Malesian Euphorbiaceae Newsletter 10

 

(December 2000)

 

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Introduction

Call for Revisors

Databasing

Progress

Fifth International Flora Malesiana Symposium

Description

Genera and Species to be revised for Flora Malesiana

Revised Genera

Introduction

 

It is exactly two years ago since the last newsletter appeared. My excuses for the long delay. Many reasons may be mentioned, e.g., birth of a child, sabbatical leave, too much work, etc. Hopefully I will be able to send you two issues per year again, starting next year.

 

Call for Revisors

 

A few large genera were recently revised (Antidesma, Aporosa, Baccaurea), or are about to be finished (Macaranga, part of Mallotus). However, a period of reasonable calm has just started and I hope to change this. I like to call upon those who promised to make a revision to really do so or else let me know that they are unable to perform this task, then I can promise the genera to somebody else. Moreover, if you like to contribute a revision for Flora Malesiana, then please have a look at the list of genera which still need revision, perhaps you see a genus you like to revise. If you do, let me know and I can try to help as much as possible: peter.vanwelzen@naturalis.nl

In the, hopefully, near future a Ph.D. position will be available in L (Nationaal Herbarium Nederland – Leiden Universiteit Branch) for a reclassification of subtribe Acalypheae based on molecular and macromorphological studies. Unfortunately, this position is not available till at least January or February next year. Once it is open a worldwide call for applications will be made.

Again, already mentioned in earlier issues, the possibility exists to obtain a visitor’s grant from the Netherlands Science Foundation (NWO) for a 3 to 12 month stay in Leiden. The grant includes travel costs and a monthly payment. The application will be written by me, all you have to do is send in your ideas and a curriculum vitae. Processing of the grant takes three months.

 

Databasing

 

In a former issue mention was made of databasing all Leiden collections of Euphorbiaceae. This big project is nearly finished and about 60,000 entries will then have been made in BRAHMS (Botanical Research and Herbarium Management System, Oxford, U.K.). The sheets of two genera and about 120 boxes with new material still have to be added, just like separate collections like wood samples, spirit, seeds, etc.

All entries comprise the information present on the labels except the identification history. However, from now on this history will be maintained for new identifications.

In the future we hope to present the data in a searchable manner on the internet, just like the Netherlands Type Collection (http://nhncml.leidenuniv.nl/rhb/#types).

 

Progress

 

Sofia Sevilla (L), an exchange student in the Erasmus programme of the European Union, has finished her revision of Agrostistachys and Chondrostylis. The manuscript will be published in the next issue of Blumea. One new Agrostistachys species will be described.

Hans-Joachim (Hajo) Esser has moved to Harvard for two years. There he hopes to finish his part of the Flora of Thailand Euphorbiaceae project and he will also finish the revision of Breynia. The latter in collaboration with Wolfgang Stuppy (K).

Vernie Sagun (L), a Philippine M.Sc. student, has finished the revision of the three Malesian Micrococca species.

Tutie Djarwaningsih (BO) has started a revision of Pimelodendron as a M.Sc. subject. Her collegue Teresia Danong started with a revision of Suregada.

Peter van Welzen (L) has temporarily stopped the revision of Glochidion. Priority will first be given to the completion of the Thai Euphorbiaceae treatment and the revision of Sauropus.

Ferry Slik (L) submitted his thesis for publication, this comprises the revision of two sections of Mallotus, Hancea and Stylanthus.

Anne Schot (L) is slowly finishing the treatment of Aporosa.

The treatment of the Euphorbiaceae for the Flora of Thailand is nearing its completion. Hopefully the manuscript of several dozens of collaborators will be finished in spring next year.

 

Fifth International Flora Malesiana Symposium

 

The 5th international Flora Malesiana Symposium will be held in Sydney from 9—14 September 2001, next workshops in Cairns. For information and registration see webpage: http://plantnet.rbgsyd.gov.au/fm/fm.html. This three-yearly symposium is THE meeting place for all people working on the Malesian Flora. I call upon you to join this usually very relaxed and informative meeting. This time there will probably not be a Euphorbiaceae workshop due to funding problems.

 

Description

 

The next pages contain an Excell table with the descriptions of various genera in a tabelised form. The captions of the columns explain themselves. The sequence is from complete plant to leaves to (staminate) inflorescences and flowers, pistillate inflorescences and flowers, fruits, and seeds. In every next issue new genera will be added to this list and, perhaps once per year, a complete update will be published.

The purpose of this exercise is to create a basis for a multi-entry key, which, for instance, can be used for a CD-Rom production (e.g., with package Linnaeus II of ETI, Amsterdam).

One remark about the columns. If the genus is monoecious then information about Pistillate (P) and Staminate (S) flowers will already be in the column (staminate) inflorescence composition. When the genus is dioecious then this will be split for staminate and pistillate inflorescences and the information will be treated under staminate flowers and pistillate flowers respectively.

Additions to the table are very welcome, just like improvements or suggestions for additional characters.

 

Genus

Habit

Deciduous

Succulence

Dioecious

Monoecious

Latex

Simple hairs

Scale hairs

Stellate hairs

Aleurites

tree

n

n

n

y

n

n

n

y

Balakata

tree

n

n

n

y

white

n

n

n

Bridelia

shrub to tree to vine

n

n

n

y

n

y

n

n

Cephalomappa

tree

n

n

n

y

n

y

y

y

Chaetocarpus

shrub to tree

n

n

y

n

n

y

n

n

Cheilosa

tree

n

n

y

n

n

y

n

y

Choriceras

shrub to tree

n

n

n

y

n

y

n

n

Chrozophora

herb to subshrub

n

n

n

y

n

y

n

y

Clonostylis

tree

n

n

y?

n

n

y

n

n

Doryxylon

shrub to tree

n

n

n

y

n

y

n

y

Erismanthus

shrub to tree

n

n

n

y

n

y

n

n

Falconeria

tree

flowering when leafless

± twigs

n

y

white

n

n

n

Fontainea

shrub to tree

n

n

y

n

brown or red

y

n

n

Gymnanthes

shrub to tree

n

n

n

y

white

n

n

n

Homalanthus

tree

n

n

n

y

white

y

n

n

Homonoia

shrub to tree

n

n

y

y

n

y

y

n

Lasiococca

shrub to tree

n

n

n

y

n

y

n

n

Manihot

shrub to tree to vine

n

n

n

y

n

y

n

n

Melanolepis

shrub to tree

n

n

n

y

n

y

n

y

Microstachys

herb to subshrub

n

n

n

y

white

y

n

n

Moultonianthus

shrub to tree

n

n

n

y

n

y

n

n

Neoscortechinia

tree

n

n

y

n

n

y

n

y

Petalostigma

shrub to tree

n

n

y

n

n

y

n

n

Reutealis

tree

n

n

n

y

n

y

y

n

Ricinus

(herb to) shrub (to tree)

n

n

n

y

n

absent

n

n

Sapium

tree

n

n

n

y

white

n

n

n

Shirakiopsis

tree

n

n

n

y

white

y

n

n

Spathiostemon

shrub to tree

n

n

n

y

n

y

n

n

Stillingia

shrub to tree

n

twigs

n

y

white

n

n

n

Strophioblachia

shrub to tree

n

n

n

y

n

y

n

n

Sumbaviopsis

shrub to tree

n

n

n

y

n

y

n

y

Syndyophyllum

tree

n

n

n

y

n

y

n

n

Thyrsanthera

herb to tree

often completely burned in dry season

n

n

y

white in fruit

n

n

y

Triadica

tree

when sterile

n

n

y

white

n

n

n

Trigonopleura

tree

n

n

y

n

n

y

n

y

Vernicia

shrub to tree

n to flowering when leafless

n

n

y

n

y

n

n

Wetria

tree

n

n

y

n

n

y

n

n

 

Genus

Stipules

Stipule size

Stipule position

Stipule extrafloral nectaries

Stipule shape

Aleurites

caducous

1 mm long

both sides of leaf

n

cylindric

Balakata

caducous

1.5-2 by 0.5-2.5 mm

both sides of leaf

n

triangular

Bridelia

persistent to caducous

1-12 by 0.3-6 mm

both sides of leaf

n

ovate to linear

Cephalomappa

caducous

minute

both sides of leaf

n

linear

Chaetocarpus

caducous

3-6.5 by 0.6-2.2 mm

both sides of leaf

n

falcate, obovate

Cheilosa

caducous

1-1.7 by 0.6-0.8 mm

both sides of leaf

n

triangular

Choriceras

caducous

1-1.8 by 0.3 mm

both sides of leaf

n

subulate

Chrozophora

caducous

1.3-2.7 b 0.3 mm

both sides of leaf

n

triangular

Clonostylis

caducous

 

both sides of leaf

n

 

Doryxylon

caducous

0.6-1.3 by 0.3-0.5 mm

both sides of leaf

n

triangular

Erismanthus

caducous

2.8-13 by 0.7-3.3 mm

interpetiolar

n

triangular

Falconeria

persistent

0.75 by 1 mm

both sides of leaf

n

divided into 2 or 3 ciliae

Fontainea

n

 

 

 

 

Gymnanthes

caducous

0.5-1 by 0.75 mm

both sides of leaf

n

ovate-triangular

Homalanthus

persistent to caducous

0.5-12 cm

both sides of leaf

n

ovate

Homonoia

caducous

4.8-6.5 by 0.5-1.2 mm

both sides of leaf

n

triangular to ovate

Lasiococca

caducous

2.3 by 0.9 mm

both sides of leaf

n

triangular

Manihot

persistent to caducous

 

both sides of leaf

n

split or triangular

Melanolepis

caducous

1.2 by 0.8 mm

both sides of leaf

apical gland, basally inside

triangular

Microstachys

persistent

0.6-2 by 0.2-0.5 mm

both sides of leaf

n

triangular

Moultonianthus

persistent

0.8-4.5 by 0.5-3.6 cm

interpetiolar

n

obcordate

Neoscortechinia

caducous

0.8-10.5 by 0.3-1.5 mm

both sides of leaf

n

triangular

Petalostigma

caducous

4-6 by 0.3-0.8 mm

both sides of leaf

n

linear

Reutealis

caducous

4-6 by 2-3.5 mm

both sides of leaf

n

triangular

Ricinus

caducous

 

leaf opposite, encircling stem

inside

triangular, leaf opposite

Sapium

often persistent

1.5-2.2 by 1.2-2 mm

both sides of leaf

n

ovate to triangular

Shirakiopsis

caducous

1.5-2 by 1-2 mm

both sides of leaf

n

ovate to triangular

Spathiostemon

caducous

1-2.4 by 0.8-1.1 mm

both sides of leaf

n

triangular

Stillingia

caducous

0.8-1.5 by 0.3-0.75 mm

both sides of leaf

y

ovate to triangular, divided

Strophioblachia

absent (shoot bracts stipule-like)

 

 

 

 

Sumbaviopsis

caducous

0.6 by 0.4 mm

both sides of leaf

apical gland?

