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Malesian Euphorbiaceae Descriptions |
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V.G. Sagun, G.A. Levin & P.C. van Welzen. 2010. Revision and Phylogeny of Acalypha (Euphorbiaceae) in Malesia. Blumea 55: 2166.
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Species descriptions subgen. Linostachys
Species descriptions subgen. Acalypha
Acalypha L., Sp. Pl. (1753) 1003; Gen. Pl. (1754) 436; A.Juss., Euph. Gen. (1824) 45; Baill., Ιtude Gιn. Euph. (1858) 440; Mόll.Arg. in DC., Prod. 15, 2 (1866) 799; Benth., Hookers Icon. Pl. 13 (1879) Pl.13, t.1291; in Benth. & Hook.f., Gen. Pl. 3 (1880) 311; Pax in Engl. &, Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam. 3, 5 (1890) 60; Pax & K.Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenr. IV.147.xvi (1924) 12; in Engl. & Harms, Nat. Pflanzenfam. 2nd ed., 19c (1931) 134; Hurus., J. Fac. Sci. Univ. Tokyo, Secti. III, Bot. 6 (1954) 295; Backer & Bakh.f., Fl. Java 1 (1963) 489; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 26 (1972) 205; Whitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 51; Airy Shaw, Hookers Icon. Pl. 38 (1974) Pl. 38, t. 3719; Kew Bull, Addit. Ser. 4 (1975) 23; Kew Bull., Addit. Ser. 8 (1980) 13; Kew Bull. 36 (1981) 246; Kew Bull. 37 (1982) 2; Alphab. Enum. Euphorb. Philipp. Isl. (1983) 2; Radcl.-Sm., Kew Bull. 45 (1990) 677; P.I.Forst., Austrobaileya 4 (1994) 209; G.L.Webster, Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 81 (1994) 90; Govaerts, Frodin & Radcl.-Sm., World Checkl. Bibliogr. Euphorb. (2000) 43; Radcl.-Sm., Gen. Euphorbiacearum (2001) 234; Ngerns. & Chayamarit in Chayamarit & Welzen, Fl. Thailand 8, 1 (2005) 23; Sagun, G.A.Levin & Welzen, Blumea 55 (2010) 25; G.L.Webster in Kubitzki, Fam. Gen. Vasc. Pl. 11 (2014) 124. Acalyphes Hassk., Tijdschr. Nat. Geschied. Phys. 11 (1844) 235, orth. var. Lectotype (designated by: J.K.Small in N.L.Britton & A.Br., Illustr. Fl. North. U.S., 1913. 452477): Acalypha virginica L.
Mercuriastrum Heist. ex Fabr., Enum. Meth. Pl. (1759) 202; fide Dandy, Regnum Veg. 51 (1967) 64. Typus: none designated.
Cupameni Adans., Fam. Pl. 2 (1763) 356, nom. illeg., later synonym. Lectotype (designated by Vαczy in Manilal, Bot. Hist. Hortus Malabaricus, 1980, 2434): A. indica L. (Radcliffe-Smith 2001, mentions A. chamaedrifolia as lectotype, but no evidence was found for this selection).
Caturus L., Mant. Pl. (1767) 19. Galurus Spreng., Anleit. Kenntn. Gew. 2 (1817) 364, nom. illeg. Type: Caturus spiciflora L. [= Acalypha hispida Burm.f.].
Cupamenis Raf., Sylva Tell (1838) 67, nom. illeg., later synonym, non Cupameni Adans. (Nicolson, Suresh &, Manilal, Interpr. Hort. Malab., 1988). Lectotype (designated by Vαczy in Manilal, Bot. Hist. Hortus Malabaricus, 1980, 2434): Acalypha indica L.
Linostachys Klotzsch ex Schltdl., Linnaea 19 (1847) 235. Type: Linostachys padifolia Schltdl. [= Acalypha schlechtendahliana Mόll.Arg.].
Odonteilema Turcz., Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou 11 (1848) 587. Type: Odonteilema clausseni Turcz. [= Acalypha clausseni (Turcz.) Baill.].
