude: 80–450 m. Flowering: Apr. to Aug. Fruiting: Jan. to June,
Aug., Oct., Dec.
Baccaurea
polyneura Hook.f., Fl.
Brit.
India 5 (1887) 369; Boerl., Handl. Fl. Ned. Ind. 3, 1 (1900) 281; Pax & K.Hoffm.
in Engl., Pflanzenr. IV.147.xv (1922) 65; Ridl., Fl. Malay Penins. 3
(1924) 248; S.Moore, J. Bot. Br. 63 (1925) 98; Meijer, Bot. News Bull. Forest
Dept., Sabah 7 (1967) 37; Whitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 67; Airy Shaw, Kew
Bull. 36 (1981) 265; Haegens & Welzen in
Welzen et al., Thai For. Bull. 28 (2000) 72; Haegens, Blumea Suppl. (2000) 159, Map 3.28. — Type: Griffith
KD 4910 (lecto K, selected here), Peninsular Malaysia.
Baccaurea
kunstleri
King ex Gage, Rec. Bot. Surv. India 9, 2 (1922) 230;
Ridl., Fl. Malay Penins. 3 (1924) 248; Meijer, Bot. News Bull. Forest Dept.,
Sabah 7 (1967) 36; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 26 (1972) 219; Whitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya
2 (1973) 65; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. Add. Ser. 4 (1975) 49; Kew Bull. 36 (1981)
263; Chakrab.
&
Gang., J. Econ.
Taxon. Bot. 18 (1994) 425,
syn. nov. — Type: King’s Collector 8139 (lecto CAL, selected by
Chakrab. & Gang. 1994), Malakka, Perak (see note), n.v.
Baccaurea
hookeri Gage, Rec. Bot. Surv. India 9 (1922) 232; Ridl., Fl.
Malay Penins. 3 (1924) 247; Whitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 67; Airy Shaw,
Kew Bull. Add. Ser. 4 (1975) 48; Kew Bull 37 (1982) 8. — Type: King’s
Collector 6240 (lecto K, selected here), Malaysia, Perak, Larut.
Baccaurea cordata Merr., Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 15 (1929) 147; Meijer, Bot. News Bull.
Forest Dept., Sabah 7 (1967) 36; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 26 (1971) 219; Kew Bull.
Add. Ser. 4 (1975) 47. — Type: Elmer 21513 (lecto A, selected
here; isolecto BO, DS, K, L, US), Borneo, Sabah, Tawau.
Tree (5–)11–30 m high, dbh 10–32 cm, buttresses
small; branchlets velutinous, Terminalia branching pattern weakly developed.
Indumentum of simple and stellate hairs. Bark brown to
white-brown to red-brown when fresh, brown when dry, 3–5 mm thick, smooth;
inner bark red to brown, 2–5 mm thick. Heartwood red to brown. Leaves:
petiole 7–78 mm long, velutinous, raised glands usually absent; stipules
elliptic to ovate, 2.2–10 by 0.5–2 mm, caducous (to late caducous),
velutinous outside, subglabrous to velutinous inside, margin ciliate, not
hyaline; lamina ovate to elliptic, 5.5–21.5 by 3.1–12.5 cm, l/w ratio
1.4–2.7, papery to slightly leathery; base rounded to cordate (to attenuate);
apex (retuse to) acute, up to 11 mm long; upper surface glabrous to densely
hairy, midrib and veins sparsely hairy to velutinous, sometimes granulate; lower
surface sparsely hairy to velutinous, raised glands absent to present, discoid
glands absent; dark green when fresh, green to brown when dry, black when young
when dry; secondary veins 7–14 per side, closed at margin or almost so;
nervation scalariform, brown to white-brown when dry. Staminate
inflorescences axillary to just below the leaves (to ramiflorous), solitary
to 5 clustered together, 1–7 cm long, c. 1 mm thick, velutinous,
many-flowered, flowers clustered at the tip of inflorescence, rarely somewhat
scattered; bracts 0 or 3 per branchlet, 0.2–1.3 mm long, persistent,
velutinous outside, glabrous to rarely velutinous inside, margin ciliate, not
hyaline; branchlets cylindrical to spatulate, 1–4 mm long, velutinous,
3-flowered. Staminate flowers 1.1–3.3 mm diam., green to yellow to
greenish-white; pedicel 0–0.5 mm long, velutinous; sepals 4–6, ovate,
0.7–1.5 by 0.5–1.5 mm, apex straight, outside and inside velutinous; stamens
4–8, 0.3–0.7 mm long, glabrous, cream to brown;
filaments 0.2–0.6 mm long, geniculate to straight; anthers c. 0.1 by
0.2–0.3 by 0.1 mm; pistillode absent to present, globose, 0–0.3 mm high,
velutinous, solid. Pistillate inflorescences axillary to
ramiflorous, solitary to 3 clustered together, 1–34.5 cm long, 0.5–4 mm
thick, velutinous, 5–50-flowered, yellow; pedicel 2–5.8 mm long, upper part
0.5–2 mm long, geniculate or not, velutinous to sparsely hairy; bracts 0–3
per branchlet, persistent to caducous, velutinous outside, glabrous to
velutinous inside, margin ciliate. Pistillate flowers 2.5–6.5 mm diam.;
sepals 4 or 5, ovate, 0.5–5.9 by 0.3–3.5 mm, outside and inside velutinous,
persistent (or caducous), ochre; ovary subglobose to pyriform, 2.5–4.5 by
2.2–4 mm, 3-locular, velutinous; style 0.1–0.2 mm by 0.5–0.8 mm,
velutinous; stigmas 0.6–0.9 mm long, cleft for upper 60–90%, persistent or
caducous; lobes 0.5–0.9 by c. 0.2 mm, glabrous above, glabrous to sparsely
hairy below. Fruits globose to subglobose, 1–3-seeded, fleshy capsules,
10–26 by 12–26 by 12–26 mm, loculicidally dehiscent, raised glands often
present, sparsely hairy to velutinous outside and inside, yellow to orange;
pericarp 0.1–4 mm thick; column 9.5–19 mm long, almost straight, persistent;
pedicel 5–11(–35) mm long, upper part 1–7 mm long, 80% bent present at
abscission zone. Seeds ellipsoid, laterally flattened, 7.8–11 by
5–9.8 by 2–5 mm; arillode red; testa orange; cotyledons 5–9 by 5–7.5 by
c. 0.1 mm; radicle 0.5–2 mm long; endosperm c. 0.5 mm thick.
Distribution — Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia,
Sumatra, Borneo.
Habitat & Ecology — Primary, secondary and swamp
rain forest. Soil: sand, clay, loam, granite. Altitude: 20–600 m. Flowering
and fruiting throughout the year.
Uses — Arillode edible, sweet to sour.
Vernacular names — Thailand: Chum rai.
Peninsular
Malaysia: Jentik-jentik, rambai, rambai hutan.
Simeuluë
Island: Sirawi, sirawi uding, sirawi pajo. Sumatra: Djetikan betina, djentikan,
djenti ompang, méràh mata, pétèkan. Borneo: Jelintik, kayu masam, simpak
nyabor (Iban); enyak beruk, kapul burung, tampoi.
Note — Although I had no opportunity to study the lectotype, I am
convinced that B. kunstleri is conspecific
with B. polyneura. The following paratypes of B. kunstleri were
studied by me: Ridley 6670, 6163, and Goodenough 5084.
I was unable to separate the numerous other specimens I have studied into two
taxonomic entities.
Baccaurea
pubera (Miq.) Müll.Arg. in DC., Prodr. 15, 2 (1866) 448;
Boerl., Handl. Fl. Ned. Ind. 3, 1 (1900) 280; Pax & K.Hoffm. in Engl.,
Pflanzenr. IV.147.xv (1922) 70; K.Heyne, Nutt. Pl. Ned. Ind., 3rd ed., 1 (1950)
914; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 36 (1981) 265; Haegens, Blumea Suppl.
(2000)
162, Map 3.30. — Pierardia pubera Miq., Fl. Ned. Ind., Eerste bijv.
(1861)
442. — Type: Teijsmann HB 3503 (lecto U, selected here),
Indonesia, Sumatra, Bangka.
Baccaurea
latifolia King ex Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 5 (1887) 373; Boerl.,
Handl. Fl. Ned. Ind. 3, 1 (1900) 281; Pax & K.Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenr.
IV.147.xv (1922) 65; Ridl., Fl. Malay Penins. 3 (1924) 249; Whitmore, Tree Fl.
Malaya 2 (1973) 67; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. Add. Ser. 4 (1975) 50; Kew Bull. 36
(1981) 265; Chakrab.
& Gang., J. Econ.
Taxon.
Bot. 18 (1994) 425, syn. nov. — Type: King’s Collector 3559 (lecto
CAL, selected by Chakrab. & Gang., 1994; iso K), Malakka,
Perak.
Baccaurea
puberula Merr., Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 15 (1929) 145; Meijer,
Bot. News Bull. Forest Dept., Sabah 7 (1967) 36; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. Add. Ser.
4 (1975) 50. — Type: Elmer 21284 (holo GH; iso DS, K, L),
Borneo, Sabah, Tawau.
Baccaurea
elmeri Merr., Univ.
Calif.
Publ. Bot. 15 (1929) 146; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. Add. Ser. 4 (1975) 48. — Type: Elmer
21509 (lecto US, selected here; isolecto A, DS, K, L), Borneo, Sabah, Tawau.