triangular

Syndyophyllum

caducous

3.2-4.9 by 1-1.2 mm

interpetiolar

n

triangular

Thyrsanthera

caducous

2.3 by 0.4 mm

both sides of leaf

n

triangular

Triadica

caducous

0.3-2 by 0.6-0.7 mm

both sides of leaf

n

ovate to triangular

Trigonopleura

caducous

2-9 by 0.6-3 mm

both sides of leaf

n

falcate, obovate

Vernicia

caducous

2-12 by 1.2-4 mm

both sides of leaf

n

triangular to elliptic

Wetria

caducous

3-12 by 1.5-4 mm

both sides of leaf

n

falcately triangular

 

Genus

Leaf arrangement

Leaf

Petiole

Petiole length

Pulvination

Petiole glands

Aleurites

alternate

simple

terete

3-40 cm

n

2(3) apically

Balakata

alternate

simple

reniform

1-9.5 cm

n

n

Bridelia

distichous

simple

terete

3-13 mm

completely somewhat

n

Cephalomappa

alternate

simple

terete

0.5-5.2 cm

basally and apically

n

Chaetocarpus

distichous

simple

reniform

3-17 mm

not or slightly pulvinate

n

Cheilosa

alternate

simple

round to dorsoventrally flattened

0.7-8.5 cm

basally and apically

n

Choriceras

opposite

simple

terete

2-7 mm

n

n

Chrozophora

alternate

simple

reniform

0.8-5.5 cm

n

n

Clonostylis

alternate (to opposite)

simple

reniform

2.4--3.7 cm

basally and apically somewhat

n

Doryxylon

alternate

simple

terete, but longitudinally grooved

0.7-11 cm

basally and apically

n

Erismanthus

opposite

simple

reniform

1-5 mm

n

n

Falconeria

alternate

simple

reniform

0.6-6 cm

n

apically

Fontainea

alternate

simple

reniform

10-26 mm

somewhat basally and apically

n

Gymnanthes

alternate

simple

reniform

0.4-2 cm

n

n

Homalanthus

alternate

simple

reniform

0.8-3.4 cm

n

y

Homonoia

alternate

simple

reniform

4-13 mm

n

n

Lasiococca

alternate to subopposite

simple

reniform

1-4 mm

completely

n

Manihot

alternate

simple

terete

 

basally

n

Melanolepis

alternate

simple

terete

2.4-31 cm

basally constricted when dry

n

Microstachys

alternate

simple

reniform

1-2.5 mm

n

n

Moultonianthus

opposite

simple

reniform

4-7 mm

n

n

Neoscortechinia

alternate

simple

terete

0.5-6.8 cm

basally and apically

n

Petalostigma

alternate

simple

terete

2.5-10 mm

n

n

Reutealis

alternate

simple

reniform

4.5-32 cm

n

2 apically

Ricinus

alternate

simple

reniform

 

 

base/basal part

Sapium

alternate

simple

reniform

0.8-2.4 cm

n

apically

Shirakiopsis

alternate

simple

reniform

0.6-2 cm

n

n

Spathiostemon

alternate

simple

flattened above

0.9-5.5 cm

basally and apically somewhat

n

Stillingia

alternate

simple

reniform

0.3-1.7 cm

n

n to adaxially 2

Strophioblachia

alternate

simple

terete

0.5-7 cm

n to basally and apically slightly

n

Sumbaviopsis

alternate

simple

terete, but longitudinally grooved

1.2-11.2 cm

basally and apically

n

Syndyophyllum

opposite

simple

reniform

4-13 mm

n

n

Thyrsanthera

alternate

simple

dorsally flattened

2.8-6 cm

n

n

Triadica

alternate

simple

reniform

1-4 cm

n

2 apically

Trigonopleura

distichous

simple

reniform

6-15 mm

not to completely somewhat

n

Vernicia

alternate

simple

terete

4-28 cm

n

2 apically

Wetria

alternate

simple

flattened above

0.4-1.5 cm

basally to completely

n

 

Genus

Blade shape

Blade symmetry

Blade size

Blade index

Texture

Aleurites

ovate to shallowly 3- or 5-palmate

symmetric

6-40 by 3-30 cm

1--4

coriaceous

Balakata

ovate to obovate

symmetric

7-22 by 3.5-11 cm

1.7-2.5

papery to pergamentaceous

Bridelia

ovate to obovate

symmetric

2-28 by 1-12 cm

1.1-3.7

papery to coriaceous

Cephalomappa

ovate to obovate

symmetric

4-28.2 by 2-10.4 cm

1.9-4.5

coriaceous

Chaetocarpus

ovate (to elliptic)

symmetric to asymmetric

3.5-18.5 by 1.5-8 cm

1.8-3.5

coriaceous

Cheilosa

ovate to obovate

symmetric

5.6-32.5 by 2.8-16 cm

2

coriaceous

Choriceras

elliptic

symmetric

10-90 by 2.4-32 mm

2.2-2.8

coriaceous

Chrozophora

ovate to 3-lobed

symmetric

2.6-9 by 2.6-9 cm

1-1.9

coriaceous

Clonostylis

elliptic

symmetric

8.4-13.5 by 3.5-6 cm

2.3-2.4

chartaceous

Doryxylon

ovate

symmetric

2.8-12 by 2.2-12 cm

1-1.3

papery

Erismanthus

ovate to elliptic

symmetric

2.3-23 by 0.8-8.2 cm

2.3--4

chartaceous to coriaceous

Falconeria

elliptic

symmetric

4.5-33 by 2-11 cm

2--3

coriaceous

Fontainea

elliptic to obovate

symmetric

56-240 by 22-70 mm

2-3.4

chartaceous

Gymnanthes

ovate to elliptic

symmetric

8-23 by 3-13 cm

1.8-3.3

papery

Homalanthus

ovate to elliptic to orbicular

symmetric

3-36 by 1.5-30 cm

0.75-4.6

papery to pergamentaceous

Homonoia

elliptic

symmetric

3.5-21 by 0.5-2.5 cm

5--14

coriaceous

Lasiococca

obovate

symmetric

8-20 by 2.6-5.7 cm

3-3.5

chartaceous

Manihot

palmatifid

outer lobes asymmetric, middle symmetric

papery to coriaceous

Melanolepis

ovate to 3-lobed

symmetric

5-38 by 5-34 cm

1-1.1

papery

Microstachys

elliptic

symmetric

1.6-6 by 0.3-1.2 cm

5-7.5

papery to pergamentaceous

Moultonianthus

ovate to obovate

symmetric

5.5-26.5 by 2.5-11 cm

2.6-3.6

coriaceous

Neoscortechinia

elliptic to obovate

symmetric

2.3-38 by 1.3-12.5 cm

1.4-3.5

coriaceous

Petalostigma

ovate to elliptic to orbicular

symmetric

10-65 by 7-45 mm

1.4

subcoriaceous

Reutealis

ovate

symmetric

4-28 by 2.5-22.5 cm

1-1.3

papery

Ricinus

ovate with broadly ovate to linear ovate lobes

symmetric

papery

Sapium

elliptic to obovate

symmetric

5-17 by 2.5-6.5 cm

2--4

coriaceous

Shirakiopsis

ovate to obovate

symmetric

5-14 by 2-4 cm

2.3-3.7

coriaceous

Spathiostemon

(ovate to) elliptic (to obovate)

symmetric

4.3-26.5 by 1.7-11 cm

1.8-3.2

papery

Stillingia

orbicular to elliptic to obovate

symmetric

4-24 by 3-8 cm

1.5-4

coriaceous

Strophioblachia

panduriform to cordate to obovate

symmetric

6-19 by 1.3-9.5 cm

2-2.3

papery

Sumbaviopsis

ovate to elliptic

symmetric

6.8-37 by 3.2-19 cm

1.6-2.6

papery

Syndyophyllum

ovate to elliptic

symmetric

6-31 by 2.3-12.5 cm

2.2-3.8

chartaceous

Thyrsanthera

orbicular to ovate

symmetric

3.8-17 by 3.2-15 cm

0.9-1.3

coriaceous

Triadica

ovate to elliptic to orbicular

symmetric

2.5-7 by 1-3 cm

0.9-2.5

pergamentaceous

Trigonopleura

ovate to obovate

symmetric

4.8-21.5 by 2-7.1 cm

2.1-3.8

coriaceous

Vernicia

ovate to 3- or 5-palmate

symmetric

4.5-27by 3.5-28 cm

1-1.4

papery

Wetria

obovate

symmetric

8-56 by 4-21.5 cm

1.6-3.2

papery

 

Genus

Leaf base

Peltation

Raised basal glands

Leaf margin

Marginal glands

Aleurites

emarginate to cuneate

n

n

entire

n

Balakata

attenuate to acute

n

n

entire

n

Bridelia

obtuse to acute

n

n

entire to crenulate

n

Cephalomappa

rounded to acute

n

n

entire to crenate to dentate

abaxial side of teeth

Chaetocarpus

attenuate

n

n

entire

n

Cheilosa

emarginate to cuneate

n

n

denticulate to crenulate

abaxial side of teeth

Choriceras

cuneate to truncate

n

n

crenate to serrate

n

Chrozophora

emarginate to obtuse

n

2 abaxially

entire

n

Clonostylis

attenuate

n

n

entire to undulate

sometimes glands in sinuses

Doryxylon

emarginate to rounded

n to slightly peltate

group adaxially when not peltate

dentate

teeth end

Erismanthus

oblique

n

n

serrate (to crenate)

teeth end

Falconeria

attenuate to acute

n

n

serrate

teeth end

Fontainea

cuneate to attenuate

n

n and y

entire

n

Gymnanthes

rounded to acute

n

n

entire

n

Homalanthus

emarginate to cuneate

n to peltate

1 or 2 or cluster adaxially, 2 abaxially

entire

n

Homonoia

acute

n

n

serrate

teeth end

Lasiococca

narrowly cordate

n

n

entire

submarginal, upper

Manihot

rounded to truncate

n to peltate

n

entire

n

Melanolepis

cordate to cuneate

n

group adaxially

dentate

teeth end

Microstachys

obtuse to acute

n

n

asperities

n

Moultonianthus

oblique

n

n

serrate (to crenate)

teeth end

Neoscortechinia

rounded to attenuate

n

n and y

dentate

abaxial side of teeth

Petalostigma

truncate to cuneate

n

n

entire

n

Reutealis

cordate to truncate

n

n

entire

n

Ricinus

rounded to truncate

(narrowly) peltate

y

serrate

teeth with adaxial gland

Sapium

obtuse to acute

n

n

serrate when young

n

Shirakiopsis

obtuse to attenuate

n

n

serrate

n

Spathiostemon

rounded to cuneate

n

n

entire

2 or 3 in margin basally

Stillingia

obtuse to cuneate

n

n

serrate

n

Strophioblachia

emarginate to rounded

n

n

entire

n

Sumbaviopsis

rounded

peltate by 2-8 mm

n

(sub)entire to dentate

few in margin or teeth

Syndyophyllum

cuneate to attenuate

n

n

serrulate

teeth end

Thyrsanthera

emarginate to truncate

rim at attachment

n

entire to crenulate

n

Triadica

cordate to acute to attenuate

n

2 adaxially

entire

n

Trigonopleura

emarginate to attenuate

n

n

entire

n

Vernicia

cordate to truncate

n

n

entire

single in sinuses of lobes

Wetria

cuneate

n

n

serrulate

teeth end

 