Calyptrospatha Klotzsch ex Baill., Ιtude Gιn. Euph. (1858) 440. Type: Calyptrospatha pubiflora Klotzsch [= Acalypha pubiflora (Klotzch) Baill.].
Gymnalypha Griseb., Bonplandia 6 (1858) 2. Type: Gymnalypha jacquinii Griseb. [= Acalypha villosa Jacq.].
Corythea S.Watson, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts Sci. 22 (1887) 451. Type: Corythea filipes S.Watson [= Acalypha filipes (S.Watson) McVaugh].
Ricinocarpus Burm., Thes. Zeylan. (1737) 202, ex Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 2 (1891) 615, non Desf. (Mιm. Mus. Hist. Nat. 3, 1817) 459. Type species: maxina thes. zeyl. 203/5 t. 93 f. 1, p.p., non t. 92 (Burman 1737) [= Acalypha lanceolata Willd. var. lanceolata].
Schizogyne Ehrenb. ex Pax & K.Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenr. IV.147.xvi (1924) 98, pro syn. Type: Schizogyne ciliata Ehrenb. [= Acalypha ciliata Forssk.].
Acalyphopsis Pax & K.Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenr. IV.147.xvi (1924) 178. Type: Acalyphopsis celebica Pax & K.Hoffm., nom. dub. [= Acalypha hoffmanniana Hurus.].
Herbs, shrubs and rarely trees, monoecious or dioecious. Indumentum of dense velvety hairs, sparse simple straight or recurved hairs, stellate hairs, capitate trichomes, sessile glands or absent. Stipules persistent or caducous, narrow to broadly triangular, elliptic or ovate. Leaves alternate, simple, symmetric; petioles short to exceeding blade length, blade surface without glands; base acute, obtuse or cordate, sometimes with a pair of glands; margin serrate, crenate or subentire; apex acute to acuminate; venation distinct, penninerved or palminerved at base, looped and closed near margin (semicraspedodromous), tertiary veins and veinlets scalariform to reticulate. Inflorescences unisexual or bisexual, axillary, terminal or both, solitary or less commonly fasciculate, spicate or paniculate; bisexual inflorescences usually pistillate below and staminate above; staminate flowers in groups per node, pistillate ones generally single. Flowers petals and disc absent. Staminate flowers: pedicel short, elongating on maturity; calyx 4-lobed, midrib usually verrucate on upper half; stamens 8, thecae 2, pendulous and vermiform at anthesis; pollen small, oblate-spheroidal to suboblate in meridional outline, apertures 28-colporate, ectocolpi 15 μm; pistillode absent. Pistillate flowers: pedicel present or absent, subtended by a bract, latter either chartaceous and non-accrescent or foliaceous and accrescent, if foliaceous then with minute bract stipules; calyx 3- (or 4-) or 5-lobed; ovary 2- or 3- (or 4-)locular; stigmas 2, 3 (or 4), smooth, usually laciniate; ovules 1 per locule. Allomorphic flowers sometimes present, ebracteate, ovary 1-locular, variously fringed, styles subbasal. Fruits capsules, lobed, thin-walled, dehiscing partly loculicidal and completely septicidal and leaving a persistent columella. Allomorphic fruits nutlets. Seeds carunculate or not, caruncle if present covering up to basal half of seed, seed coat patterning indistinct. (This description pertains to the Malesian species only).
Distribution A pantropical genus of 450 species, with centres of diversity in Central America and Africa, and including 28 species in Malesia. The infrageneric classification follows Pax & Hoffmann (1924), with subg. Linostachys represented by 1 species in Malesia and subg. Acalypha by 27 species.
Notes
1. The staminate inflorescence technically is a spike-like thyrse in which the staminate flowers are shortly pedicellate and clustered in cymes along a rachis. However, for simplicity the term spicate is used here to describe the staminate inflorescence.
2. The term dots is used to refer to small light-coloured circular patches in the epidermis, less than 0.1 mm, that may represent druse crystals, but this was not confirmed anatomically.
3. Paired appendages flank the base of each foliaceous pistillate bract. Because the bracts are modified leaves, the subtending paired appendages appear to be homologous to stipules; hence the term bract stipules is used for these structures.