Tree 5.7–25 m high, dbh 5–40 cm; bole sometimes
fluted, rarely with buttresses up to 30 cm out, up to 6 cm thick; branchlets
densely hairy to sometimes sparsely hairy, Terminalia branching pattern weakly
developed. Indumentum of stellate and simple hairs. Bark
pale brown to greyish when fresh, brown to brown-red when dry, smooth; inner
bark red to brown, c. 2 mm thick. Leaves: petiole 34–130 mm long,
usually densely hairy, raised glands rarely present; stipules 5.5–11 by
4–8.5 mm, densely hairy outside and inside, margin ciliate, not hyaline;
lamina (ovate to) elliptic (to obovate), 13–36 by 5.4–14.9 cm, l/w ratio
1.7–2.4, papery to somewhat leathery; base rounded to attenuate; apex
acuminate, 4–10 mm long; upper surface (sub)glabrous, raised glands absent (to
present), usually granulate, dark (grey-)brown to blackish when dry, nervation
light (to dark) brown to whitish, (slightly) sunken; lower surface densely
hairy, raised glands absent (to present), discoid glands (hairy) in a row
between secondary veins, yellowish-brown when dry; secondary veins (5–)8–13
per side, usually closed at margin, not completely parallel; nervation
reticulate to weakly scalariform, (yellowish) brown. Staminate inflorescences
axillary to just below the leaves, solitary to 3 clustered together, 0.5–16.5
cm long, c. 1 mm thick, branched, densely hairy, many-flowered, flowers
scattered along inflorescence; bracts 1 per branchlet, triangular to lanceolate,
1.5–4 mm long, densely hairy outside and inside, margin ciliate, not hyaline;
bracteoles usually absent, or 1–few; branchlets cylindrical, 4–11 mm long,
densely hairy, 5–16-flowered. Staminate flowers 1.3–2.5 mm diam.,
lime green to whitish yellow to pale green; pedicel 0.5–2.1 mm long, upper
part 0.1–0.9 mm long, densely hairy; sepals 4 or 5, ovate to obovate,
0.8–1.3 by 0.3–0.7 mm, apex slightly recurved to straight, densely hairy
outside and inside; staminodes 4 or 5, < 1 mm long; stamens 4 or 5, 0.1–0.6
mm long, glabrous; filaments
0.15–0.5 mm long, straight; anthers 0.1–0.3 by 0.2–0.25 by c. 0.1 mm; disc
absent; pistillode flat, 0.1–0.3 mm high, densely hairy. Pistillate
inflorescences ramiflorous to cauline; sepals persistent; stigmas caducous. Pistillate
flowers: sepals 5, yellow; ovary 3-locular. Infructescences 4–16 cm
long, 1–2.5 mm thick. Fruits pear-shaped to (sub)globose, 5- or
6-seeded, fleshy capsules, 25–34 by 29–35 by 29–34 mm, c. 4 cm diam. when
fresh, usually not dehiscent; raised glands present to absent, ruminate when
dry, densely hairy to sparsely hairy outside, subglabrous inside, brown to
yellow ochre; pericarp 2–5 mm thick; column 19–24 mm long, straight,
persistent; pedicel 11–14 mm long, upper part 2.5–4 mm long. Seeds
globose to ellipsoid, laterally flattened, 13–17.5 by 8.3–14.3 by 5.5–8
mm; arillode yellowish to orange; testa brown; cotyledons 10–12.2 by
9.5–11.2 by 0.1–2 mm; radicle 0–1.5 mm long.
Distribution — Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Borneo.
Habitat & Ecology — Primary, rarely secondary, rain forest. Soil:
yellow sand, clay. Altitude: sea level up to 660(–1650) m. Flowering: Jan. to
Mar., May, Sept. to Dec. Fruiting: Mar. to Dec.
Uses — Fruit edible, sweet.
Vernacular names — Sumatra: Sebenggang, sibongang. Borneo: Puak (Dusun);
tampui (Kedayan); pugi (Murut); silu buang (Sebob); kunkurad, monyak buruk, paih,
tampoi.
Note — I have identified Elmer 21306
(A, DS, K, L, US), one of the syntypes of B. elmeri as
B. nanihua.
The remaining syntype, Elmer 21509, is chosen as lectotype of B.
elmeri.
Baccaurea purpurea
Haegens, Blumea
Suppl. (2000) 164, Fig 3.20, Map 3. — Type: NGF (Henty & Lelean) 41916
(holo L; iso A), New Guinea, Central Province, Abau Subdistrict, Cape
Rodney.
Tree 6–8 m high, dbh 6.3–10 cm, buttresses absent; branchlets
glabrous, grey to blackish when dry, Terminalia branching pattern well-developed
to weak. Indumentum of simple hairs. Bark grey to brown
when fresh, corky; inner bark cream to light brown; sapwood cream. Leaves:
petiole 17–65 mm long, (sub)glabrous, apically and basally pulvinate, light to
black-brown when dry, raised glands present; stipules 5–9 by 1.5–2 mm,
glabrous outside and inside, midrib subglabrous to sparsely hairy outside,
margin (slightly) ciliate, often hyaline; lamina elliptic (to ovate), 7.4–17.5
by 3.2–7 cm, l/w ratio 2.2–3.2, papery to slightly leathery; base cuneate to
rounded; apex (rounded to) obtuse to acuminate, up to 15 mm long, dark green
when fresh, (grey) green to dark brown when dry; upper surface glabrous, usually
not granulate; lower surface (sub)glabrous, raised glands usually present,
discoid glands sometimes present, dark green when fresh, greenish to brown when
dry; secondary veins 6–11 per side, sometimes closed at margin; nervation
reticulate. Staminate inflorescences cauline, many clustered together,
2–24 cm long, up to 1 mm thick, branches minute, subglabrous to sparsely
hairy, many-flowered, flowers scattered along inflorescence; bracts 3 per
branchlet, 1 large, 0.2–1 mm long, subglabrous outside, glabrous inside,
margin ciliate, hyaline; bracteoles absent. Staminate flowers 3 per
branchlet, c. 1.5 mm diam., (purplish) pink; pedicel 1–2 mm long, upper part
0.2–0.5 mm long, sparsely hairy to densely hairy; sepals 4 (or 5), ovate to
triangular, 0.8–1.5 by 0.5–1 mm, sparsely to densely hairy outside, densely
hairy inside, apex straight; staminodes 5 or 6; stamens 5, 0.4–0.6 mm long,
glabrous; filaments 0.2–0.4 mm long, straight; anthers c. 0.2 by 0.25 by 0.1–0.2
mm; disc absent; pistillode globose, c. 0.3 mm long, densely hairy, solid. Pistillate
inflorescences probably cauline to ramiflorous. Pistillate flowers:
sepals caducous; ovary 3-locular; stigmas persistent. Fruits
globose, 3-seeded, fleshy capsules, 16–19 by 14–19 by 14–19 mm,
loculicidally dehiscent, subglabrous to sparsely hairy outside, glabrous inside,
few raised glands present, ochre; pericarp 1.5–2 mm thick, slightly ruminate
when dry, column 13–14 mm long, straight pedicel 7–9 mm long. Seeds
globose, laterally flattened, 9.3–10.3 by 9.2–10.3 by 3.5–5 mm; cotyledons
c. 5.5 by 7–7.7 by 1 mm; radicle c. 1 mm long; endosperm c. 1 mm thick.
Distribution — Papua New Guinea: Prov.: Central, Northern, Milne Bay.
Habitat & Ecology — Soil: thin soil over limestone. Altitude:
240–400 m. Flowering: Feb., Nov. Fruiting: Mar.
Note — The species is named for its purple (to pink) colour of the male
flowers.
Baccaurea pyriformis Gage, Rec. Bot.
Surv. India 9
(1922) 233; Ridl., Fl. Malay Penins. 3 (1924) 249; S.Moore, J. Bot. Br. 63
(1925) 98; Corner, Wayside Trees Mal. 1 (1940) 241; Whitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2
(1973) 67; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. Add. Ser. 4 (1975) 53; Kew Bull. 36 (1981) 265;
Chakrab. &
Gang., J. Econ.
Taxon. Bot. 18 (1994) 426; Haegens, Blumea Suppl.
(2000)
166, Fig. 3.21, Map 3.32. — Lectotype (Chakrab.
& Gang.,
1994): Goodenough 1992 (CAL, n.v), Malakka, Ayer Panas (see note).
Baccaurea platyphylla Pax & K.Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenr. IV.147.xv (1922) 67; Whitmore,
Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 67; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. Add. Ser. 4 (1975) 53. —
Type: Ridley 6491 (lecto K, selected here), Singapore, Krangi and Bot.
Garden Jungle (both localities are mentioned on the specimen label).
Baccaurea platyphylloïdes Pax & K.Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenr. IV.147.xv (1922) 68. — Type: Ridley
6492 (holo K), Singapore, Tanglin.
Baccaurea pubera (Miq.) Müll.Arg. var.
tomentella Miq., Fl. Ned. Ind., Eerste
bijv. (1861) 442; Müll.Arg. in DC., Prodr. 15, 2 (1866) 458. — Type: Teijsmann
s.n. (n.v.), Indonesia, Sumatra, Bangka.
Tree 7–30 m high, dbh 8–50 cm, buttresses small if
present; branchlets velutinous when young, Terminalia branching pattern weakly
developed. Indumentum of stellate and simple hairs. Bark
brown to grey-brown to red-brown when fresh, brown when dry, 2–5 mm thick,
smooth to rough, soft, flaky; inner bark brown to red-brown or pink, c. 2 mm
thick. Heartwood red-brown. Leaves: petiole 14–72 mm long,
densely hairy, apically and often basally slightly pulvinate, brown hairy when
fresh, raised glands absent; stipules lanceolate to elliptic to triangular,
2–8 by 1.5–2 mm, velutinous outside, glabrous to sparsely hairy (to
velutinous) inside, margin ciliate, not hyaline; lamina elliptic to obovate,
6.8–18 by 2.7–8.4 cm, l/w ratio 1.9–3.8, papery to leathery; base (rounded
to) acute to cuneate; marginal glands visible as identification marks;
apex acuminate to cuspidate, (0–)1–17 mm long; upper surface glabrous, not
granulate, dark to yellowish green when fresh, dark brown when dry, nervation
slightly sunken; lower surface (subglabrous to) densely hairy, midrib and veins
(sparsely hairy to) velutinous, raised glands absent, discoid glands present,
dark to yellowish green when fresh, light brown when dry; secondary veins 6–9
per side, closed at margin; nervation reticulate. Staminate inflorescences
(axillary to) just below the leaves to ramiflorous, solitary to few clustered
together, 1–7.5 cm long, up to 1.5 mm thick, velutinous, many-flowered,
flowers scattered along inflorescence; bracts absent or 1 per branchlet,
0.3–1.5 mm long, densely hairy outside, glabrous inside, margin ciliate,
hyaline or not; bracteoles, 1–1.5 mm long, c. 1 per branchlet, velutinous;
branchlets cylindrical to spatulate, 0.4–4 mm long, densely hairy,
3–12-flowered. Staminate flowers 1–2 mm diam., yellowish to pale
brown; pedicel 0–0.8 mm long; sepals 4 or 5, ovate, 0.4–0.9 by 0.3–0.8 mm,
apex recurved, densely hairy outside and inside, yellowish to pale brown;
stamens 4 or 5, 0.3–0.6 mm long, glabrous;
filaments 0.2–0.5 mm long, geniculate to straight; anthers c. 0.1 by
0.1–0.2 by 0.1 mm; disc absent; pistillode cylindrical, 0.4–0.5 mm high,
velutinous, solid. Pistillate inflorescences ramiflorous (to axillary),
solitary, 1.5–3 cm long, c. 1.2 mm thick, velutinous, c. 10-flowered; pedicel
c. 1 mm long, abscission zone not clear, velutinous; bracts 3 per branchlet,
velutinous outside, sparsely hairy inside, margin ciliate. Pistillate flowers
2.5–3.5 mm diam., dirty brown; sepals 4 or 5, ovate, 1.3–2 by 1–1.4 mm,
velutinous outside and inside, persistent; ovary cylindrical, 2–2.5 by 1.5–2
mm, (2- or) 3-locular, velutinous; style c. 0.2 by c. 1 mm, velutinous;
stigmas c. 1.3 mm long, cleft for upper c. 70%, persistent; lobes c. 1 by 0.5
mm, glabrous above, densely hairy below, protuberances present above.