Genus

Leaf apex

Apex mucron

Upper surface

Lower papillate

Domatia

Lower hairs

Aleurites

acute to acuminate

n

pilose

n

n

pilose

Balakata

acuminate to cuspidate

n

glabrous

n

n

glabrous

Bridelia

obtuse to acuminate

n

glabrous to pilose

n

n

glabrous to pilose

Cephalomappa

acuminate to cuspidate

n

glabrous to midrib hairy

n

n

glabrous to pilose

Chaetocarpus

acuminate to cuspidate

often

(sub)glabrous

n

n

(sub)glabrous

Cheilosa

rounded to obtuse (to acute)

often

glabrous

n

n

sericeous (to hirsute)

Choriceras

obtuse to acute

n

glabrous to midrib hairy

n

n

subglabrous

Chrozophora

rounded

n

pilose

n

n

pilose

Clonostylis

acuminate

 

glabrous

n

few

glabrous

Doryxylon

acute to acuminate

n

pilose

n

n

pilose

Erismanthus

rounded to caudate

n

(sub)glabrous

n

n

(sub)glabrous

Falconeria

acuminate

n

glabrous

n

n

glabrous

Fontainea

acute to acuminate

n

glabrous

n

n

glabrous

Gymnanthes

acute to acuminate

n

glabrous

n to glaucous

n

glabrous

Homalanthus

rounded to cuspidate

n

glabrous

glaucous

n

glabrous (to pilose)

Homonoia

acute

 

midrib hairy

y

n

scale

Lasiococca

cuspidate

 

glabrous

n

hair tufts

glabrous

Manihot

acute

n

glabrous

glaucous

n

glabrous

Melanolepis

acute to acuminate

n

glabrous

n

n

pilose

Microstachys

rounded to acute

often

glabrous

n

n

pilose

Moultonianthus

acuminate to cuspidate

n

(sub)glabrous

n

n

pilose to (sub)glabrous

Neoscortechinia

acute to cuspidate

n

(sub)glabrous

n

n

glabrous to pilose

Petalostigma

rounded

y

sparsely pilose when young

n

n

pilose

Reutealis

acuminate to cuspidate

gland

glabrous

n

n

pilose

Ricinus

acute

n

glabrous

n

n

glabrous

Sapium

acuminate

n

glabrous

n

n

glabrous

Shirakiopsis

acute to acuminate

n

glabrous to subpilose

n

n

glabrous to subpilose

Spathiostemon

cuspidate to caudate

 

glabrous

n

n-hair tufts

glabrous (to subhirsute)

Stillingia

retuse to acute

n

glabrous

n

n

glabrous

Strophioblachia

acuminate to caudate

n

glabrous

n

n

glabrous to subpilose

Sumbaviopsis

acuminate to cuspidate

n

pilose

n

n

pilose

Syndyophyllum

rounded to acuminate

usually

glabrous

n

n

subglabrous to pilose

Thyrsanthera

rounded to acute

when acute

pilose

n

n

pilose

Triadica

obtuse to acuminate

often

glabrous

y

n

glabrous

Trigonopleura

acuminate to caudate

n

glabrous to midrib hairy

n

n

glabrous to hirsute

Vernicia

acuminate to cuspidate

n

(sub)glabrous

n

slightly hair tufts

(sub)glabrous

Wetria

acuminate to cuspidate

often

glabrous

n

n

glabrous

 

Genus

Glands upper

Glands lower

Venation

Venation

Nerves

Aleurites

n

n

trinerved to palmate

closed near margin

4--8

Balakata

n

0-several areas

pinnate

open near margin

7--16

Bridelia

n

n

pinnate

closed near or in margin

5--28

Cephalomappa

n

1-4 basally

pinnate

closed near margin

4--11

Chaetocarpus

n

n

pinnate

closed near margin

7--9

Cheilosa

n

n

pinnate

closed near margin

6--9

Choriceras

n

n

pinnate

closed near margin

6--8

Chrozophora

n

usually few submarginally

3-nerved

open near margin

4

Clonostylis

submarginal

submarginal

pinnate

closed near margin

5

Doryxylon

n

n

5-palmate

open near margin

5 or 6

Erismanthus

n

n

pinnate

closed near margin

8--12

Falconeria

n

row of marginal glands

pinnate

open near margin

13--23

Fontainea

n

n

pinnate

closed near margin

8--15

Gymnanthes

n

(sub)marginal row

pinnate

open or closed near margin

10--16

Homalanthus

n to basally

different types in rows

pinnate

closed near margin

8--15

Homonoia

n

n

pinnate

closed near margin

13-16

Lasiococca

n

n

pinnate

closed near margin

9--12

Manihot

n

n

palmate

closed near margin

(1-)5(-11 or more) basally

Melanolepis

n

(2 basal areas and additional smaller areas along veins)

5- or 7-palmate

open near margin

7--8

Microstachys

n

0-6 marginal glands

pinnate

closed near margin

13-35

Moultonianthus

n

n

pinnate

closed near margin

10--12

Neoscortechinia

n

n

pinnate

closed near margin

5--12

Petalostigma

n

n

pinnate

closed near margin

5--7

Reutealis

n

n

3-7-palmate

open near margin

4--9

Ricinus

n

(in epidermis)

palmate

open near margin

(6)7(-11) basally

Sapium

n

0-3 marginal glands

pinnate

open near margin

12--23

Shirakiopsis

n

0-10 marginal glands

pinnate

open near margin

15--26

Spathiostemon

n

n

pinnate

closed near margin

6--8

Stillingia

n to basally 2 at petiole

0-17 marginal glands

pinnate

open near margin

16--26

Strophioblachia

n

n

3-nerved to 5-palmate

closed near margin

6 or 7

Sumbaviopsis

n

many near base and near margin

3-nerved

closed near margin

10--12

Syndyophyllum

n

n

pinnate

closed near margin

10--12

Thyrsanthera

n

scattered to submarginal row

5-palmate

closed near margin

3--5

Triadica

n

0-3 submarginal glands

pinnate

closed near margin

8--10

Trigonopleura

n

n

pinnate

closed near margin

6--11

Vernicia

n

n

3- or 5-palmate

open near margin

4--8

Wetria

most basally, in line

most apically, in line

pinnate

closed near margin

14-32

 

Genus

Veins

Veinlets

Staminate infl.

Staminate infl.

Staminate infl.

Aleurites

scalariform

reticulate

(axillary to) terminal

single

panicles

Balakata

scalariform to reticulate

reticulate

axillary to terminal

single to group

panicles

Bridelia

scalariform

reticulate

axillary

groups

fascicles

Cephalomappa

scalariform

reticulate

axillary

solitary or 2

racemes

Chaetocarpus

reticulate

reticulate

axillary

groups

fascicles

Cheilosa

scalariform

reticulate

ramiflorous to terminal

solitary

panicles

Choriceras

reticulate

reticulate

axillary

groups

short racemes with fascicles

Chrozophora

scalariform

reticulate

terminal

single (or 2)

racemes

Clonostylis

scalariform

reticulate

Doryxylon

scalariform

reticulate

terminal

single

racemes (or panicles)

Erismanthus

scalariform

reticulate

axillary

single

catkins

Falconeria

reticulate

reticulate

terminal

single

racemes

Fontainea

reticulate

reticulate

axillary to terminal

solitary

cymes

Gymnanthes

reticulate

reticulate

axillary to terminal

single

racemes or panicles

Homalanthus

scalariform (to reticulate)

reticulate to scalariform

terminal

single

racemes

Homonoia

reticulate

reticulate

axillary

solitary

spikes

Lasiococca

scalariform

reticulate

axillary

solitary

racemes

Manihot

scalariform

reticulate

terminal

groups

panicles

Melanolepis

scalariform

reticulately scalariform

terminal

single

panicles

Microstachys

indistinct

indistinct

axillary to terminal

single

racemes

Moultonianthus

reticulate

reticulate

axillary

single

racemes (or panicles)

Neoscortechinia

scalariform

reticulate

axillary to terminal

single

panicles

Petalostigma

reticulate

reticulate

axillary

solitary to groups

fascicles or short racemes

Reutealis

scalariform

reticulate

(sub)terminal

single

panicles

Ricinus

reticulate

reticulate

terminal (or S axillary)

solitary

racemes or panicles

Sapium

reticulate

reticulate

axillary to terminal

single

racemes

Shirakiopsis

reticulate

reticulate

terminal

single

racemes

Spathiostemon

scalariform

reticulate

axillary

solitary

racemes

Stillingia

reticulate

reticulate

axillary to terminal

single

racemes

Strophioblachia

reticulate

reticulate

terminal

single to 2

racemes

Sumbaviopsis

scalariform

reticulate

(axillary to) terminal

single (or 2)

racemes (or panicles)

Syndyophyllum

scalariform

scalariform

axillary

single

racemes

Thyrsanthera

scalariform

reticulate

(axillary to) terminal

single

racemes

Triadica

reticulate

reticulate

axillary to terminal

single

racemes

Trigonopleura

scalariform

reticulate

axillary

groups

fascicles

Vernicia

scalariform

reticulate

terminal

single

corymbs

Wetria

scalariform

reticulate

axillary to ramiflorous

solitary to groups

racemes

 

Genus

Inflorescence composition

Length

Bud

Flowers

Flowers

Bracts

Bract glands

Aleurites

P end of branches, rest S or S

4-38 cm

straight

groups

actinomorphic

triangular

n

Balakata

P (basally) and S (apically) or only S

2-7 cm

inclinate

groups

actinomorphic

triangular

y

Bridelia

S and P

straight

many

actinomorphic

triangular to ovate

n

Cephalomappa

S (glomerules per node) and P (single)

1.6-3.5 cm

straight

groups

actinomorphic

ovate

n

Chaetocarpus

S or P

straight

2-many

actinomorphic

triangular

n

Cheilosa

S or P

up to 17 cm

straight

1-Mar

actinomorphic

triangular with side lobes

n

Choriceras

S and P

up to 10 mm

straight

1 to groups

actinomorphic

triangular

n

Chrozophora

P (basally) and S (apically)

up to 4 cm

straight

2

actinomorphic

triangular

n

Clonostylis

P

straight

1 or 2

actinomorphic

n

Doryxylon

S or P, or P (basally) and S (apically)

up to 10 cm

straight

single

actinomorphic

linear

n

Erismanthus

P and S separate same axil

7-9 cm

straight

single

actinomorphic

triangular to ovate

n

Falconeria

S or P

9-17 cm

inclinate

groups

actinomorphic

ovate

y

Fontainea

S or P

4 cm

straight

single

actinomorphic

triangular

n

Gymnanthes

P (basally) and S (apically) or only S

6-60 mm

inclinate

groups

actinomorphic

triangular to elliptic

n or y

Homalanthus

P (basally, single) and/or S (groups apically)