4. Pistillate flowers in subg. Acalypha generally are subtended by two orders of bracts, first order bracts and second order bracteoles. Bracteoles in subg. Acalypha are usually minute, bifid, membranous structures. In subg. Linostachys the pistillate flowers are subtended only by a single order of bracts. These are minute, bifid, membranaceous organs that structurally
appear to be homologous to the bracteoles of subg. Acalypha. Despite this homology, we consistently refer to first order bracts in both subgenera as bracts. Bracteoles are difficult to observe in subg. Acalypha and are not included in the descriptions of species in that subgenus.
5. The following abbreviations are used for the floristic areas in Malesia: Bor. = Borneo, Jav. = Java, LSI. = Lesser Sunda Islands, Mal. = Malay Peninsula, Mol. = Mollucas, NG = New Guinea, Phil. = Philippines, Sul. = Sulawesi, Sum. = Sumatra.
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1a. |
Pistillate inflorescences racemose or paniculate; pistillate flowers with pedicels 0.51 mm long; pistillate bracts 0.5 by 0.5 mm, bifid; pistillate calyx 5-lobed; herbaceous perennials. Jav., LSI. (Flores) (Subg. Linostachys) |
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1b. |
Pistillate inflorescences spicate (or sometimes branched and the branches spicate) or the flowers solitary (A. spectabilis); pistillate flowers with pedicels < 0.5 mm long; pistillate bracts at least 11.5 by 1.52 mm and generally much larger (if smaller (A. hispida) then entire), entire or with 3 or more teeth or lobes; pistillate calyx 3- (or 4-)lobed; habit various (Subg. Acalypha) |
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2a. |
Annual or perennial herbs |
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2b. |
Shrubs or trees |
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3a. |
Pistillate bracts deeply lobed, lobes ≤ 5, 3 6 mm long. Sum., Jav., LSI |
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3b. |
Pistillate bracts shallowly toothed, teeth > 5, 0.52 mm long |
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4a. |
Leaf blades narrowly elliptic, at least 3 times longer than wide; pistillate bracts glabrous throughout. Phil. |
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4b. |
Leaf blades ovate to elliptic, no more than 2 times longer than wide; pistillate bracts with hairs at least along the margins |
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5a. |
Pistillate bracts glabrous on their surfaces, hairy only on the margins, teeth obtuse. Malesia |
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5b. |
Pistillate bracts hairy on their surfaces and margins, teeth acute |
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6a. |
Pistillate bracts 5.56 by 67 mm; staminate portion of inflorescences 2035 by c. 2 mm; inflorescences sometimes branched. Sul. |
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6b. |
6. Pistillate bracts 23 by 46 mm; staminate portion of inflorescences 37 by 12 mm; inflorescences unbranched. Malesia |
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7a. |
Leaves and pistillate bracts bearing sessile yellowish refringent glands; stems with stellate hairs. LSI. |
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7b. |
Leaves and pistillate bracts without refringent glands; stems with simple hairs or glabrous |
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8a. |
Pistillate inflorescences extremely densely flowered, rachises usually hidden by flowers; stigmas 58 mm long; exotic plants (usually cultivated). Malesia (cult.) |
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8b. |
Pistillate inflorescences laxly flowered, rachises visible; stigmas up to 5 mm long; native plants growing outside cultivation (except A. wilkesiana) |
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9a. |
Fruits with elongate spiny processes 12 by 0.20.5 mm. Sum., Mal., Jav., Sul. |
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9b. |
Fruits verrucate, hairy or glabrous, but without spines (fruits unknown for Malesian A. capillipes, A. spectabilis, A. stenophylla) |
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10a. |
Leaf blade upper surfaces bullate (with blister-like swellings between the veinlets). Pistillate bracts entire, ovate to obovate. NG |
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10b. |
Leaf blade upper surfaces flat or slightly sunken between the veinlets. Pistillate bracts toothed or lobed, ovate to orbicular |
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11a. |
Pistillate inflorescence pseudoscorpioid, bent at each node; a few staminate flowers sometimes present as a cluster in same axil as pistillate inflorescence. Mol. |
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11b. |
Pistillate inflorescence straight, not bent at the nodes. Staminate flowers (unknown for A. floresensis, A. hispida) absent from the same axil as pistillate inflorescence, or if present then forming an elongate spicate inflorescence (A. capillipes, A. phyllonomifolia) |