Infructescences 1.5–9.8 cm long, 1.5–3.5 mm thick. Fruits
pear-shaped (to globose), (2- or) 3-seeded berries, c. 38 by 34 by 34 mm when
fresh, 18–24 by 14–22 by 14–22 mm when
dry, rarely irregularly splitting, raised glands absent, not ruminate, densely
hairy outside, subglabrous to densely hairy inside, (yellowish to
orange-)brown; pericarp 1.5–2.5 mm thick; column 13–19 mm long, straight;
pedicel 3–9 mm long, upper part 0.5–4.5 mm long. Seeds ellipsoid,
laterally flattened, 8–17.5 by 5–12 by 2–7 mm; testa red; arillode cream
to orange; cotyledons 9–12 by 6.2–11.5 by 1–2 mm (endosperm included);
radicle up to 1 mm long.
Distribution — Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Borneo.
Habitat & Ecology — Primary rain forest. Soil:
sandstone, sandy loam. Altitude: sea level up to 1000 m. Flowering: Mar. to Oct.
Fruiting: Jan., Feb., June to Nov.
Uses — Arillode edible.
Vernacular names — Simeuluë Island: Bolawah iteung
falah. Borneo: Papar pingan (Bussup); tampoi hutan (Dusun Ramu); tampoi (Iban);
tampoi merah (Malay); bukut.
Note — The following former syntypes have been
studied: Derry 66; Griffith 4901; Maingay 1361;
Ridley 6491, 6492, 6669; SF 28, 2766, 2949.
Baccaurea racemosa
(Reinw. ex Blume) Müll.Arg. in DC., Prodr. 15, 2 (1866) 461; Boerl.,
Handl. Fl.
Ned. Ind. 3, 1 (1900) 281; J.J.Sm., Meded. Dept. Landb. Ned.-Indië 10 (1910)
249; Koord., Exkurs.
Fl. Java 2
(1912) 481; K.Heyne, Nutt. Pl. Ned. Ind. 3 (1917) 75; Merr., J. Straits Branch
Roy. Asiat. Soc. (1921) 331; Pax & K.Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenr. IV.147.xv
(1922) 51; Merr., Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 15 (1929) 150; Backer & Bakh.f.,
Fl. Java 1 (1964) 454; Soejarto, Bot. Mus. Leafl. (1965) 74; Whitmore, Tree Fl.
Malaya 2 (1973) 64; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. Add. Ser. 4 (1975) 53; Kew Bull. 36
(1981) 266; Lemmens et al., Prosea 3 (1991) 16; Haegens & Welzen in
Welzen et al., Thai For. Bull. 28 (2000) 73; Haegens, Blumea Suppl. (2000)
169, Fig. 3.22, Map 3.33. — Coccomelia racemosa Reinw. ex Blume, Catal.
Gew. Buitenzorg (1823) 110; Reinw., Flora 8, 1 (1825) 103; Syll.
Ratisb. 2 (1828) 5. —
Pierandia racemosa (Reinw. ex Blume) Blume,
Bijdr.
(1825) 579. —
Pierardia racemosa (Reinw. ex
Blume) Miq., Fl. Ned. Ind. 1. 2 (1859) 358; Fl. Ned. Ind., Eerste bijv. (1861)
442; Boerl., Handl. Fl. Ned. Ind. 3, 1 (1900) 281. — Type: Blume s.n. (lecto
L, sheet 903.154-627, barcode L 0059160, selected here), Java.
Baccaurea wallichii Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 5 (1887) 375; K.Heyne, Nutt. Pl. Ned. Ind. 3
(1917) 95; Pax & K.Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenr. IV.147.xv (1922) 53; Ridl.,
Fl. Malay Penins. 3 (1924) 245; Soejarto, Bot. Mus. Leafl. (1965) 99. — Type: King’s
Collector 7634 (lecto G, selected here), Peninsular Malaysia, Perak.
Baccaurea bhaswatii Chakrab.
&
M.Gangop., J. Econ.
Taxon. Bot. 18 (1994) 420;
syn. nov. — Type: Forbes 1653 (lecto CAL, selected by Chakrab.
&
Gang., 1994; isolecto L), Sumatra.
Treelet to tree 3–15(–20) m high, dbh 5–24 cm,
buttresses absent; branchlets glabrous to sparsely hairy; young shoots
reddish-black to reddish-brown when dry, Terminalia branching pattern
well-developed. Indumentum of simple hairs and rarely stellate
hairs. Bark whitish to grey to pale brown to fawn when fresh, greyish to
brown when dry, up to 3 mm thick, smooth, papery, flaky, soft; inner bark white
to yellow to creamy to ochre to brown, 1–2 mm thick, soft. Heartwood
yellowish-brown to yellowish-ochre to brown, hard. Leaves: petiole
12–77 mm long, glabrous to sparsely hairy, red to brown when dry; stipules
elliptic to triangular, 3–7.5 by 1–1.5 mm, glabrous to sparsely hairy,
densely hairy when young outside, glabrous inside, margin ciliate, usually
hyaline; lamina (ovate to) elliptic to obovate, 5.8–22 by 2.3–18.8 cm, l/w
ratio 2.2–4.6, papery; base cuneate; apex acuminate to cuspidate, up to 25 mm
long; upper surface glabrous, sometimes granulate, raised glands usually
present, dark green when fresh, (white to green)-brown when dry; lower surface
glabrous, rarely densely hairy at veins, discoid glands rarely present, light
green when fresh, brown when dry, yellowish green to pink when young: nervation
reddish to brown to black when dry; secondary veins 4–10 per side, almost
closed at margin; nervation reticulate to weakly scalariform. Staminate
inflorescences cauline to just below the leaves, solitary to 5 clustered
together, 3–10 cm long, up to 1.3 mm thick, densely hairy, many-flowered,
flowers scattered along inflorescence; bracts 3 per branchlet, of which two very
small, 0.2–1.1 mm long, persistent, glabrous to densely hairy outside,
glabrous inside, margin ciliate, rarely hyaline; branchlets triangular,
0.1–2.5 mm long, densely hairy, (2- or) 3-flowered. Staminate flowers
1–3 mm diam., creamy yellow to white; pedicel 0.4–2.5 mm long, upper part
0.4–1.9 mm long, densely hairy; sepals 4 (or 5), ovate to obovate, 0.9–1.8
by 0.7–1.5 mm, apex usually recurved, densely hairy on both sides; stamens
5–7, 0.5–0.8 mm long, glabrous; filaments 0.4–0.6 mm long, straight; anthers white, c. 0.15 by 0.2–0.25
by 0.1 mm; disc present or absent; pistillode cylindrical, 0.3–0.9 mm long,
densely hairy, hollow. Pistillate inflorescences cauline to axillary,
solitary (to few clustered together), 3–28 cm long, c. 1 mm thick, densely
hairy, 4–many-flowered, reddish-green when fresh, reddish to brown when dry;
pedicel 1–2.9(–6.7) mm long, upper part up to 1.9(–2.5) mm long, densely
hairy, green to brown to pinkish; bracts 3 per branchlet, persistent, densely
hairy outside, glabrous inside, margin ciliate. Pistillate flowers
3–9.2 mm diam., greenish yellow when fresh; sepals 4 (or 5), obovate to
lanceolate, 2–6 by 1–2.7 mm, densely hairy on both sides, indumentum of
silvery hairs when dry, caducous; ovary subglobose, 1.5–1.9 by 1.4–1.7 mm,
(2- or) 3- (or 4-)locular, velutinous; style 0.2–0.4 by c. 1 mm, velutinous;
stigmas c. 0.3 mm long, not lobed, persistent. Fruits (sub)globose,
1–3-seeded, berries or fleshy capsules, 14–30 by 16–25 by 16–25 mm,
outer pericarp loculicidally dehiscing, inner pericarp not dehiscent, glabrous
to sparsely hairy outside, glabrous inside, raised glands present, yellow to
orange (to pink to red); pericarp 0.8–4.5 mm thick; column 12–15 mm long,
caducous, straight; pedicel reddish when dry, 3–9 mm long, upper part 1–4.5
mm long. Seeds obovoid to ellipsoid, laterally flattened, 9–11.5 by
6.5–9.2 by 2.5–6 mm; testa reddish-purple to blue to black; arillode blue to
purple to violet; cotyledons 5–7 by 6–7 by 0.1–1 mm, radicle 0–0.3 mm
long.
Distribution — Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia,
Sumatra, Java, Bali, Borneo, Sulawesi and (Halmahera).
Habitat & Ecology — Primary and secondary rain forest, riverine
forest, or fresh water swamp forest. Soil: granite to yellow or red sandy clay.
Altitude: 50–1550 m. Flowering: Mar. and May to Oct. Fruiting: throughout the
year.
Uses — Arillode edible, sour to sweet.