1-30 cm

inclinate

groups

zygomorphic

ovate

y

Homonoia

S or P or S/P

7(-10) cm

straight

single

actinomorphic

triangular to ovate

n

Lasiococca

S (raceme) or P (single)

straight

single

actinomorphic

broadly ovate

n

Manihot

P basally, S apically (or S or P only)

straight

single

actinomorphic

trangular

n

Melanolepis

P or S (or P and S)

up to 54 cm

straight

up to 5

actinomorphic

ovate to triangular

n

Microstachys

P next to S

5-60 mm

inclinate

groups

actinomorphic

triangular

y

Moultonianthus

P and S separate same axil

up to 22 cm

straight

groups

actinomorphic

triangular to ovate

n

Neoscortechinia

P or S

up to 5-23 cm

straight

groups

actinomorphic

ovate to triangular

n or y

Petalostigma

S or P

straight

1 to several

actinomorphic

triangular

n

Reutealis

P end of branches, rest S or S

4-30 cm

straight

groups

actinomorphic

obtriangular

n

Ricinus

S basally, few P apically or S only

straight

groups

actinomorphic

triangular

y

Sapium

P (basally) and S (apically)

6-14 cm

inclinate

groups

actinomorphic

triangular

y

Shirakiopsis

P (basally) and S (apically) or only S

4-12 cm

inclinate

groups

actinomorphic

triangular

y

Spathiostemon

S or P

up to 28 cm

straight

single

actinomorphic

broadly ovate

n

Stillingia

P (basally) and S (apically)

4-6 cm

inclinate

groups

actinomorphic

triangular to ovate

y

Strophioblachia

P or S (or P and S)

up to 7 cm

straight

1--5

actinomorphic

(ovate to) obovate leaf-like

n

Sumbaviopsis

S or P

up to 16 cm

straight

1--3

actinomorphic

ovate

n

Syndyophyllum

P (single) and S (groups) per node

up to 34 cm

straight

groups

actinomorphic

triangular

n

Thyrsanthera

P (basally) + S (apically)

up to 16 cm

straight

single

actinomorphic

triangular

n

Triadica

P (basally) and S (apically)

2.5-14 cm

inclinate

groups

actinomorphic

triangular

y

Trigonopleura

S or P

straight

2-many

actinomorphic

triangular

n

Vernicia

S or P, or S + P at end of branches

3-25 cm

straight

groups

zygomorphic

elliptic to triangular

n

Wetria

S or P

up to 42 cm

straight

2--4

actinomorphic

ovate

n

 

Genus

Bract size

Glomerule peduncle

Staminate flowers

St. pedicel

Sepals

Sepals free

Sepal shape

        

Aleurites

2-5 by 0.5-2 mm

  

5-12 mm

5-15 mm

2 or 3(4)

free

ovate to elliptic, inequal

        

Balakata

0.6-1.5 mm long

  

0.8 mm

0.5-1.5 mm

2

calyx

ovate

        

Bridelia

0.7-4 by 0.5-4 mm

  

2-10 mm

0-6 mm

5

y

ovate to triangular

        

Cephalomappa

0.8-1.4 by 0.2-0.9 mm

0.1-2.7 cm

1.6-3.4 mm

0 mm

3

calyx

rounded to acute

        

Chaetocarpus

0.8 by 1 mm

  

2.2-3.7 mm

3.8-4.6 mm

4

y

ovate to rounded

        

Cheilosa

0.7-1.5 by 0.4-2 mm

  

2.2-3.5 mm

0.7-2.3 mm

5 (6)

y

ovate

        

Choriceras

0.5-1 by 0.8 mm

  

2.3-4 mm

2.6-9 mm

2+2 or 3+3

free

orbicular to elliptic

        

Chrozophora

1.6 by 0.3 mm

  

4-6 mm

0 mm

5

calyx

ovate

        

Clonostylis

          

         

Doryxylon

5.8-9.5 by 0.6-0.8 mm

  

14 mm

3.2-3.8 mm

5

free

ovate to elliptic

        

Erismanthus

1.2-3 by 0.3-1 mm

1-2.5 mm

2 mm

1.5-3 cm

5

free

ovate to obovate

        

Falconeria

0.75 mm long

  

1 mm

0.25-0.5 mm

2

calyx

ovate

        

Fontainea

3 by 1.5 mm

  

5-7 mm

2.5-5 mm

4

calyx

triangular

        

Gymnanthes

0.4-1.2 by 0.4-0.8 mm

  

0.8-1 mm

0.2-1.7 mm

3

calyx

ovate

        

Homalanthus

0.3-1.5 by 0.75 mm

  

1-1.6 mm

0.5-5 mm

1 or 2

free

kidney-shaped

        

Homonoia

1-2.2 by 0.7-1.7 mm

  

4.5-5 mm

0 mm

3

y

ovate to elliptic

        

Lasiococca

      

short

3

y

          

Manihot

        

5

calyx

ovate

        

Melanolepis

1.4-2.5 by 0.5-1 mm

  

7-13 mm

5-6 mm

(4) 5

free

ovate

        

Microstachys

0.4 mm long

  

0.3-0.7 mm

0.2-0.4 mm

3

free

spathulate

        

Moultonianthus

1.3 by 1 mm

  

5-7 mm

2.8-13.3 mm

5

free

ovate

        

Neoscortechinia

0.4-2 by 0.3-1.3 mm

  

2-3.2 mm

0-2.8 mm

4--6

free

ovate

        

Petalostigma

0.8 by 0.3 mm

  

4-5 mm

1-2 mm

4

free

ovate to obovate

        

Reutealis

2.5-7 by 1-3.5 mm

  

10-13 mm

1.2-5 mm

2 or 3

calyx

ovate, inequal to equal

        

Ricinus

      

>0

5

y

ovate

        

Sapium

0.6 mm long

  

0.8-1 mm

up to 0.5 mm

2

calyx

ovate

        

Shirakiopsis

0.75-2 by 0.5-0.7 mm

  

0.8-1.2 mm

1-2 mm

3

calyx

ovate

        

Spathiostemon

0.8-1.3 by 0.8-1.2 mm

  

5.5-6 mm

0-1.3 mm

3

y

ovate to elliptic

        

Stillingia

1-2 mm long

  

0.8-1 mm

0.2-0.5 mm

2

calyx

triangular

        

Strophioblachia

up to 13 by 2.5 mm

  

4-4.5 mm

5-20 mm

5

free

ovate

        

Sumbaviopsis

2 by 1 mm

  

8-11 mm

2.2 mm

3--5

free

ovate

        

Syndyophyllum

1.5-4.4 by 0.6-1.1 mm

  

2-3 mm

0-0.5 mm

4 or 5

free

ovate

        

Thyrsanthera

5.5 by 1 mm

  

4.5-9 mm

2.2-4.5 mm

5

free

ovately elliptic

        

Triadica

1-1.5 by 0.75 mm

  

1-1.3 mm

2-3 mm

3--6

calyx

triangular

        

Trigonopleura

0.7 by 0.7 mm

  

4-8 mm

2-10 mm

5

y

ovate to obovate

        

Vernicia

2-55 by 0.7-20 mm

  

14-35 mm

4-18 mm

2 (3)

calyx

ovate, inequal to equal

        

Wetria

0.9-1.8 by 0.9-1.8 mm

  

4.7-5.5 mm

0.1-8 mm

(2)3(4)

y

ovate

        

 

Genus

Sepal (lobe) size

Sepal hairs

Sepal papillae

Sepal hooded

Petals

Petal shape

Petal size

Aleurites

2.5-5.8 by 1.5-5 mm

pilose

n

n

5(6)

obovate

3.5-10 by 1.2-4 mm

Balakata

0.5-1.25 mm long

glabrous

n

n

0

Bridelia

0.8-5 by 0.5-3.5 mm

glabrous to pilose

n

n

5

elliptic to spathulate

0.3-3 by 0.2-2.5 mm

Cephalomappa

0.4-0.8 by 0.3-1.2 mm

glabrous to subglabrous

y

y

0

Chaetocarpus

1.5-3 by 1.5-3.3 mm

outside sericeous, inside glrabrous

n

n

0(1)

ovate to rounded

1.5-3 by 1.5-3.3 mm

Cheilosa

1-1.5 by 0.6-1.3 mm

sericeous

n

n

0

Choriceras

1-1.6 by 0.7-0.9 mm

glabrous

n

n

0

Chrozophora

3.2-4 by 1.2 mm

pilose outside

n

n

5

obovate

3.7-3.8 by 1.5-1.6 mm

Clonostylis

Doryxylon

5.8-7.5 by 2.2-3.5 mm

pilose outside

n

n

5

elliptic

6.2-8.3 by 2.7-3.5 mm

Erismanthus

0.9-1.5 by 0.5-0.8 mm

glabrous to pilose

n

n

5

elliptic to obovate

0.8-1.4 by 0.5-0.8 mm

Falconeria

0.75-1 mm long

glabrous

n

n

0

Fontainea

2.3 by 2.5 mm

pilose

n

n

5

ovate to obovate

5-6 by 2-3.5 mm

Gymnanthes

0.4-0.75 mm long

glabrous

n

n

0

Homalanthus

0.3-2 mm long

glabrous

n

n

0

Homonoia

2.8-4.3 by 0.8-3.3 mm

(sub)glabrous

n

n

0

Lasiococca

subglabrous

n

n

0

Manihot

glabrous

n

n

0

Melanolepis

8 by 4 mm

pilose outside

n

n

0

Microstachys

0.5 mm long

ciliate

n

n

0

Moultonianthus

1.4-3 by 1.5-2.8 mm

outer 3 pilose outside

n

n

5(-7)

elliptic to obovate

5.3-7.5 by 1.8-2.3 mm

Neoscortechinia

0.7-2.5 by 1.2-2.6 mm

outside and margin glabrous to pilose

n

n

0

Petalostigma

3.5-6 by 2.5-5 mm

pilose outside

n

y

0

Reutealis

4-6 by 4-5 mm

pilose

n

n

5

obovate

7.5-13 by 2.2-4 mm

Ricinus

glabrous

n

n

0

Sapium

1.25 mm long

glabrous

n

n

0

Shirakiopsis

0.5-0.8 mm long

ciliate

n

n

0

Spathiostemon

2.4-3.5 by 1.6-2.3 mm

glabrous to hirsute apex

n

n

0

Stillingia

0.75 mm long

glabrous

n

n

0

Strophioblachia

3-4 by 2-3.5 mm

glabrous to pilose

n

n

0 or 5

obovate to obdeltoid

0-2.8 by 0-3.8 mm

Sumbaviopsis

4.2-5.8 by 2-3.2 mm

pilose outside

n

n

4 or 5

ovate

1.7-2.8 by 1.7-2.5 mm

Syndyophyllum

0.8-2 by 0.3-0.8 mm

outside pilose

n

n

0? or 2-4

ovate to obovate

0.7-1.8 by 0.3-1.1 mm

Thyrsanthera

4-4.5 by 1.2-1.6 mm

pilose outside

n

n

5 (6)

obovate

3.2-5.5 by 1.2-2.1 mm

Triadica

1 mm long

glabrous

n

n

0

Trigonopleura

2.3-5.5 by 1.3-3.5 mm

outside tomentose, inside subglabrous

n

n

5

elliptic to obovate

3-5.3 by 1.1-2.4 mm

Vernicia

7-15 by 3-8 mm

pilose

n

n

5 (6)

obovate

15-35 by 5-20 mm

Wetria

2-3.1 by 1.3-3.2 mm

glabrous to hirsute apex

n

n

0

 