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12a. |
Pistillate bracts 1 or 2 per inflorescence |
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12b. |
Pistillate bracts 3 or more per inflorescence |
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13a. |
Plants with axillary spines. Leaves without drip-tips. Sul. |
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13b. |
Plants without axillary spines; leaves with drip-tips. NG |
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14a. |
Pistillate bracts distinctly petiolate, bract petiole 12 mm long. LSI. (Flores) |
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14b. |
Pistillate bracts sessile to subsessile, bract petiole < 0.25 mm long |
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15a. |
Pistillate bracts 3-lobed, chartaceous, non-accrescent |
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15b. |
Pistillate bracts with more than 3 lobes or teeth, foliaceous, accrescent |
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16a. |
Ovaries/fruits bilocular, styles 2. Malesia |
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16b. |
Ovaries/fruits trilocular, styles 3 |
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17a. |
Stipules usually recurved, ovate to broad elliptic, apex obtuse. Stigmas each 46 times divided. Fruits without densely hairy longitudinal ridges. Mol., NG |
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17b. |
Stipules straight, broadly ovate to elliptic, apex acute. Stigmas each > 20 times divided. Fruits with a densely hairy longitudinal ridge on each locule. Bor., Phil. |
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18a. |
Leaf blades narrowly elliptic, length/width ratio 47. NG |
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18b. |
Leaf blades ovate to (broadly) elliptic to cordate, length/width ratio 13.5 |
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19a. |
Leaf venation penninerved (1-nerved at base). NG |
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19b. |
Leaf venation palminerved (3- or 5-nerved at base) |
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20a. |
Leaves 5-nerved at base |
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20b. |
Leaves 3-nerved at base |
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21a. |
Stipule width 1.55 mm. Fertile portion of pistillate inflorescences 69 cm long, always less than length of leaf blade Phil. |
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21b. |
Stipule width 0.51.5 mm. Fertile portion of pistillate inflorescences 930 cm, often exceeding the leaf blade length |
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22a. |
Fruits with both straight hairs and hairs with enlarged bases. Pistillate bracts 23.5 by 1.54 mm. NG |
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22b. |
Fruits with straight hairs only; pistillate bracts 412 by 411 mm |
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23a. |
Leaf blades serrate. Pistillate inflorescences laxly flowered, internodes usually visible; staminate inflorescences of constant width. Pistillate bract teeth 911. NG |
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23b. |
Leaf blades subentire to weakly crenate. Pistillate inflorescences densely flowered, internodes usually not visible; staminate inflorescences with bulbous apex when young. Pistillate bract teeth 1115. NG |
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24a. |
Leaves variegated or brown-coloured, often twisted and aberrant. Malesia (cult.) |
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24b. |
Leaves green, not variegated, flat and normal |
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25a. |
Stipules 11.5 mm wide, linear or needle-like. NG |
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25b. |
Stipules 25 mm wide, ovate to narrowly elliptic |
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26a. |
Leaves with dense velvety indumentum; stipules densely hairy inside and outside. Phil. |
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26b. |
Leaves sparsely pubescent to nearly glabrous; stipules hairy only on outside of midrib |
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27a. |
Leaf blade margins serrate on both staminate and pistillate branches; bases with a pair of glands and scattered glandular trichomes. Bor., Mol., NG, Phil., Sul. |
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27b. |
Leaf blade margins crenate to undulate on pistillate branches and serrate on staminate branches; leaf without glands or glandular trichomes. Phil. |
Acalypha L. subg. Linostachys (Klotzsch) Pax & K.Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenr. IV.147.xvi (1924) 13; Sagun, G.A.Levin & Welzen, Blumea 55 (2010) 27. Linostachys Klotzsch ex Schltdl., Linnaea 19 (1847) 235. Acalypha L. sect. Linostachys (Klotzsch ex Schltdl.) Mόll.Arg., Linnaea 34 (1865) 8. Type: Linostachys padifolia Schltdl. [= Acalypha schlechtendahliana Mόll.Arg.].