Vernacular names — Peninsular Malaysia: Asam tambun, rambi, tamut,
tampoi. Sumatra: Roesip, kisip. Java: Menteng. Borneo: Kokonau (Dusun); engkuni,
enkunik, kayu masam, longkuno, moho liox.
Baccaurea
ramiflora Lour., Fl.
Cochinch.
(1790) 661; Müll.Arg. in DC., Prodr.
15, 2 (1866) 458; Pax & K.Hoffm. in Engl.,
Pflanzenr.
IV.147.xv (1922) 71; Gagnep. in M.H.Lecomte, Fl.
Indo-Chine 5 (1927) 551; Merr.,
Trans.
Amer. Philos. Soc. 24, 2 (1935) 232; Airy Shaw, Kew
Bull. 26 (1971) 221; Whitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 65; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull.
36 (1981) 266; Haegens & Welzen in
Welzen et al., Thai For. Bull. 28 (2000) 73; Haegens, Blumea Suppl. (2000) 172, Map 3.34, Photo 9. — Type: Loureiro
s.n. (lecto BM, sheet 31252, selected here), Hortis Cochinchinae (see note
1).
Baccaurea
cauliflora
Lour., Fl.
Cochinch.
(1790) 661; Müll.Arg. in DC., Prodr.
15,
2 (1866) 458; Pax & K.Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenr.
IV.147.xv
(1922) 70; Gagnep. in M.H.Lecomte, Fl.
Indo-Chine 5 (1927) 551; Merr., Trans.
Amer. Philos. Soc. 24 (1935) 233. — Type: Fleury 32043 (neo P,
selected here), Vietnam, Cochinchina, Bien Hoa Province, Trañg Bône Forest
Reserve (see note 2).
Pierardia
sapida Roxb., Fl. Ind. 2 (1832) 254; Hortus Bengalensis
(1814) 28. — Baccaurea sapida (Roxb.) Müll.Arg. in DC., Prodr. 15, 2
(1866) 459; Bedd., Fl. Sylv. S. India (1869) 280; Kurz, Forest Fl.
Burma
2 (1877) 356; Hook.f., Fl.
Brit. India 5 (1887) 371; Boerl., Handl. Fl. Ned. Ind.
3, 1 (1900) 281; Williams, Bull.
Herb. Boissier. 2 (1905) 30; Brandis,
Indian Trees (1906) 562; Craib, Aberdeen Univ. Stud. 57 (1911) 461; Koord., Syst.
Verz. (1914) 67; Pax & K.Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenr.
IV.147.xv
(1922) 52; Gagnep. in M.H.Lecomte, Fl.
Indo-Chine 5 (1927) 548; Merr., Trans.
Amer. Philos. Soc. 24 (1935) 233; Corner, Gard. Bull. Straits Settlem. 10
(1939) 290; Wayside Trees Mal. 1 (1940) 241, syn. nov. — Type: Wallich 8072
(lecto K, selected here), Burma?.
Baccaurea
flaccida Müll.Arg. in DC., Prodr.
15,
2 (1866) 459; Hook.f., Fl.
Brit. India 5 (1887) 370; Brandis, Indian Trees (1906)
563; Pax & K.Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenr. IV.147.xv (1922) 50, syn. nov. —
Type: Wallich 8074 (lecto K, selected here), Burma.
Baccaurea
propinqua Müll.Arg. in DC., Prodr. 15, 2 (1866) 463. — Type: Wallich
8071 (lecto G, selected here) India Orientali, Silhet.
Baccaurea
wrayi King ex Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 5 (1887) 374; Pax
& K.Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenr. IV.147.xv (1922) 53; Ridl., Fl. Malay
Penins. 3 (1924) 244; S.Moore, J. Bot. Br. 63 (1925) 98; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull.
14 (1960) 354; Kew Bull. 26 (1971) 221. — Type: King’s Collector s.n.
(lecto K, selected here), Peninsular Malaysia, Perak.
Baccaurea
oxycarpa Gagnep., Bull. Soc. Bot. France 23 (1923) 431;
in
M.H.Lecomte, Fl.
Indo-Chine 5 (1927) 549, f. 69; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 14 (1960) 354; Kew
Bull. 26 (1971) 221; Vu Van Dung, Viet-nam Forest Trees (1996) 191. — Type: Pierre
614 (lecto K, selected here; isolecto P), Cambodia, Mt Knang-krepeuh.
Gatnaia
annamica Gagnep., Bull. Soc. Bot. France 24 (1924) 870;
in M.H.Lecomte,
Fl. Indo-Chine 5 (1927) 540; Pax & K.Hoffm. in Engl. & Harms, Nat.
Pflanzenfam. ed. 2, 19c (1931) 50. — Type: Eberhardt 3042 (lecto
P, selected here; isolecto K, L), Annam, Thua-thien Prov.
Baccaurea
sylvestris auct. non Lour.: Lour., Fl.
Cochinch.
(1790) 662, p.p., inflorescences; Müll.Arg. in DC., Prodr.
15, 2 (1866) 457; Pellegr., Fl. Indo-Chine (1911) 766; A. Chev., Cat. Pl.
Jard. Bot. Saigon (1919) 64; Pax & K.Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenr. IV.147.xv
(1922) 61; Gagnep. in M.H.Lecomte, Fl.
Indo-Chine 5 (1927) 551; Merr., Trans. Amer.
Philos. Soc. 24, 2 (1935) 233; Mabb. et al., Fl.
Males.
ser. 1, 12 (1995) 316; Vu Van Dung, Vietnam Forest Trees (1996) 192 (see note
3).
Tree 5–13 m high, dbh 5–33 cm, buttresses absent; branchlets glabrous
to sparsely hairy; young shoots greenish white when fresh, brown to greenish
white when dry, Terminalia branching pattern well-developed. Indumentum of
simple hairs. Bark greyish-brown to grey when fresh, 1–2 mm
thick, smooth; inner bark white. Leaves: petiole 10–63 mm long,
glabrous to sparsely hairy, raised glands present; stipules 2.5–6 by 1–2.5
mm, caducous (to late caducous), glabrous to sparsely hairy outside, midrib
densely hairy to velutinous, glabrous inside, margin ciliate, usually hyaline;
lamina elliptic to obovate, 7.1–25.5 by 2.9–8.8 cm, l/w ratio 1.8–4,
papery; base attenuate to cuneate; apex acute to cuspidate, 2–12 mm long;
upper surface: glabrous, raised glands present, not granulate, glossy dark green
when fresh, greenish brown to greyish brown when dry; lower surface glabrous to
sparsely hairy, raised glands present, discoid glands absent, green when fresh,
greenish brown when dry; secondary veins 4–9 per side, closed at margin or
almost so; nervation reticulate to weakly scalariform. Staminate
inflorescences axillary to cauline, solitary to many clustered together,
3–8.5(–15.5) cm long, up to 1 mm thick, densely hairy, many-flowered,
flowers clustered at the tip of inflorescence, greenish; bracts conspicuous, 1
(or 3) per branchlet, (1.5–) 3–4 mm long, persistent, sparsely to densely
hairy outside, glabrous inside, but densely hairy at base, margin ciliate,
sometimes hyaline; bracteoles absent; branchlets cylindrical, absent to 1.8 mm
long, densely hairy, 3-flowered. Staminate flowers 1.1–4 mm diam.,
yellow; pedicel 0.8–2.6 mm long, upper part 0.7–2.4 mm long, densely hairy;
sepals 4 or 5, different in shape, 1–2.4 by 0.5–1.4 mm, sometimes apically
recurved, densely hairy outside and inside; stamens 5–8, 0.7–1.1 mm long,
glabrous; filaments 0.5–0.9 mm long,
straight; anthers 0.2–0.3 by 0.2–0.4 by c. 0.2 mm, yellow; pistillode
present, obtriangular, 0.9–1.1 mm high, densely hairy, solid. Pistillate
inflorescences just below the leaves to cauline, solitary to many clustered
together, c. 10 cm long, c. 1 mm thick, densely hairy, 10–15-flowered, red;
pedicel 1.5–3 mm long, upper part 0.1–1 mm long, densely hairy; bracts 1 per
branchlet, persistent (to caducous), sparsely hairy outside, densely hairy at
midrib, glabrous inside, margin ciliate. Pistillate flowers 3–8 mm diam.,
yellow; sepals 4 or 5, elliptic, 3.5–5 by 1–2 mm, densely hairy outside and
inside, caducous; ovary globose, 2–2.3 by 2–2.3 mm, (2- or) 3- (or
4-)locular, woolly, green; style absent; stigmas c. 0.5 mm long, not lobed,
glabrous, cream, caducous (to persistent). Infructescences 12–20 cm
long, 1–2.5 mm thick. Fruits globose to ovoid to pear-shaped,
2–4-seeded berries, 19–37 by 14–28 by 14–28 mm, raised glands absent,
glabrous to sparsely hairy outside, glabrous inside, red to orange to pink to
purplish outside, cream inside; pericarp 1–3 mm thick; column fragile; pedicel
1–10(–15) mm long, upper part 0.5–3 mm long. Seeds globose to
ellipsoid,
but laterally flattened, 9–15 by 9–11 by 1.5–6 mm; arillode white; testa
purplish red; cotyledons 5.5–9 by 5.2–8.5 by c. 0.1 mm; radicle 0.5–1.8 mm
long; endosperm 1.5–7 mm thick.
Distribution — India (Assam), Burma, China (Yunnan,
Hainan), Vietnam, Laos, Thailand, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Peninsular
Malaysia.
Habitat & Ecology — Primary rain forest and
cultivated. Soil: sand, granite. Altitude 50–1700 m. Flowering: Dec. to June,
Sept. Fruiting: throughout the year.
Uses — Arillode edible, sweet to sour.
Vernacular
names — Burma: Kanaso.
Thailand:
Mahphie. Peninsular Malaysia: Tampoi.
Notes — 1. The front side of the type sheet (BM:
31252) of B. ramiflora refers to page 662 of Fl. Cochinch. and B.
sylvestris. This is certainly wrong, because the specimen does not
correspond with the description of B. sylvestris. The back side of this
sheet refers to page 661 of Fl. Cochinch., where B. ramiflora is
described.