Genus

Petal hairs

Disc

Disc hairs

Stamens

Stamens

Aleurites

partly pilose

y

glabrous

17--32

4 whorls, outer 2 free, inner 2 united

Balakata

n

2

free

Bridelia

glabrous to pilose outside

annular

glabrous to pilose

5

filaments united with pistillode

Cephalomappa

n

3--5

filaments united

Chaetocarpus

sericeous outside

annular, toothed

glabrous

8--15

united, branching alternately

Cheilosa

annular

hirsute

9 or 10

2 whorls

Choriceras

n

4 or 6

free

Chrozophora

pilose

indistinct lobes

glabrous

13--16

united in column, 2- or 3-layered above each other

Clonostylis

Doryxylon

glabrous

n

110-130

free

Erismanthus

glabrous

n

12--15

free

Falconeria

n

2

free

Fontainea

pilose

annular

glabrous

24--28

filaments united

Gymnanthes

n

3

free

Homalanthus

n

4--30

free

Homonoia

n

> 100

united into 1 column, branching alternately, dichotomously

Lasiococca

n

> 100

united into 4--7 androphores, dichotomously splitting per androphore

Manihot

10 glands within stamens

glabrous

10

2 whorls, outer larger than inner

Melanolepis

n

200-250

free

Microstachys

n

3

free

Moultonianthus

glabrous

5 glands

glabrous

9--11

free

Neoscortechinia

n

5--9

free

Petalostigma

n

18-86

filaments united

Reutealis

claw pilose

5 lobes

apically pilose

7--10

2 whorls, united in column

Ricinus

n

>100

united into many androphores, dichotomously splitting per androphore

Sapium

n

2

free

Shirakiopsis

n

3

free

Spathiostemon

n

> 100

united into 4--7 androphores, dichotomously splitting per androphore

Stillingia

n

2

free

Strophioblachia

glabrous

5 (2- or 3-lobed) or 10 glands

glabrous

15-50

free

Sumbaviopsis

glabrous

n

75

free

Syndyophyllum

glabrous

n

4, 5, 8, 10

free

Thyrsanthera

pilose

annular, lobed or 5 glands

glabrous

40-60

united in column

Triadica

n

2 or 3

free

Trigonopleura

hirsute

5 lobes

glabrous

8

united into androphore, basally 5, apically 3

Vernicia

glabrous

5 or 6 (7) glands

glabrous

7--14

2 whorls, united in column

Wetria

n

16-26

free

 

Genus

Stamen hairs

Androphore

Filaments

Anther

Anther dehiscence

Connective glands

Thecae

Pistillode

Aleurites

y

up to 1 mm

0.5-3.8 mm

0.6-0.9 by 0.3-0.7 mm

introrse

n

2

n

Balakata

n

0.4-0.75 mm

0.25-0.7 mm long

latro-extrors

n

2

n

Bridelia

n

0.7-2 mm

0.7-1.5 mm

0.4-1 by 0.3-0.5 mm

introrse

n

2

y

Cephalomappa

n to y

0.3-0.5 mm

1.1-2.4 mm

0.6-0.9 by 0.3-0.6 mm

latrors

n

2

y

Chaetocarpus

y

2.8-5 mm

0.4-1 mm

0.5-1.2 by 0.4-0.6 mm

latrors

n

2

y

Cheilosa

n

0.5-2.8 mm

0.4-0.8 by 0.3-0.7 mm

latrorse

often appendage

2

y

Choriceras

n to y

1-2 mm

0.4-0.6 by 0.3-0.5 mm

latrors

n

2

n

Chrozophora

n

3.3-3.8 mm

0.3-0.8 mm

0.9-1.3 by 0.7 mm

extrors

n

2

n

Clonostylis

Doryxylon

n

3.2 mm

1.2 by 0.5 mm

latrors?

n

2

n

Erismanthus

n

0.3-0.8 mm

0.5-1 by 0.3-1 mm

latrors

n

2

4.8-9 mm

Falconeria

n

0.75-1 mm

0.4-0.6 mm long

latro-extrors

n

2

n

Fontainea

y

1-1.5 mm

2-2.5 mm

0.8 by 0.5 mm

latrors

n

2

n

Gymnanthes

n

0.3-0.5 mm

0.25-0.4 mm long

latro-extrors

n

2

n

Homalanthus

papillate

0.2-0.6 mm

0.25-0.6 mm long

latro-extrors

n

2

n

Homonoia

n

3-5.8 mm

0.4 by 0.2 mm

latro-introrse

n

2

n

Lasiococca

introrse

n

2

n

Manihot

n

introrse

pilose appendage

2

y

Melanolepis

n

1.5-2.3 mm

0.8-1 by 0.5-0.6 mm

introrse

subapically on back

2

n

Microstachys

n

0.4 mm

0.2 by 0.2 mm

latro-extrors

n

2

n

Moultonianthus

n

0.7-2 mm

0.5-0.8 by 0.5-0.8 mm

latro-introrse

apical triangular appendage

2

3.5-5 mm

Neoscortechinia

n to y

0.4-1.2 mm

0.5-0.8 by 0.3-0.7 mm

latro-introrse

n

2

y

Petalostigma

y

1.5-2 mm

0.8-1.2 mm

1.5-2 by 0.5-1 mm

latrors

n

2

n

Reutealis

y

up to 3 mm

2.7-5 mm

0.8-1.1 by 0.4-0.6 mm

extrors

n

2

n

Ricinus

n

latrors

often appendage

2

n

Sapium

n

1.25 mm

0.5-0.75 mm long

latro-extrors

n

2

n

Shirakiopsis

n

0.3-0.6 mm

0.25-0.5 mm long

latro-extrors

n

2

n

Spathiostemon

n

up to 5 mm

0.4 by 0.3 mm

latro-introrse

n

2

n

Stillingia

n

1 mm

0.4 mm long

latro-extrors

n

2

n

Strophioblachia

n

1.8-2.8 mm

0.3-0.6 by 0.3-0.5 mm

latro-extrors

n

2

n

Sumbaviopsis

n

2.5-2.8 mm

1-1.1 by 0.4-0.6 mm

introrse

n

2

n

Syndyophyllum

n

2.2-5.5 mm

0.8-1 by 0.7-0.8 mm

latro-introrse

apical triangular appendage

2

0-1.5 mm

Thyrsanthera

n

3.3-3.5 mm

short

0.3-0.5 by 0.3-0.5 mm

latrors

n

2

n

Triadica

n

0.75-1 mm

0.4-0.5 mm long

latro-extrors

n

2

n

Trigonopleura

y

4-5.5 mm

0.5-1.3 mm

0.7-1.1 by 0.4-0.9 mm

latro-extrors

often appendage

2

y

Vernicia

y

up to 8 mm

7-21 mm

1.5-2.5 by 0.5-1.5 mm

introrse

n

2

n

Wetria

n

1-3 mm

0.5-1.2 by 0.7-1 mm

introrse

n or appendage 0.5-0.7 mm

4

n

 

Genus

Pistillate infl.

Pistillate flowers

Pistillate infl.

Pist. Inf. Length

Pistillate flowers

Pist. Pedicel

Sepals

Sepals free

Aleurites

idem

single

idem

idem

7-12 mm

2-6 mm

2 or 3(4)

y

Balakata

idem

solitary

idem

idem

0.8-3.2 mm

0.6-5 mm

2

y

Bridelia

axillary

many

fascicles

2-14 mm

0-6 mm

5

y

Cephalomappa

axillary

solitary to 2

raceme

1.6-3.5 cm

0.7-1.5 mm

0-22 mm

5 or 8

calyx and y

Chaetocarpus

axillary

2-many

fascicles

up to 7.5 mm

3.3-5 mm

4

y

Cheilosa

ramiflorous to terminal

solitary

panicles

up to 17 cm

5 mm

up to 8 mm

5 (or 6)

y

Choriceras

axillary

solitary to 3

racemes to fascicles

up to 10 mm

2-3.5 mm

1.5-2 mm

3 + 3

y

Chrozophora

idem

single

idem

idem

3.2-3.3 mm

1.4-2(-11 in fruit) mm

5

calyx

Clonostylis

axillary

1 or 2

raceme

3 cm

0

5 or 6

y

Doryxylon

idem

single

idem

idem

7.5 mm

4.2(-10.5 in fruit) mm

5 or 6

y

Erismanthus

idem

single

single flower

1.7-5 cm

1-2 cm

1.4-6.5 mm

5

y

Falconeria

idem

solitary

idem

idem

2.5 mm

0-1 mm

3

calyx

Fontainea

terminal

solitary

cymes

5-8 mm

7-15 mm

4 or 5

calyx

Gymnanthes

idem

solitary

idem

idem

5 mm (young fruit)

up to 9(-17 in fruit) cm

3

calyx and y

Homalanthus

idem

solitary

idem

idem

1.5-1.8 mm

2-22 mm

1--3

y

Homonoia

axillary

solitary

spike

2 mm

0 mm

5 (or 6)

y

Lasiococca

axillary

solitary

single

13 mm

50--70 mm

5

y

Manihot

terminal

several

panicles

5

calyx

Melanolepis

idem

single or 2

idem

idem

4.5-5.5 mm

3-6(-13 in fruit) mm

(4) 5

calyx

Microstachys

idem

single

solitary

1 mm

1-3 mm

0 mm

3

y

Moultonianthus

idem

single

idem

idem

1 cm

3-8.2 cm

5

y

Neoscortechinia

idem

single

idem

idem

1.8-4.5 mm

0-2.8(-7 in fruit) mm

4--6

y

Petalostigma

axillary

1 to groups

fascicles to short racemes

5-10 mm

1.5-2.5 mm

8

y

Reutealis

idem

single

idem

idem

8-10 mm

1.5-5 mm

2 or 3

calyx

Ricinus

terminal

solitary

raceme or panicles

5

y

Sapium

idem

single

idem

idem

c. 1.7 mm

0 mm

3

calyx

Shirakiopsis

idem

single

idem

idem

1-3.3 mm

4-5(-30 in fruit) mm

3

calyx

Spathiostemon

axilary

solitary

raceme

up to 3.8 cm

2.2-3.8 mm

0.3-1.3 mm

5 or 6

y

Stillingia

idem

single

idem

idem

c. 1.5 mm

0 mm

3

y

Strophioblachia

idem

single or several

idem

idem

5-15 mm

up to 13 mm

5

y

Sumbaviopsis

idem

single

idem

up to 38 cm

3.3 mm

2.8-3.5(-4.2 in fruit) mm

5 (6)

y

Syndyophyllum

idem

single

idem

idem

2-2.5 mm

0.5-1.3(-7 in fruit) mm

5

y

Thyrsanthera

idem

single

idem

idem

5-7 mm

0-2 mm

5

y

Triadica

idem

single

idem

idem

1.2-3 mm

2-10(-15 in fruit) mm

3

y

Trigonopleura

axillary

2-many

fascicles

4-8 mm

2-10 mm

5

y

Vernicia

idem

single

idem

12-35 cm

12-35 mm

2-14 mm

2 (3)

calyx

Wetria

axillary to ramiflorous

solitary

raceme

up to 90 cm

2.8-4.8 mm

up to 10 mm

5

y

 

Genus

Sepal shape

Sepals

Sepal size

Sepal hairs

Sepal glands

Petals

Aleurites

ovate to elliptic

valvate

3-7 by 2-6 mm

pilose

n

5(6)

Balakata

triangular to elliptic

valvate

1-2 mm long

glabrous

n

0

Bridelia

triangular to ovate

valvate

1-4 by 0.8-3.5 mm

glabrous to pilose

n

5

Cephalomappa

triangular to elliptic

valvate

0.3-1.3 by 0.3-1.2 mm

glabrous to pilose

apex

0

Chaetocarpus

ovate to rounded

imbricate

1.5-3 by 1.5-3.3 mm

sericeous outside, glabrous inside

n

0

Cheilosa

ovate

imbricate

1.5-3.2 by 1.2-2 mm

hirsute

n

0

Choriceras

ovate

imbricate

1.5-1.8 by 1-1.3 mm

glabrous to subpilose

n

0

Chrozophora

ovate

valvate

1.5-2.2 by 0.5-0.7 mm

pilose outside

n

5

Clonostylis

triangular to ovate

valvate

1.3 by 1.5 mm

outside sericeous

n

0

Doryxylon

ovate

valvate

4-6.7 by 1-2 mm

pilose

n

0

Erismanthus

ovate to ligulate

imbricate

1.3-17 by 0.7-6 mm

glabrous to pilose

margin

0

Falconeria

ovate

valvate

0.75-1 mm long

glabrous

n

0

Fontainea

rounded-ovate

valvate

2-2.5 mm long

pilose

n

5

Gymnanthes

triangular

valvate

0.5-1 mm long

glabrous

n

0

Homalanthus

kidney-shaped to completely split

valvate

0.5-2 mm long

glabrous

n or y

0

Homonoia

ovate

valvate

1.1-2.3 by 0.4-1.1 mm

margin and outside

n

0

Lasiococca

elliptic

valvate

6--8.2 by 2.5--3 mm

subglabrous

n

0

Manihot

ovate

imbricate

glabrous

n

0

Melanolepis

ovate to triangular

valvate

1.7-3 by 1.2-1.8 mm

pilose outside, apically inside

n

0

Microstachys

triangular

valvate

0.6-1.2 mm long

glabrous

n

0

Moultonianthus

ovate

imbricate

2.5-5.5 by 2.9-5 mm

3 smaller pilose outside

n

5(-7)

Neoscortechinia

ovate

imbricate

0.7-2.5 by 1.2-2.6 mm

outside and margin glabrous to pilose

n

0

Petalostigma

ovate

imbricate

3.5-5.5 b 1.5-3 mm

pilose outside

n

0

Reutealis

ovate

valvate

3.5-4 by 3-4 mm

pilose

n

5

Ricinus

ovate

valvate

glabrous

n

0

Sapium

triangular

valvate

1 mm long

glabrous

n

0

Shirakiopsis

triangular

valvate

1-1.75 mm long

glabrous to pilose

n

0

Spathiostemon

triangular to ovate

valvate

1-2 by 0.5-1.8 mm

margin ciliate

n

0

Stillingia

triangular

valvate

1.5 mm long

glabrous

n

0

Strophioblachia

ovate

imbricate

4-8.5 by 2.8-4 mm

pilose when young

n or glandular fimbriae along margin

0 (few)

Sumbaviopsis

ovate

valvate

2.3-4 by 1.5-2.5 mm

pilose outside

n

0

Syndyophyllum

ovate

imbricate

1.2-2.1 by 0.6-1.2 mm

outside pilose

n

0

Thyrsanthera

linear

valvate

3.3-6.3 by 0.2 mm

pilose outside

n

0

Triadica

triangular

valvate

1-2 mm long

glabrous

n or y

0

Trigonopleura

ovate to obovate

imbricate

2.3-5.5 by 1.3-3.5 mm

tomentose outside, subglabrous inside

n

5

Vernicia

ovate, inequal to equal

valvate

7-15 by 3-8 mm

pilose

n

5 (6)

Wetria

ovate

valvate

1.5-3.2 by 0.3-2 mm

margin ciliate

n

0

 

Genus

Petal shape

Petal size

Petal hairiness

Disc

Disc hairs

Staminodes

Aleurites

obovate

6-13.5 by 1.6-4 mm

partly pilose

y

glabrous

Balakata

n

Bridelia

elliptic to spathulate

0.3-3 by 0.2-2.5 mm

glabrous to pilose

annular with inner tubular one

glabrous to pilose

Cephalomappa

n

Chaetocarpus

annular, toothed

glabrous

Cheilosa

annular

hirsute

Choriceras

n

Chrozophora

ovate

1.3-2 by 0.4-0.6 mm

outside pilose

annular, flat

glabrous

Clonostylis

n

Doryxylon

annular, flat

glabrous

Erismanthus

n

Falconeria

n

Fontainea

ovate to elliptic

6-8 by 2.5-3 mm

pilose

annular

glabrous

Gymnanthes

n

Homalanthus

n

Homonoia

n

Lasiococca

n

Manihot

annular

glabrous

Melanolepis

annular, flat

glabrous to pilose

Microstachys

n

Moultonianthus

elliptic to obovate

up to 15.5 by 6 mm

glabrous

5 glands

glabrous

1 or 2

Neoscortechinia

n

Petalostigma

n

Reutealis

obovate

6-14 by 3-5 mm

claw pilose

5 small lobes

pilose apically

Ricinus

n

Sapium

n

Shirakiopsis

n

Spathiostemon

n

Stillingia

n

Strophioblachia

ovate to elliptic

4.5 by 2 mm

glabrous

annular

glabrous

Sumbaviopsis

n

Syndyophyllum

n

Thyrsanthera

annular

glabrous

Triadica

n

Trigonopleura

elliptic to obovate

3-5.3 by 1.1-2.4 mm

hirsute

5 lobes

glabrous

Vernicia

obovate

15-35 by 5-20 mm

variously pilose

5 or 6 (7) lobes

glabrous

Wetria

n

 

Genus

Ovary

Gynophore

Ovary size

Ovules

Style

Stigma

Stigma

Stigma glands

Aleurites

2-4-locular

1.5-3 by 2-3.5 mm

1

0 mm

0.5-3.2 mm

half to completely split

n

Balakata

2-locular

1.5-4 mm long

1

0.1-0.5 mm

0.75-2 mm

not split

n

Bridelia

2- or 3-locular

0.6-2.5 by 0.3-3 mm

2

0

0.5-3 mm

not to split

n

Cephalomappa

3(4)-locular

0.9-2.3 by 0.6-2.7 mm

1

0.6-1.8 mm

0.7-2.5 mm

not to split

n

Chaetocarpus

3(4)-locular

1-1.3 mm high

1

0.3-1.2 mm

1-2 mm

subcomplete

n

Cheilosa

3(4)-locular

2-4 by 2-4 mm

1

0.5 mm

1.1-1.7 mm

upper 2/3rd

n

Choriceras

3- or 4-locular

1-1.5 by 2-2.5 mm

2

0 mm

1.5-2.5 mm

not split

n

Chrozophora

3-locular

short

2.7-3 by 2.2-3 mm

1

0.5-0.8 mm

up to 2.3 mm

almost completely split

n

Clonostylis

3-locular

2.5-2.8 by 2.3-2.5 mm

1

0.7-0.8 mm

5-5.5 mm

upper 2/3rd

n

Doryxylon

3(4)-locular

3-6 by 3.5-5.5 mm

1

1-2 mm

2 mm

not split

n

Erismanthus

3-locular

1.2-2.8 by 1.8-2.5 mm

1

1.2-3.3 mm

8.5-24 mm

spilit in upper part

n

Falconeria

2- or 3-locular

1.5 by 1.5 mm

1

0.5 mm

0.5-1 mm

not split

n

Fontainea

3- or 4-locular

1

short

3-3.5 mm

deeply bifid

n

Gymnanthes

3-locular

4.8 by 4 mm (young fr.)

1

0.5-2 mm

1-4 mm

not split

n

Homalanthus

2- or 3-locular

1-3 mm long

1

0-2.5 mm

2-7 mm

not split to split

y

Homonoia

3-locular

0.8-2 by 0.7-2 mm

1

0(-0.3) mm

1.4-4 mm

not split to apically

n

Lasiococca

3-locular

3.5 by 2 mm

1

0.5 mm

1.8 mm

not split

n

Manihot

3-locular

1

>0

often split

n

Melanolepis

2- or 3-locular

2.5-3.8 by 3.3-4.2 mm

1

0-2 mm

up to 1.1 mm

not to upper third split

n

Microstachys

3-locular

0.7 by 0.6 mm

1

0 mm

0.5-1 mm

not split

n

Moultonianthus

3-locular

2.8-4.2 by 2.5-5 mm

1

1 mm

3.5-4 mm

almost completely split

n

Neoscortechinia

2-locular

1.3-2.6 by 1.4-2.8 mm

1

0 mm

0.3-0.8 mm

split several times

n

Petalostigma

4-locular

3.5-4 by 3 mm

2

short

5-6.5 mm

not split, petaloid

n

Reutealis

3- or 4-locular

2.5-4 by 2-3 mm

1

0 mm

1.8-2 mm

bi- or trifid, split more than half

n

Ricinus

3-locular

1

upper half

n

Sapium

3-locular

1.7 by 2 mm

1

0.5 mm

1.5 mm

not split

n

Shirakiopsis

3-locular

2.5 mm long

1

1.5-4 mm

3-6 mm

not split

n

Spathiostemon

3-locular

0.8 by 0.6-0.8 mm

1

0-0.9 mm

up to 6.5 mm

not split

n

Stillingia

3-locular

4 mm long

1

1 mm

1.5 mm

not split

n

Strophioblachia

3- (4-)locular

1.2-2 by 1.7-2 mm

1

0.9-2 mm

2.5-4.5 mm

split in upper twothird

n

Sumbaviopsis

2- or 3-locular

2.7-4.5 by 2.7-3.5 mm

1

0.8-1.6 mm

up to 3 mm

upper third split

n

Syndyophyllum

3-locular

1.3-2.1 by 1.3-2.8 mm

1

1-3.5 mm

5-8 mm

upper fourth split

n

Thyrsanthera

3-locular

5-7 by 3-5.5 mm

1

0.9-1.8 mm

up to 4 mm

not to halfway split

n

Triadica

3-locular

1 by 1 mm

1

1-3 mm

2-3 mm

not split

n

Trigonopleura

(2)3-locular

2.3-2.6 by 1.3-2.3 mm

1

0.3-0.6 mm

2.5 mm

upper 3/4th

n

Vernicia

3-5-locular

4-5 by 3-4 mm

1

0 mm

4-10 mm

upper third to complete

n

Wetria

3(4)-locular

1-1.1 by 1-4.6 mm

1

0-2 mm

3-13 mm

upper 2/3rd

n

 