2. The type of B. cauliflora is probably lost.
There is no original illustration. It is therefore not possible to lectotypify
this name. From the description it is however obvious that this name is conspecific with B. ramiflora. It is here therefore neotypified. Fleury 32043 is chosen as neotype, because it is a collection
from Cochinchine, and it is a fruiting specimen like the original specimen
described by Loureiro.
3. The type sheet of B. sylvestris is a mixture.
The leaves on this sheet are Lancium domesticum Corrêa, see Mabberley et
al. (1995). The description of Loureiro is also congruent with Lancium
domesticum. The fruits, for example, contain 5 locules, and each locule has
one ovule only (both features not present in Baccaurea). The inflorescences
on the type sheet, on the other hand, belongs to B. ramiflora. The fact
that the type specimen is a mixture has probably caused the confusion about the
taxonomical status of B. sylvestris.
Baccaurea reticulata Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 5 (1887) 373; Boerl., Handl. Fl. Ned. Ind. 3, 1
(1900) 281; Pax & K.Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenr. IV.147.xv (1922) 65; Ridl.,
Fl. Malay Penins. 3 (1924) 246; Corner, Wayside Trees Mal. 1 (1940) 241; Meijer,
Bot. News Bull. Forest Dept., Sabah 7 (1967) 36; Whitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2
(1973) 67; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. Add. Ser. 4 (1975) 54; Kew Bull. 36 (1981) 266;
Chakrab. &
Gang., J. Econ.
Taxon. Bot. 18 (1994) 424;
Haegens, Blumea Suppl. (2000) 174, Fig. 3.23; Map 3.35. — Type: Scortechini
s.n. (lecto L, sheet 903.154-630, barcode L 0039846, selected here),
Peninsular Malaysia, Perak, Goping.
Tree or treelet 6–28 m high, dbh 21–60 cm, bole
sometimes fluted to up to 2 m high; branchlets subglabrous, densely hairy when
young, Terminalia branching pattern weakly developed. Indumentum of
stellate and simple hairs. Bark red to red-brown to orange-brown when
fresh, brown when dry, thin, rugose, fibrous to flaky;
inner bark red to pink to light brown, 2–5 mm thick. Heartwood
red-brown to yellow-brown. Leaves: petiole 18–87 mm long, subglabrous
to velutinous with short stellate hairs and long simple hairs, transverse cracks
usually, apically and slightly basally pulvinate, raised glands sometimes
present; stipules 4–7.5 by 1.5–3.5 mm, velutinous outside and inside, margin
ciliate, not hyaline; lamina (ovate to) elliptic to obovate, 5.4–14.5 by
2.8–6.6 cm, l/w ratio 1.6–2.9, papery to slightly leathery; base acute to
cuneate (to attenuate); marginal glands sometimes visible as small indentations;
apex (obtuse to) acuminate to cuspidate, up to 16 mm long; upper surface
glabrous, raised glands often present, sometimes granulate, grey-green to
green-white to brown-white, nervation whitish to grey-green, slightly sunken;
lower surface subglabrous, densely hairy at midrib and veins, raised glands
often present, discoid glands if present in a row between secondary veins,
light (yellowish) brown when dry; secondary veins 4–8 per side, closed at
margin; nervation (weakly) scalariform, (dark) brown. Staminate inflorescences
axillary (to ramiflorous), solitary to 3 clustered together, 1–7 cm long, c.
0.1 mm thick, branched, velutinous, many-flowered, flowers scattered along
inflorescence; bracts 1 per branchlet, 1–5 mm long inserted, densely hairy
outside and inside, margin ciliate, not to slightly hyaline; bracteoles
0.5–2.5 mm long, 1–3 (or 4) per branchlet; branchlets cylindrical, 1–4 mm
long, densely hairy, (3–)9–15-flowered. Staminate flowers 0.8–2.5
mm diam., pale yellow to greenish white to white; pedicel 0.6–1.5 mm long,
upper part 0.3–1.2 mm long, densely hairy; sepals 4 (or 5), ovate to elliptic,
0.7–1.8 by 0.2–0.9 mm, apex recurved, densely hairy outside and probably
also inside; stamens 4 (or 5), 0.2–0.3 mm long, glabrous;
filaments up to 0.2 mm long,
straight; anthers 0.1–0.2 by 0.15–0.2 by c. 0.1 mm; disc absent; pistillode
absent to small, up to 0.15 mm high, velutinous. Pistillate inflorescences
ramiflorous to just below the leaves. Pistillate flowers: ovary 3- (or
4-)locular. Infructescences 2–5 cm long, 2–3 mm thick. Fruits
globose, 3–6-seeded, fleshy capsules, 25–38 by 29–51 by 29–51 mm,
loculicidally dehiscent, raised glands present, subglabrous to tomentose
outside, subglabrous inside, septa sparsely hairy, green to dirty orange to
brown; pericarp 3–6.5 mm thick; column 19–25 mm long, straight; sepals
usually persistent; stigmas usually caducous; pedicel 12–21 mm long, upper
part 8–15 mm long. Seeds globose to ellipsoid, laterally flattened,
10–13.5 by 8–14.5 by 3–4 mm; arillode whitish yellow, translucent;
cotyledons 8–11 by 6.5–12 by up to 0.1 mm; radicle up to 0.1 mm long.
Distribution — Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Borneo.
Habitat & Ecology — Secondary rain forest. Soil:
yellow sandy loam. Altitude: sea level up to 330 m. Flowering: Jan., Mar., Apr.,
Aug., Sept. Fruiting: June to Sept., Nov.
Uses — Arillode edible, sweet.
Vernacular names — Peninsular Malaysia: Tampoi,
tampoy, tampui. Sumatra: Kaloe merah, tampoei simba.
Baccaurea sarawakensis Pax & K.Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenr. VI.147.xv (1922) 53; Airy Shaw,
Kew Bull. Add. Ser. 4 (1975) 54; Haegens, Blumea Suppl. (2000) 177, Map 3.36,
Photo 10, 11. — Type: Hose 43 (lecto K, selected here; isolecto
L), Borneo, Sarawak, Baram.
Tree 3–18(–21) m high, dbh 4–21 cm, buttresses absent; branchlets
glabrous; young shoots greyish-white when dry, slightly thickened at tip,
Terminalia branching pattern well-developed. Indumentum of simple
hairs. Bark whitish to green to grey to brown when fresh, greyish-white
to brown when dry, c. 1–2.5 mm thick; inner bark yellowish to pale brown or
pale red, up to 2 mm thick, soft. Leaves: petiole brown when dry, 10–56
mm long, sparsely hairy, raised glands present; stipules caducous to late
caducous, lanceolate, 2.5–9 by 1–2.8 mm, sparsely to densely hairy outside, glabrous
inside, margin ciliate, sometimes hyaline; lamina obovate to elliptic, 7–20
by 3–8 cm, l/w ratio 2.3–3, firm papery to leathery; base cuneate to acute; apex (rounded to)
acuminate, up to 17 mm long; upper surface glabrous, sometimes granulate,
glossy green when fresh, whitish brown when dry; lower surface glabrous, rarely
sparsely hairy at midrib and veins, raised glands usually present, discoid
glands sparse or absent, shiny pale green when fresh, whitish green to brown
when dry; secondary veins 5–8 per side, closed at margin; nervation reticulate
to weakly scalariform, (whitish) brown when dry. Staminate inflorescences
axillary to just below the leaves, solitary to 5 clustered together, 3–12 cm
long, less than 1 mm thick, densely hairy, more than 60-flowered, flowers
scattered along inflorescence, bright yellow; branchlets 0–0.2 mm long; bracts
3 per branchlet, 0.4–1.5 mm long, glabrous to densely hairy outside, (sub)glabrous
inside, margin ciliate. Staminate flowers 3 per branchlet, 1–1.4 mm
diam.; pedicel 1.9–4.5 mm long, upper part 1–2.8 mm long, densely hairy;
sepals ovate to obovate, 4 or 5, apically recurved, 0.8–1.2 by 0.4–0.8 mm,
glabrous to densely hairy inside and outside; stamens 4 or 5, 0.15–0.2 mm
long, glabrous; filaments c. 0.1 mm long, straight; anthers c. 0.2 by 0.2–0.3 by 0.1 mm;
disc present, 0.1–0.15 mm thick; pistillode globose, 0.25–0.3 mm high,
densely hairy, solid. Pistillate inflorescences axillary to ramiflorous,
solitary to few clustered together, 5–10 cm long, c. 1 mm thick, densely
hairy, 9–16-flowered; bracts 3, usually persistent, densely hairy outside,
glabrous inside, margin ciliate; pedicel 2–4.1 mm long, upper part c. 0.2 mm
long, densely hairy. Pistillate flowers 2–9 mm diam.; sepals 4 or 5,
lanceolate, 1.5–9 mm by 1–2.6 mm, glabrous to densely hairy on both sides,
caducous; ovary (sub)globose, 1.5–3.5 by 1.5–3.2 mm, 3-locular, woolly;
style (0–)0.5–1 mm by 1–2 mm, glabrous to densely hairy; stigmas c. 1 mm
long, slightly lobed apically, caducous; lobes above glabrous with
protuberances, below densely hairy. Fruits subglobose to
triangular, 0–3-seeded, fleshy capsules, 18–28(–30) by 16–30 by 13–30
mm, dehiscing loculicidally, outside sparsely to densely hairy, inside
glabrous, raised glands present, red to yellowish red-pink; pericarp 0.5–3.5
mm thick, column 13–16 mm long, caducous; pedicel 2–11 mm long, upper part
1–2 mm long. Seeds obovoid, laterally flattened, 10–14 by 7–11.5 by
1–5.7 mm; arillode blue to pinkish. Seeds coat blue to purple;
cotyledons 6–8 by c. 6 by 0.1 mm.
Distribution — Borneo.
Habitat & Ecology — Primary rain forest. Altitude: up to
800(–1600) m. Soil: loam. Flowering: Mar., Apr., June to Sept. Fruiting: Jan.,
Feb., May to Dec.
Vernacular names — Borneo: Ankuni (Brunei, Dayak); engkuni, gune (Iban);
kunau-kunau (Malay); mata kunau (Brunei, Dusun); Ng’kokonau (Dusun Rongos);
asam kuning, enkunyit, kayu masam, peladuk.
Baccaurea simaloerensis Haegens,
Blumea Suppl. (2000) 179, Fig. 3.24, Map 3. — Type: Achmad 728 (holo
L), Sumatra, Simeuluë Island.