Genus

Stigma surface

Fruit

Fruit appendages

Fruit size

Fruit colour

Aleurites

papillate

lobed drupes

4-8 low longitudinal ridges

4-6.5 by 4-8 cm

Balakata

papillate

berries

n

8-17 by 9-15 mm

yellowish to green

Bridelia

papillate

unlobed to bilobed drupe

n

4.5-25 by 3.5-30 mm

purplish black

Cephalomappa

papillate

lobed rhegmas

n

1.1-3 by 1.3-4.2 cm

Chaetocarpus

dendritic papillae

unlobed rhegma

n

8-18 by 8-18 mm

reddish brown

Cheilosa

papillate

unlobed rhegma

n

2.2-5.2 by 2-4.3 cm

greenish grey

Choriceras

papillate

lobed rhegmas

apical horns

4-7 by 5-11 mm

green-grey

Chrozophora

long papillate

lobed rhegmas

n

8-9 by 5 mm

Clonostylis

papillate

Doryxylon

long papillate

lobed rhegmas

n

10-14 y 5-8 mm

brown

Erismanthus

papillate

lobed rhegmas

n

4.5-9 by 6.5-14

pale yellow

Falconeria

papillate

unlobed rhegma

n

7 by 4.5-6 mm

Fontainea

papillate

lobed drupes

n

25-26 by 12-13 mm

pink to orange-red

Gymnanthes

papillate

lobed rhegmas

n or 3 pair of apiculae

9-13 by 13-19 mm

reddish pink

Homalanthus

papillate

unlobed rhegma

n to lateral projections

3.5-15 by 3.5-15 mm

Homonoia

papillate

unlobed rhegma

n

3.2-4.5 by 2.7-4 mm

brown

Lasiococca

flat, broad papillae

slightly lobed rhegmas

n

Manihot

globose glands

unlobed rhegma

n or 6 ridges

green to brown

Melanolepis

papillate

lobed rhegmas

n

9-15 by 7-9 mm

greenish brown to greyish

Microstachys

papillate

lobed rhegmas

2 rows of spines per locule

3.5-4.5 by 3.5-4.5 mm

orange

Moultonianthus

dendritic papillae

lobed rhegmas

n

8-12 by 15-18 mm

Neoscortechinia

papillate

unlobed rhegma

4 ribs when immature

1.7-4.1 by 1.1-2.7 cm

grey

Petalostigma

smooth

unlobed rhegma

n

11-22 by 15-20 mm

orange-yellow to orange

Reutealis

papillate

lobed rhegmas

3 or 4 longitudinal ridges

3.5-5.5 by 3-5 cm

Ricinus

papillate

slightly lobed rhegmas

n

red to brown

Sapium

papillate

unlobed rhegma

n

9 by 9 mm

green-brownish

Shirakiopsis

papillate

unlobed rhegma

n

15-31 by 16-32 mm

blackish

Spathiostemon

flat, broad papillae

slightly lobed rhegmas

n

9-12 by 6-7 mm

pink-brown to red to yellow

Stillingia

papillate

lobed rhegmas

n

5-6 by 5-6 mm

Strophioblachia

papillate

lobed rhegmas

n

11-13 by 8-10 mm

dark green

Sumbaviopsis

long papillate

lobed or unlobed rhegmas

n

2.1-3.6 by 1.4-3 cm

brown

Syndyophyllum

papillate

lobed rhegmas

n

8 by 14-19 mm

Thyrsanthera

long papillate

lobed rhegmas

n

10 by 7 mm

Triadica

papillate

unlobed rhegma

n

7-12 by 7-9 mm

Trigonopleura

dendritic papillae

unlobed rhegma

6 ridges

1-1.7 by 0.9-2.1 cm

red to purple

Vernicia

papillate

unlobed rhegma

n to 3-5 grooves or ridges

4-6 by 3-5 cm

Wetria

papillate

lobed rhegmas

n

9-17 by 4-10 mm

yellow-green

 

Genus

Fruit outside

Fruit outside

Fruit inside

Wall

Dehiscence

Aleurites

pilose

smooth

glabrous

thick, fleshy

indehiscent

Balakata

glabrous

smooth

glabrous

thick, fleshy

indehiscent

Bridelia

glabrous

smooth

glabrous

mesocarp fleshy, endocarp woody

indehiscent (to late dehiscent)

Cephalomappa

glabrous to pilose

echinate

glabrous

thick, woody

septicidal and loculicidal

Chaetocarpus

stinging hairs

smooth

glabrous

thin, woody

septicidal + partly loculicidal

Cheilosa

pilose

smooth

glabrous

thick, woody

septicidal and loculicidal

Choriceras

glabrous

smooth

glabrous

thin, woody

septicidal + partly loculicidal

Chrozophora

pilose

smooth

glabrous

thin, woody

septicidal + partly loculicidal

Clonostylis

Doryxylon

pilose

smooth

basally few hairs

thin, woody

septicidal + loculicidal

Erismanthus

pilose

smooth

glabrous

thin, woody

septicidal + loculicidal

Falconeria

glabrous

smooth

glabrous

thin, fleshy to leathery

tardily irregular

Fontainea

glabrous

smooth

glabrous

fleshy sarcocarp, woody endocarp

indehiscent

Gymnanthes

glabrous

smooth

glabrous

c. thick, woody

septicidal and loculicidal

Homalanthus

glabrous

smooth to papillate

glabrous

thin to thick woody

loculicidal to irregular

Homonoia

pilose

smooth

glabrous

thin, woody

loculicidal + partly septicidal

Lasiococca

pilose

echinate

glabrous

thin, woody

septicidal + partly loculicidal

Manihot

glabrous

smooth to warty

glabrous

thin, woody

septicidal + apically loculicidal

Melanolepis

pilose

smooth

glabrous

thin, woody

loculicidal + partly septicidal

Microstachys

glabrous

smooth

glabrous

thin, woody

septicidal

Moultonianthus

pilose

smooth

glabrous

thin, woody

septicidal + loculicidal

Neoscortechinia

pilose

smooth

glabrous

thick, woody

septicidal + loculicidal

Petalostigma

pilose

smooth

glabrous

fleshy

tardily septicidal + partly loculicidal

Reutealis

pilose

smooth

glabrous

thick, woody

septicidal + slightly loculicidal

Ricinus

glabrous

smooth to echinate

glabrous

exocarp fleshy, rest thin, woody

septicidal + partly loculicidal

Sapium

glabrous

smooth

glabrous

thin, woody

septicidal

Shirakiopsis

glabrous

smooth

glabrous

thick, woody or outer layer fleshy

septicidal

Spathiostemon

glabrous

echinate or smooth

glabrous

thin, woody

septicidal

Stillingia

glabrous

smooth

glabrous

thick, woody

partly septicidal, basal part of septae persistent

Strophioblachia

glabrous

smooth

glabrous

thin, woody

septicidal + loculicidal

Sumbaviopsis

pilose

smooth

basally few hairs

thin, woody

septicidal + loculicidal

Syndyophyllum

pilose

smooth

glabrous

thin, woody

septicidal + loculicidal

Thyrsanthera

pilose

smooth

glabrous

thin, woody

septicidal + partly loculicidal

Triadica

glabrous

smooth

glabrous

c. thick, woody

septicidal and loculicidal

Trigonopleura

pilose

wrinkled

glabrous

thin, woody

septicidal + partly loculicidal

Vernicia

glabrous to pilose

smooth

glabrous

thick, woody

tardily septicidal

Wetria

pilose

smooth

glabrous

thin, woody

septicidal

 

Genus

Column

Column length

Seed

Seed size

Seed marbling

Aleurites

subglobular to ovoid

20-32 by 20-32 by 15-25 mm

y

Balakata

ellipsoid

5 by 4.5 by 4.5 mm

n

Bridelia

mainly absent

(sub)ovoid

3-10 by 2.3-10 by 1-10 mm

n

Cephalomappa

broadly obtriangular

subglobular

0.7-1.3 by 0.7-1.3 by 0.7-1.3 cm

y

Chaetocarpus

apically slightly broadening, big septa remnants

6-7 mm

ovoid, flattened

5.2-5.5 by 3.5-5 by 2.7-3.5 mm

n

Cheilosa

apex not broadened

ovoid, keeled on one side

1.5-3.3 by .4-2.2 by 0.8-1.3 cm

n

Choriceras

apically slightly broadening

4 mm

ovoid

3.5-4.8 by 2.5-3 by 2-3 mm

n

Chrozophora

apically triangular

3-3.5 mm

obovate, angular

3.8-3.9 by 3.2-3.6 by 3-3.2 mm

n

Clonostylis

Doryxylon

not to basally and apically broadened

5.5 mm

angular when unripe

4-5 by 4-5 by 4-5 mm

n

Erismanthus

apically broadened

subglobose

4-6 by 4-6 by 4-6 mm

y

Falconeria

not broadening

ellipsoid

5 by 4.5 by 4.5 mm

n

Fontainea

ellipsoid

n

Gymnanthes

not broadening

ellipsoid

6-7.5 by 5-6.5 by 5-6.5 mm

n to y

Homalanthus

not broadening

2-5 mm

flattened ellipsoid

3-7 by 2.25-4.5 by 2.25-4.5 mm

n

Homonoia

apically tapering

3-4.2 mm

ovoid, keeled on one side

1.3-1.8 by 1.8-2.2 by 1-1.5 mm

n

Lasiococca

broadened apex

obovoid, somewhat triangular

n

Manihot

apically not thickening

ellipsoid, doroventrally flattened

y

Melanolepis

apically slightly broadening

5 mm

angularly ovoid

5.5-6 by 4.5-5.5 by 4.5-5.5 mm

n

Microstachys

not broadening

3.5 mm

elipsoid-obovoid

2.5-2.75 by 2-2.25 by 2-2.25 mm

n to y

Moultonianthus

apically broadened

subglobose

9-10 by 8-10 by 8-10 mm

n to y

Neoscortechinia

not broadening

2 cm

ovoid

1.4-3 by 0.8-1.4 by 0.8-1.4 cm

n

Petalostigma

obtriangular, gradually broadening

ellipsoid

6-9 by 3-4.5 by 3-4 mm

n

Reutealis

unknown

discoid to subglobose

22-32 by 22-28 by 17-20 mm

n

Ricinus

apically tapering

ellipsoid, doroventrally flattened

y

Sapium

not broadening

ellipsoid

5 by 4.5 by 4.5 mm

n

Shirakiopsis

not broadening

1-8 mm

ellipsoid

8-13 by 5-8.5 by 5-8.5 mm

n

Spathiostemon

broadened apex

obovoid

4.8-5.5 by 4-5 by 4-5 mm

n

Stillingia

basally broadened, apically not broadening

ellipsoid

5 by 4-5 by 4-5 mm

y

Strophioblachia

basally and apically slightly broadened

6.5-7 mm

subglobose

6-7 by 5.5-6 by 4.5-5 mm

y

Sumbaviopsis

apically broadened

9-25 mm

subglobose

12-20 by 12-15 by 12-15 mm

n

Syndyophyllum

apically broadened

subglobose

6.5-9 by 6.5-9 by 6.5-9 mm

n

Thyrsanthera

apically broadened

4-4.5 mm

obovoid, angular

4.2-4.5 by 3.8-4 by 3.8-4 mm

n

Triadica

apically broadening

ovoid

3.5-8 by 3.5-7 by 3.5-7 mm

n

Trigonopleura

slender, not broadening

ovoid, flattened

4.5-7 by 4.5-6 by 4.5-6 mm

n

Vernicia

no distinctive column, broad triangular remnant

obovoid to subglobose

12-30 by 12-25 by 9-15 mm

y

Wetria

broadened apex

globular

4-9 by 4-9 by 4-9 mm

n

 

Genus

Arilloid

Species

Specialities

Specialities 2

Specialities 3

Aleurites

n

2 species

calyx opening irregularly

Balakata

thin sarcotesta

2 species

Bridelia

n

15 species

Cephalomappa

n

5 species

seed apex bilobed

Chaetocarpus

red aril upper 1/3rd

1 species

Cheilosa

red sarcotesta

1 species

Choriceras

n

1 species

Chrozophora

incomplete sarcotesta + apically caruncle

1 species

Clonostylis

1 species

Doryxylon

thin sarcotesta

1 species

axillary buds into thorns up to 11 mm

Erismanthus

n

2 species

Falconeria

thin aril

1 species

Fontainea

n

2 species

Gymnanthes

n

2 species

Homalanthus

apically to completely arillode

13 species

Homonoia

red sarcotesta

1 species

Lasiococca

n

1 species

Manihot

apical caruncle

2 species

Melanolepis

grey to orange sarcotesta

1 species

Microstachys

caruncle

1 species

Moultonianthus

n

1 species

Neoscortechinia

red, fleshy aril

6 species

Petalostigma

caruncle

1 species

petaloid stigmas

Reutealis

n

1 species

Ricinus

2-lobed caruncle

1 species

Sapium

red complete aril

1 species

Shirakiopsis

n or inconspicuous caruncle

3 species

basal septum triangle

Spathiostemon

n

2 species

Stillingia

caruncle

1 species

carpophore

Strophioblachia

carunculate

1 species

Sumbaviopsis

thin sarcotesta

1 species

stamens on up to 1.4 mm high torus

white latex in fruit

Syndyophyllum

n

2 species

Thyrsanthera

thin, translucent sarcotesta

1 species

Triadica

whitish sarcotesta

2 species

basal nerve forming leaf margin

seeds long attached

pistillate sepals partly to completely divided

Trigonopleura

pink aril for 2/3rd

3 species

Vernicia

n

3 species

Wetria

n

2 species

 

Genera and Species to be revised for Flora Malesiana

 

The following list shows the Malesian Euphorbiaceae genera in alphabetical order, the number of species estimated world-wide, estimated within Malesia, presence world-wide, and the contributor. This list is the updated version from the fifth newsletter.

Genus

World

Malesia

Presence

Contributor

Acalypha

430

25

Pantropical

Levin

Actephila

35

6

Indomalesia to Australia

Hoffmann

Alchornea  

70

3

Tropical

Bulalacao

Alphandia

3

1

New Guinea, W Pacific

Leiden students

Annesijoa

1

1

New Guina

Leiden students

Ashtonia

2

2

Malay Penin., Borneo

Nais

Austrobuxus

17

1

Malesia to Fiji

Barker

Baliospermum

6

1

India to central Malesia

Leiden students

Bischofia

1

1

Indomalesia

Leiden students

Blachia

12

1

India to central Malesia

 

Borneodendron

1

1 

N Borneo

Nais

Botryophora

0

1

SE Asia, W Malesia

Perumal

Breynia  

25

10

China to Australia and New Caledonia

Esser, Stuppy

Cladogynos  

1

1

SE Asia, Malesia

Thin

Claoxylon

 80

40

Old world tropics

 

Cleidion

25

3

Pantropical

Leiden PhD

Cleistanthus

130

40

Old world tropics

 

Cnesmone

10

1

Assam to W Malesia

Armbruster, Gillespie

Codiaeum

6

10

Malesia to Pacific

 

Croton

750

35

Tropical and warm areas 

Ahumada

Dalechampia  

110

1

Warm areas, esp. America

Armbruster

Deutzianthus

2

1

Indochina and Sumatra

Thin

Dicoelia

3

1

W Malesia

Webster

Dimorphocalyx

12

5

Indomalesia to Australia

 

Drypetes

200

50

E Asia, S Africa

Levin

Elateriospermum

1

1

 S Thailand, Malay Pen.

 

Endospermum

13

10

SE Asia to Fiji

  

Epiprinus

6

1

Assam to W Malesia

Thin

Erythrococca

30

1

Trop. & S Africa

  

Euphorbia

1600

30

Cosmopolitan

  

Excoecaria

40

5

Old world tropics

Djarwaningsih

Fahrenheitia

4

1

India to central Malesia

  

Flueggea

13

2

Tropical

Barker

Galearia

6

5

SE Asia to Solomons

Metilistina Sasinggla

Glochidion

300

150

Tropical

van Welzen

Hevea

9

1

Amazonia

Leiden students

Hura

2

1

Trop. America

  

Hymenocardia

5

1 

Africa, SE Asia to Sumatra

 

Jatropha

170

5

Tropical and warm areas, N America

Fernandez Casas

Kairothamnus

1

1

New Guinea

Levin

Koilodepas

10

5

India to Malesia

Ms. Muzayyinah

Leptopus

20

1

W Himalayas to Australia

Barker

Macaranga

240

125

Old world tropics

Whitmore

Mallotus

140

50

Old world tropics

Bollendorff, Slik

Megistostigma

4

1

SE Asia, W Malesia

Armbruster, Gillespie

Micrococca

14

1

Old world tropics

  

Microdesmis

10

2

Trop. Africa, SE Asia, W Malesia

Leiden students

Neoroeptera

1

1

NE Australia

  

Neotrewia

1

1

Malesia

Leiden students

Octospermum

1

1

New Guinea

  

Omphalea

20

3

Tropical

Gillespie

Ostodes

4

1

E Himalayas to Borneo

 

Pachystylidium

1

1

India to Central Malesia

Armbruster, Gillespie

Pedilanthes

14

1

N to tropical America

 

Phyllanthus

600

80

Tropical and warm areas

Mitra, Webster

Pimelodendron

8

4

Malesia

Djarwaningsih

Plukenetia

15

1

Africa to Malesia

Armbruster, Gillespie

Ptychopyxis

13

10

Thailand to W Malesia, E New Guinea 

Murdoyuwono

Richeriella

2

1

SE China to central Malesia

Leiden students

Sauropus

40

5

SE Asia, Indomalesia

van Welzen

Suregada

40

3

Old world tropics

  

Tapoides

1

1

Borneo

Leiden students

Trewia

2

1

Himalayas to Hainan

Leiden students

Trigonostemon

45

15

Indomalesia

  

 

Revised genera

 

The following genera have been revised:

Genus

World-wide

Malesia

Distribution

Publication

Agrostistachys

9

5

India to W Malesia

Blumea ms.

Aleurites

2

2

Indomalesia, W Pacific

Blumea 44 (1999) 73-98

Antidesma

>150

70

Old world tropics

Kew Miscellaneous ms.

Aporosa

75

60

Indomalesia to Solomons

Blumea Suppl. ms. Schot

Baccaurea

80

50

Indomalesia to W Pacific

Blumea Suppl. 12 (2000)

Balakata

2

2

SE Asia, Malesia

Blumea 44 (1999) 149-215

Blumeodendron

6

6

Andamans, Malesia

ms. Perumal

Bridelia

50

15

Old world tropics

Blumea 41 (1996) 263-331

Cephalomappa

5

5

Malesia

Reinwardtia 11 (1998) 153-184

Chaetocarpus

11

1

Pantropical

Rheedea 4 (1994) 93-101

Cheilosa

1

1

W Malesia

Blumea 38 (1993) 161-166

Chondrostylis

2

2

SE Asia, W Malesia

Blumea ms.

Choriceras

2

1

E Malesia, Australia

Blumea 44 (1999) 99-107

Clonostylis

1

1

Sumatra

Blumea 43 (1998) 131-164

Chrozophora  

12

1

Mediterranean to India, introduced

Blumea 44 (1999) 411-436

Doryxylon

1

1

Philippines, Lesser Sunda Is.

Blumea 44 (1999) 411-436

Erismanthus

2

1

SE Asia-W Malesia

Blumea 40 (1995) 379-384

Falconeria

1

1

India-SE Asia, Malesia

Blumea 44 (1999) 149-215

Fontainea

9

2

E Malesia, Austr., New Caled.

Blumea 44 (1999) 99-107

Gymnanthes

>30

2

Pantropical

Blumea 44 (1999) 149-215

Homalanthus

25

13

Tropical Asia-Australia

Blumea 42 (1997) 421-466

Homonoia

2

1

India-New Guinea

Blumea 43 (1998) 131-164

Lasiococca

3

1

W Malesia

Blumea 43 (1998) 131-164

Mallotus (few §)

140

50

Old world tropics

Blumea ms., Tropenbos ms.

Manihot

100

2

Introduced

Rheedea 7 (1997) 77-85

Margaritaria

14

2

Tropical

Blumea ms.

Melanolepis  

2

1

Malesia 

Blumea 44 (1999) 437-446

Microstachys

17

1

Pantropical

Blumea 44 (1999) 149-215

Moultonianthus

1

1

W Malesia

Blumea 40 (1995) 384-388

Neoscortechinia

6

6

Burma to Solomons

Blumea 39 (1994) 301-318

Petalostigma

5

1

E Malesia, Australia 

Blumea 44 (1999) 99-107

Reutealis

1

1

Philippines

Blumea 44 (1999) 73-98

Ricinus

1

1

Worldwide

Blumea 43 (1998) 131-164

Sapium

21

1

Neotropics, cultivated

Blumea 44 (1999) 149-215

Shirakiopsis

6

3

Africa, Malesia

Blumea 44 (1999) 149-215

Spathiostemon

2

2

Thailand, Malesia

Blumea 43 (1998) 131-164

Stillingia

30

1

Pantropical

Blumea 44 (1999) 149-215

Strophioblachia

1

1

SE Asia-W Malesia

Blumea 43 (1998) 479-487

Sumbaviopsis

1

1

W Malesia

Blumea 44 (1999) 411-436

Syndyophyllum

2

2

Malesia

Blumea 40 (1995) 388-394

Triadica

2 or 3

2

E Asia, Malesia

Blumea 44 (1999) 149-215

Trigonopleura

3

3

W Malesia

Blumea 40 (1995) 363-374

Vernicia

3

1

S.E. & E. temperate Asia

Blumea 44 (1999) 73-98

Wetria

2

2

Malesia, NE Australia 

Blumea 43 (1998) 131-164