Tree; branchlets glabrous to sparsely hairy, densely hairy when young,
Terminalia branching pattern weakly developed. Indumentum of simple
and usually short stellate hairs. Bark dark brown when dry, thin. Leaves:
petiole 12–40 mm long, subglabrous to sparsely hairy, rarely densely hairy,
apically and basally pulvinate, blackish to dark reddish brown when dry, raised
glands usually absent; stipules 2–4 by 1–1.5 mm, sparsely to densely hairy
outside, midrib densely hairy, glabrous inside, margin ciliate, not hyaline;
lamina ovate to elliptic, 6.2–18 by 3.4–9.1 cm, l/w ratio 1.5–2.1, papery;
base truncate to acute (to attenuate); apex obtuse to acuminate, up to 13 mm
long; upper surface glabrous, small raised glands present, usually granulate,
dark brown, nervation sunken; lower surface (sub)glabrous, subglabrous to
sparsely hairy at midrib, raised glands present, discoid glands usually
present, scattered, pale brown when dry; secondary veins 5 or 6 (or 7) per side,
open at margin; nervation reticulate. Staminate inflorescences
axillary to just below the leaves, solitary, 3–10 cm long, 0.6–1 mm thick,
branched, sparsely to densely hairy, many-flowered, flowers scattered
along inflorescence; bracts 1 per branchlet, (broadly) ovate, 2.2–3.5 mm
long, usually caducous, densely hairy outside, glabrous inside, margin
ciliate, not hyaline; bracteoles usually 4, 1.5–2.5 mm long; branchlets
cylindrical, 2–3.5 mm long, 6–20-flowered, densely hairy. Staminate
flowers 1.5–2 mm diam., caducous before dehiscence; pedicel 0.3–1 mm
long, densely hairy; sepals 4 or 5, ovate, 1–1.3 by 0.7–1.2 mm, apically
slightly recurved, velutinous outside and inside; stamens 4–7, 0.3–0.4
mm long, glabrous; filaments 0.1–0.2 mm long, straight; anthers 0.15–0.1 by 0.15–0.2
by c. 0.1 mm; disc absent; pistillode present, cylindrical to obtriangular, c.
0.5 mm high, velutinous, solid. Pistillate inflorescences axillary,
solitary, 2–4.2 cm long, 1–2 mm thick, densely hairy, few-flowered; pedicel
2–8.5 mm long, upper part 1–4.5 mm long, densely hairy; bracts probably 3
per branchlet, spatulate, persistent, subglabrous outside, sparsely hairy at
base, glabrous inside, margin ciliate. Pistillate flowers 8–14 mm diam.;
sepals 5, lanceolate to elliptic, 5–7.5 by 1.2–1.5 mm, densely hairy outside
and inside, caducous to persistent; ovary globose, 2–4 by 2–5 mm, (2-? or)
3-locular, velutinous; style c. 0.5 by 1.5 mm, velutinous; stigmas c. 2.8 mm
long, cleft for upper 60–70%, persistent; lobes c. 2 by 0.5 mm, glabrous
above, protuberances small, below densely hairy, protuberances strong. Fruits
globose, usually 2–4-seeded, berries or fleshy capsules, 15.5–18 by
15.8–23.5 by 15.8–23.5 mm, only outer layer loculicidally dehiscent, raised
glands absent, sparsely to densely hairy outside, (sub)glabrous inside, septa
subglabrous; pericarp 1.5–6.5 mm thick; column 9–12 mm long, straight. Seeds
ellipsoid, laterally flattened, 7–8.5 by 3.5–4.5 by 1.5–3.5 mm; cotyledons
2.8–3 by 2–3 by c. 0.1 mm; radicle 0.6–2 mm long; endosperm 0.2–0.5 mm
thick.
Distribution — Sumatra: Simeuluë Island.
Habitat & Ecology — Flowering: June, Sept., Nov., Dec. Fruiting:
Feb., May.
Vernacular names — Simeuluë Island: Awa-batoe-fatoeh, bolahna itung,
bolawah-iteung-delok, bolawah ontur, bolawah palo, bolawah pajo-oeding, bolawah
silai, soerai-datan, toetoen bolafah.
Notes — 1. In this species all staminate flowers in herbarium
material fall off before anthesis. In B. bracteata, a close relative, a
part of the staminate flowers show the same phenomenon. However, despite the
fact that the staminate flowers remain closed, pollination takes place because
in the fruit bearing specimen seeds are produced. A possible explanation for the
successful pollination could be that the breaking off of the unopened flowers is
an artifact, and that the flowers do open in the wild. Another explanation could
be that fertilisation is performed by thrips, who are able to enter the closed
flowers.
2. This species is named for its restricted distribution on Simeuluë
Island, off the coast of Sumatra. All studied collections of this species were
made by Achmad, and he spelled the island as Simaloer.
Baccaurea sumatrana (Miq.)
Müll.Arg.
in DC., Prodr. 15, 2 (1866) 466; Boerl., Handl. Fl. Ned. Ind. 3, 1 (1900) 281;
Pax & K.Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenr. IV.147.xv (1922) 63; S.Moore, J. Bot.
Br. 63 (1925) 98; Merr., Univ.
Calif. Publ.
Bot. 15 (1929) 151; K.Heyne, Nutt. Pl. Ned. Ind. 1, 3rd ed. (1950) 915;
Soejarto, Bot. Mus. Leafl. 21 (1965) 71, 99; Meijer, Bot. News Bull. Forest
Dept., Sabah (1967) 36; Whitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 65; Airy Shaw, Kew
Bull. Add. Ser. 4 (1975) 55; Kew Bull. 36 (1981) 267; Chakrab.
&
Rao, J. Econ.
Taxon. Bot. 5 (1984) 957; G.L. Webster, Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 81
(1994) 51; Haegens & Welzen in
Welzen et al., Thai For. Bull. 28 (2000) 74; Haegens, Blumea Suppl. (2000) 182, Fig. 3.25, Map 3.39. —
Calyptroon
sumatranum Miq., Fl. Ned. Ind., Eerste bijv. (1861) 472. — Type: Teijsmann
s.n. (lecto U, sheet 35994, selected here) Sumatra.
Baccaurea kingii Gage, Rec. Bot. Surv. India 9 (1922) 231; Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 5
(1887) 373; Ridl., Fl. Malay Penins. 3 (1924) 245; Whitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2
(1973) 65; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. Add. Ser. 4 (1975) 54. — Type: Wray 1364
(lecto SING, selected here), Malakka, Perak, Tapa.
Baccaurea bivalvis
Merr., Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 15 (1929) 148; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. Add.
Ser. 4 (1975) 56. — Type: Elmer 21510 (holo US; iso DS, GH, K,
L), Borneo, Sabah, Tawau.
Tree (4–)15–43 m high, dbh (5–)15–35 cm, buttresses if present up
to 1 m high, c. 6 cm thick; branches glabrous, young shoots dark brown to black,
Terminalia branching pattern well-developed. Indumentum of simple
hairs. Bark greyish-brown to brown to black, 2–16 mm thick, smooth to
rather rough, hard, fibrous, peeling off with longitudinal flakes of c. 1 cm long, raised
glands present, (exudate watery, red); inner bark white to red brown to pink,
1.5–2 mm thick, fibrous, hard, scaly. Heartwood reddish to dark brown. Leaves:
petiole 5–48 mm long, glabrous; stipules 1–7 by c. 1 mm, sparsely hairy on
both sides, densely hairy at midrib outside, margin not ciliate; lamina ovate to
sometimes obovate, 3–19 by 1.2–7.5 cm, l/w ratio 1.1–2.9(–3.75), papery;
base attenuate to cuneate (to rounded); apex obtuse to acuminate, up to 18 mm
long; upper surface glabrous, rarely granulate, a few discoid glands rarely
present; lower surface glabrous, a few discoid glands present; green to red when
dry, red when young; secondary veins, 5–8(–10) per side, sometimes closed at
margin; nervation reticulate. Staminate inflorescences axillary to
somewhat ramiflorous, solitary (to 3 clustered together), up to 2.3(–5.4) cm
long, densely hairy, 30–75-flowered, flowers grouped at upper part of
inflorescence; branchlets spatulate, 2–3.8 mm long, densely hairy, with (2 or)
3 (or 4) flowers; bracts 1 per branchlet, c. 1 mm long, glabrous outside. Staminate
flowers sessile, 0.9–1.8 mm diam., yellow-green; sepals 3–5, each with a
different size and shape, 0.3–1.2 by 0.3–1 mm, glabrous; stamens 4–6,
0.4–1 mm long, glabrous; filaments 0.4–0.9 mm long; anthers 0.1–0.15 mm; pistillode ligulate, up
to 0.5 mm high, densely hairy. Pistillate inflorescences axillary to
ramiflorous, solitary (to 4 clustered together), 0.7–6.5(–9) cm long, 1–2
mm thick, densely hairy except at base, 2–20-flowered; pedicel geniculate (90°
bent) at the abscission zone, 2.2–2.5 mm long, upper part c. 1.2 mm, densely
hairy; bracts absent. Pistillate flowers 1.5–2 mm; sepals 4 or 5, ovate
to obovate, each with a different size and shape, 0.5–1.3 by 0.5–1.4 mm,
densely hairy on both sides; ovary cylindrical, 1.8–2.5 by 1–1.4 mm,
2-locular, sparsely hairy to velutinous; style absent or up to 0.1 mm long;
stigmas not lobed to apically lobed up to the base, lobes up to 0.5 mm long,
glabrous. Fruits ellipsoid, laterally flattened, usually 1-seeded, fleshy
capsules, 9–17 by 4–10 mm, dehiscing loculicidally, outside subglabrous,
inside glabrous, septa rarely sparsely hairy, yellow to orange to reddish;
pedicel straight, 2–8 mm long, upper part 0.5–2 mm; pericarp c. 1 mm thick;
column often persistent, 6–12 mm long, curved, flattened; sepals persistent,
small. Seeds ellipsoid, laterally flattened, 6–9 by 4–7.5 by 2–4
mm; arillode orange; testa red; cotyledons 3.5–6 by 4–6.5 mm, thin; radicle
up to 0.8 mm long.
Distribution — Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia,
Sumatra, Borneo and (Java).
Habitat & Ecology — Primary and secondary rain
forest. Soil: sand or sandy clay. Altitude: sea level up to 1550 m. Flowering:
Mar., May to Nov. Fruiting: throughout the year.
Uses — Used as timber.
Vernacular names — Peninsular Malaysia: Tampoi.
Sumatra: Ketjipot, semasam, semasam pris. Sumatra (Banka): Masput (Malay).
Sumatra (Simeuluë Island): Toetoen bolawak iteung pajo, toetoen bolawah kèhè-pajo.
Borneo: Perepat (Malay); kayu massam, sangkurat.
Baccaurea tetrandra (Baill.)
Müll.Arg.
in DC., Prodr. 15, 2 (1866) 465; Pax & K.Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenr.
IV.147.xv (1922) 49; Merr., Enum.
Philipp.
Fl. Pl. 2 (1923) 411; Fernando, Philipp. J. Biol. 8 (1979) 307; Airy Shaw, Enum.
Euphorb. Philipp. (1983) 10; Haegens, Blumea Suppl. (2000) 185, Fig. 3.26, Map
3.41, Photo 12. — Adenocrepis tetrandra Baill., Étude Euphorb. (1858)
601; Adansonia 4 (1863) 135. — Type: Cuming 982 (lecto L,
selected here; isolecto P, TCD, US), Philippines.
Baccaurea stipulata J.J.Sm., Icon. Bog. 4 (1910) 32, t. 311; Merr., J. Straits Branch Roy.
Asiat. Soc. (1921) 331; Pax & K.Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenr. IV.147.xv
(1922) 56; Merr., Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 15 (1929) 151; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull.
Add. Ser. 4 (1975) 55; Kew Bull. 36 (1981) 266, syn. nov. — Type: Hallier
3445 (lecto L, selected here), Borneo, Amai Ambit.
Baccaurea terminalifolia Elmer, Leafl. Philipp. Bot. 4 (1911) 1277. — Type: Elmer 13089
(lecto DS, selected here; isolecto GH, K, L, US), Philippines, Palawan, Puerta
Princesa, Mt Pulgar.
Baccaurea brevipedicellata Pax & K.Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenr. IV.147.xv (1922) 55; Airy Shaw,
Kew Bull. Add. Ser. 4 (1975) 54. — Type: Hose 48 (lecto L,
selected here; isolecto K) Borneo, Sarawak, Baram District.
Shrub or tree 2–20 m high, dbh 3–29 cm, sometimes fluted, buttresses
absent; branchlets (sub)glabrous, often thickened at tip, Terminalia branching
pattern well-developed. Indumentum of simple hairs. Bark
brown to grey to whitish green when fresh, brown to grey when dry, 0.1–2 mm
thick, smooth to slightly rough, corky, peeling off in 5–8 long cm strips,
soft; inner bark red to purple to brown to yellow to white, c. 1.5 mm thick,
soft. Heartwood brown. Leaves: petiole 4–75 mm long, (sub)glabrous,
transverse cracks at base and tip, brown to grey when dry, raised glands
present; stipules 3–11 by 1.2–4.5 mm, caducous (to late caducous), glabrous
to densely hairy outside, glabrous inside, margin often ciliate, sometimes
hyaline; lamina obovate to elliptic, (3.2–)5–21 by 1.5–12.3 cm, l/w ratio
1.4–3.4, papery; base rounded to cuneate; apex (retuse to) obtuse to acute, up
to 20 mm long; upper surface glabrous, raised glands usually present, often
granulate, (light yellow-)green when fresh, (greenish to brownish) white,
nervation slightly raised; lower surface glabrous, nervation subglabrous,
raised glands usually present, discoid glands absent, light green when fresh,
(pale greenish to greyish) brown when dry; secondary veins (2–)4–9 per side,
often closed at margin; nervation reticulate to weakly scalariform, white to
brown when dry; young leaves red. Staminate inflorescences axillary to
just below the leaves, solitary to 3(–many) clustered together, 1.5–17 cm
long, 0.5–1.5 mm thick, sparsely to densely hairy, many-flowered, flowers
scattered along inflorescence, rachis white to red to purple; bracts 1 per
branchlet, 0.3–2 mm long, persistent to caducous, glabrous to densely hairy
outside, (sub)glabrous inside, margin ciliate, not hyaline; bracteoles (0–)2,
up to 1 mm long, subglabrous to densely hairy outside, glabrous inside; branchlets
cylindrical, 0–2.5 mm long, densely hairy, 3-flowered. Staminate flowers
1.6–4.5 mm diam., yellow to white; pedicel 0.8–3 mm long, upper part 0.3–2
mm long, densely hairy; sepals 4 or 5, spatulate to sometimes ovate, 0.9–3 by
0.6–1.3 mm, sometimes apically recurved, sparsely to densely hairy outside,
densely hairy inside; staminodes absent or 4 or 5; stamens (3 or) 4 or 5,
0.6–1.4 mm long, (sub)glabrous; filaments
glabrous to subglabrous, 0.5–1.3 mm long, often apically geniculate; anthers
0.15–0.25 by 0.15–0.3 by c. 0.1 mm; pistillode obtriangular to cylindrical,
0.6–1.3 mm high, densely hairy, usually hollow. Pistillate inflorescences
axillary to just below the leaves (to ramiflorous), solitary to 3
clustered together, 2.5–30 cm long, 0.1–2 mm thick, sparsely to densely
hairy, 5–50-flowered, rachis red; pedicel 0.5–7.5 mm long, upper part
0–1.3 mm long, sparsely hairy to densely hairy; bracts (1 or) 3 per branchlet,
glabrous to densely hairy outside, glabrous inside, margin ciliate. Pistillate
flowers 3–12 mm diam., yellow to green (to red); sepals 4–6, obovate to
elliptic, 1.5–5.9 by 0.2–2.4 mm, sparsely to densely hairy outside, densely
hairy inside, caducous; ovary globose, 1.2–2.4 by 1–2.1 mm, 2-locular,
sparsely to densely hairy, pale green; style absent to 0.4 by 0.7–1 mm,
densely hairy; stigmas 0.4–1 mm long, cleft for upper up to 90%, white,
persistent to caducous; lobes 0.4–0.7 by 0.2–0.7 mm, glabrous with
protuberances above, below glabrous to densely hairy with protuberances.
Infructescences to 45 cm long, purple. Fruits globose to ellipsoid,
laterally flattened, 1- or 2- or 4-seeded, fleshy capsules, 7–17 by 6.5–15
by 6.5–15 mm, loculicidally dehiscent to irregularly splitting, raised glands
sometimes present, glabrous to sparsely hairy outside, glabrous inside, red (to
yellow to pink to greenish white); pericarp 0.1–1.5 mm thick; column 8–14 mm
long, straight, caducous; pedicel 0.5–8 mm long, upper part 0.2–5.5 mm long,
red. Seeds globose to obovoid, laterally flattened, 7–13 by 5–9.5 by
3–6.5 mm; arillode blue to purple; testa red; cotyledons often folded,
(3–)3.5–7.5 by 4–8.7 by c. 0.1 mm; radicle 0.9–1.8 mm long; endosperm
0.2–1 mm thick.
Distribution — Borneo, Philippines, Sulawesi,
Moluccas (Halmahera only).
Habitat & Ecology — Primary and secondary rain
forest, and swamp forest. Soil: sand, clay, loam. Altitude: up to 1500 m.
Flowering and fruiting: throughout the year. Flowers odourless.
Uses — Arillode edible, sweet to sour.
Vernacular names — Borneo (Brunei): Kunau; mata kunau
(Malay). Borneo (Sabah): Kunau-kunau, mata-pelandok. Borneo (Sarawak): Enkuni(k),
kunau (Iban); sekunau (Dusun); kuni, mata pelandok. Borneo (Kalimantan): Pundung
undang (Dayak); konkuning, mata pelandoeh. Philippines: Katag, saket.
Note — In the type of B. stipulata the leaf
blades are 13–19 cm long and whitish when dry, whereas in the type of B.
tetrandra the leaf blades are 6–14 cm long and brown when dry. However,
intermediates between these characters are found frequently. The same
variability is found in the leaf anatomical characters (Bodegom et al., in
prep.). Baccaurea stipulata is therefore considered to be conspecific with B. tetrandra.
Baccaurea trigonocarpa Merr., Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot 15 (1929) 152; Meijer, Bot. News Bull.
Forest Dept., Sabah 7 (1967) 38; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. Add. Ser. 4 (1975) 54;
Haegens, Blumea Suppl. (2000) 188, Fig. 3.27, Map 3.42. — Type: Elmer 21525
(holo A; iso DS, K, L, US), Borneo, Sabah, Tawau.
Tree or shrub 4–15 m high, dbh 5–38 cm, buttresses
absent; branchlets glabrous to rarely densely hairy, Terminalia branching
pattern usually weak. Indumentum of simple and rarely stellate
hairs. Bark white-brown to brown to blackish-brown when fresh, brown to
grey when dry, thin, smooth; inner bark yellow to rarely yellowish-red to grey. Leaves:
petiole 10–57 mm long, subglabrous to densely hairy, slightly apically and
sometimes slightly basally pulvinate, raised glands sometimes present; stipules
lanceolate to triangular, 4–9 by 1–3 mm, glabrous to densely hairy outside,
(sub)glabrous inside, margin usually not ciliate, usually not hyaline; lamina
obovate to elliptic, 7–16.5 by 3.9–8 cm, l/w ratio 1.7–2.9, papery; base
cuneate to attenuate; marginal glands usually visible as small indentations;
apex acuminate to cuspidate, 3–18 mm long; upper surface glabrous, rarely
granulate, dark green when fresh, dark (green)-brown when dry; lower surface (sub)glabrous,
glabrous to densely hairy at veins, raised glands usually absent, discoid glands
present, sparse to in a row between the secondary veins, dark green when fresh,
green to brown when dry; secondary veins 6–10 per side, closed at margin;
nervation reticulate to weakly scalariform. Staminate inflorescences
axillary to just below the leaves, solitary, 1–3 cm long, c. 1 mm thick,
densely hairy, many-flowered, flowers clustered at the tip of inflorescence;
bracts absent; bracteoles usually 1 per branchlet, c. 1 mm long, densely hairy
outside, subglabrous inside, margin ciliate, not hyaline; branchlets
cylindrical, c. 1 mm long, densely hairy, 3-flowered. Staminate flowers
1–2.2 mm diam., pale yellow, sessile; sepals (5 or) 6, obovate, 0.5–1 by
0.4–0.8 mm, apically straight, densely hairy outside and inside; stamens 6,
0.9–1 mm long, glabrous; filaments c. 0.9 mm long, straight; anthers c. 0.1 by 0.2 by 0.1 mm;
pistillode obtriangular, c. 0.5 mm high, velutinous, solid. Pistillate
inflorescences usually ramiflorous (to axillary or cauline), solitary (to 4
clustered together), 1.5–3 cm long, c. 1 mm thick, densely hairy,
7–many-flowered; pedicel 1–1.5 mm long, upper part 0.2–0.5 mm long,
geniculate (90° bent), densely hairy; bracts (1–)3 per branchlet, persistent,
glabrous to densely hairy outside, densely hairy inside, margin ciliate. Pistillate
flowers 1–2 mm diam., yellow; sepals (5 or) 6, 0.5–1.2 by 0.2–0.9 mm,
ovate, densely hairy outside and inside, persistent; ovary globose, 1–1.4 by
0.7–0.9 mm, (2- or) 3- or 4-locular, velutinous, wings usually present, 6 or
8, small; style absent; stigmas c. 0.5 mm long, glabrous, persistent.
Infructescences 4–50 cm long, 1–2 mm thick. Fruits 3- or
4-angular (to globose), 1- or 2-seeded, fleshy capsules, 8–15 by 9–14.5 by
9–14.5 mm, dehiscing loculicidally, raised glands usually absent, (sub)glabrous
outside, glabrous inside, subglabrous at column, yellow to orange to purple;
pericarp 0.5–1.5(–2) mm thick; column 7–11 mm long, straight, sometimes
caducous; pedicel 4–10(–17) mm long, upper part 0.5–3 mm long. Seeds
globose to ellipsoid, laterally flattened, 6.2–9 by 6–8 by 3.5–5 mm;
arillode orange to purple to reddish; testa white; cotyledons 5–7 by 5.5–7
by 0.1–1; radicle 0.1–0.2 mm long; endosperm thin.
Distribution — Borneo, Singapore but probably only in cultivation.
Habitat & Ecology — Primary rain forest and kerangas forest. Soil:
sand, clay, loam. Altitude: 30–1200 m. Flowering: June, Aug., Sept. Fruiting:
Jan., Apr. to Nov.
Uses — Firewood.
Vernacular names — Borneo: Engkuhi (Iban); tikak cabo (Murut); butoh
pranuk, ngiboruok, ombak pahung, pugé laboh, rambai hutan.
Baccaurea velutina (Ridl.) Ridl., J. Bot. 62 (1924) 300; Fl. Malay Penins. 5 (1925) 331;
Whitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 67; Haegens, Blumea Suppl. (2000) 190, Map
3.43. — Baccaurea reticulata Hook.f. var. velutina Ridl., Fl.
Malay Penins. 3 (1924) 246; Smitinand, Nat. Hist. Bull. Siam Soc. 22 (1967) 170.
— Type: SF (Nur) 11319 (lecto K, selected here; isolecto A, SING).
Shrub or tree (2.1–)9–15(–18) m high, dbh 6.4–24 cm, buttresses
absent; branchlets sparsely hairy to velutinous; young shoots pale to red-brown
when dry, Terminalia branching pattern well-developed. Indumentum of stellate
and simple hairs. Bark brown to grey-brown to orange-brown when fresh,
smooth; inner bark red to brown, thin, fibrous. Leaves:
petiole 18–80 mm long, velutinous with long and short hairs, often with
longitudinal cracks when old, light to blackish brown when dry, raised glands or
lenticels often present; stipules 3–7 by 1.5–3 mm, velutinous outside,
glabrous inside, margin ciliate, not hyaline; lamina ovate to obovate,
5.2–19.3 by 3.5–11.2 cm, l/w ratio 1.4–2.8, papery to somewhat leathery;
base cuneate to attenuate (to rounded); apex rounded to acuminate, up to 11 mm
long; upper surface glabrous, raised glands present, sometimes granulate, (dark
to grey)-brown when dry; lower surface subglabrous to sparsely hairy,
nervation sparsely hairy to velutinous, raised glands present, discoid glands
present, hairy, if many then in a row between secondary veins, brown when dry;
secondary veins 5–7 per side, usually open at margin; nervation reticulate;
young leaves yellowish brown when fresh. Staminate inflorescences
axillary, solitary or in pairs, 2.5–9 cm long, rachis 1–1.8 mm thick,
branches minute, velutinous, many-flowered, flowers scattered along
inflorescence; bracts 1 per branchlet, 4–7.3 mm long, densely hairy outside, (sub)glabrous
inside, margin ciliate, not hyaline; bracteoles 4(–8), small; branchlets,
cylindrical, 0.5–1 mm long, velutinous, 4–12-flowered. Staminate
flowers 2.5–5 mm diam., yellow to brown; pedicel 0.5–1.3 mm long, upper
part 0.2–0.9 mm long, velutinous; sepals 4 (or 5), ovate, 1.8–4 by 1–1.8
mm, recurved to straight at apex, velutinous outside and inside; stamens 5 or 6,
0.3–0.9 mm long, glabrous; filaments 0.1–0.7 mm long, straight; anthers 0.15–0.2 by 0.2–0.25 by
0.1–1.15 mm; disc absent; pistillode cylindrical to obtriangular, 0.6–1.3 mm
high, velutinous. Pistillate inflorescences axillary, solitary,
2.5–5.5 cm long, 1.2–1.5 mm thick, velutinous, few-flowered; pedicel
1.5–3.5 mm long, upper part 0.5–2 mm long, velutinous; bracts 2 per
branchlet, ovate, velutinous outside, glabrous inside, margin ciliate. Pistillate
flowers 5–10 mm diam., yellow; sepals 4 (and a small 5th), ovate,
(3–)6–10 by (1–)2–3 mm, velutinous outside and inside, persistent to
caducous; ovary cylindrical, 2.5–4 by c. 2.5 mm, 3-locular, velutinous, dark
brown; style 0.5–1 by 1–1.5 mm, white velvety; stigmas 1.2–2.2 mm long,
cleft for upper c. 50%, persistent and up to 3 mm long; lobes 0.6–1.1 by
0.2–0.4 mm, glabrous above, velutinous below. Fruits globose,
2–6-seeded, berries to fleshy capsules, 23–28 by 25–31 by 25–31 mm, 2.5
cm diam. when fresh, usually only 1 layer dehiscing loculicidally when dry,
raised glands present, (slightly) ruminate when dry, velutinous outside, (sub)glabrous
inside, septa subglabrous, (red-)brown; pericarp 3–7.5 mm thick; column
15–17 mm long, straight; pedicel 4–5 mm long, upper part 2–3 mm long. Seeds
ellipsoid, laterally flattened, 7.5–10 by 4.6–8 by 3–5 mm; arillode yellow
to orange; cotyledons 5.2–6 by 5–6.9 by 0.1–0.5 mm; radicle 1–1.5 mm
long.
Distribution — Peninsular Malaysia.
Habitat & Ecology — Rain forest, on ridges, rarely in swamps.
Altitude: 330–1450 m. Flowering: Apr., Aug., Sept. Fruiting: Feb. to May,
Sept.
Uses — Arillode edible, sour.
Vernacular names — Peninsular Malaysia: Tampoi, tampoy tungau.
No original material of the following taxa could be traced or obtained so that their taxonomic status could not be evaluated.
1. Baccaurea airyshawii Chakrab. & M.Gangop., J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 18 (1994) 419. — Type: Kunstler 1408 (holo CAL, n.v.).
2. Baccaurea celebica Pax & K.Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenr. IV.147.xv (1922) 69; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 37 (1982) 8. — Type: Warburg 15565 (n.v.).
3. Baccaurea henii Thin, J. Biol. (Vietnam) 9, 2 (1987) 37. — Type: Duong van Hen s.n. (holo HM, n.v.).
4. Pierardia macrostachys Wight & Arn., Icon. Pl. Ind. Orient. (1852) 30; Baill., Adansonia 3 (1863) 140. — Type: Wight (lecto plate 1912 in Wight & Arn., Icon. Pl. Ind. Orient. (1852) 28, selected here).
Hooker (1885) has considered this name a synonym of B. sapida (= B. ramiflora). The original description and plate of B. macrostachys are, however, not congruent with Hooker’s description of B. sapida. The original description and plate of B. macrostachys are also incongruent with the modern description of B. ramiflora (see no. 34). In B. macrostachys (5–)8–10 stamina are present, whereas B. ramiflora has 5–8 stamina. In my opinion, the plant with staminate inflorescences depicted in Wight & Arn. (1852: plate 1912) is a true Baccaurea, but is maybe not conspecific with B. ramiflora. The drawing is too crude to establish the exact identity of the depicted plant. Two oddities appear in the description and on plate 1913 (Wight & Arn., 1852) of the plant with pistillate inflorescences and infructescence: the seed has no arillode; the leaves are opposite (but Wight & Arn. were not sure if the leaves belonged to the fruits). For these reasons it is extremely questionable if the female plant is a Baccaurea. The plate with the staminate flowers is therefore chosen as lectotype.
5. Baccaurea reniformis Chakrab. & M.Gangop., J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 19 (1995) 449. — Type: King’s Collector 10196 (holo CAL, n.v.).
1. Baccaurea cavaleriei H.Lév., Fl. Kouy-Tchéou (1914) 158; Rehder, J. Arnold Arbor. 18 (1937) 281; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 19 (1965) 314. — Type: Cavalerie 3299 (holo E), China, Kweichow, Lo Fou. = Cleidiocarpon cavaleriei (H. Lév.) Airy Shaw.
2. Baccaurea esquirolii H.Lév., Fl. Kouy-Tchéou (1914) 158; Rehder, J. Arnold Arbor. 18 (1937) 281. — Type: Cavalerie 3458 (lecto A, selected here), China, Nom-You-Se-Ki-Fou. = Sapium rotundifolium Hemsl.