Perennial herbs. Stipules persistent or caducous. Leaves petiolate, margin serrate. Staminate inflorescences axillary, spicate. Pistillate inflorescences terminal or axillary, racemose or paniculate in Malesian species; bracts minute, non-accrescent in fruit. Pistillate flowers pedicellate, calyx 5-partite. Bisexual inflorescences (in Malesian species) like pistillate inflorescences, but with clusters of staminate flowers at lower nodes.
Acalypha paniculata Miq., Fl. Nederl. Indiλ: 1, 2 (1859) 406; Mόll.Arg., Linnaea 34 (1865) 8; in DC., Prod. 15, 2 (1866) 802; Hook.f., Fl. Br. India 5 (1887) 415; Boerl., Fl. Nederl. Indiλ 1 (1900) 286; J.J.Sm. in Koord. & Val., Meded. Depart. Landb. Nederl.-Ind. 10 (1910) 509; Koord., Exkursionsfl. Java 2 (1912) 497; Pax & K.Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenr. IV.147.xvi (1924) 14; De Wild., Pl. Bequaert. 3 (1926) 493; Backer & Bakh.f., Fl. Java 1 (1963) 489; Govaerts, Frodin & Radcl.-Sm., World Checkl. Bibliogr. Euphorb. (2000) 84, pro syn.; Rani & N.P. Balakr., J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 31 (2007) 96; Sagun, G.A.Levin & Welzen, Blumea 55 (2010) 27, map 1. Type: Zollinger 2991 (holo U barcode U0001842; iso A), Indonesia, Java, Bandung (Bandong).
[Acalypha racemosa B.Heyne in Wall., Num. list (1828) no. 7784C, nom. nud.; Baill., Ιtude Gιn. Euph. (1858) 443, nom. nud.; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 37 (1982) 4; Govaerts, Frodin & Radcl.-Sm., World Checkl. Bibliogr. Euphorb. (2000) 84.] Acalypha wallichii Thwaites, Enum. Pl. Zeyl. (1861) 271. Ricinocarpus villosus (Jacq.) Kuntze var. racemosus B.Heyne ex Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 2 (1891) 616. Lectotype (Sagun, G.A.Levin & Welzen, 2010): Wallich Cat. 7784C (holo K), India, Madras? See note 2.
Acalypha paniculata Miq. forma depauperata Mόll.Arg., Linnaea 34 (1865) 8. Type: G. Thomson 120 (holo G-DC; iso K), India, Madras.
Herbaceous perennials, c. 1 m tall, monoecious; flowering branches 1528 cm long, 25 mm diam. Indumentum sparsely hairy, denser on young parts, with simple recurved hairs, 0.3 0.5 mm long. Stipules persistent, elliptic, 1.52.5 by c. 0.5 mm, densely hairy, without capitate trichomes. Leaves: petiole 1.510 cm long, with dense straight hairs c. 1 mm long; blade ovate to elliptic, 3.58.5 by 25.5 cm, length/width ratio 1.51.8, chartaceous; base obtuse to cordate; margin serrate to crenate, teeth 13 by 38 mm, with a gland on tooth tips; apex acute to acuminate; upper surface sparsely hairy; lower surface glabrous to sparsely hairy, denser on midrib and veins; veins at base 3, upper secondaries c. 5 per side. Staminate inflorescences axillary, 1 per axil, spicate, in different axils than pistillate ones; peduncle 1012 mm long, indumentum of simple recurved hairs, 0.10.5 mm long; fertile portion 1595 by 11.5 mm; internodes 13 mm long. Staminate flowers: bract elliptic, c. 0.5 by 1 mm, hairy outside with straight hairs of c. 0.25 mm long; pedicel 0.250.5 mm long, glabrous; calyx 0.50.75 mm diam, sepals ovate, c. 0.25 by 0.2 mm, with straight hairs to 0.25 mm long, midrib verrucate in distal half, apex acute; filaments c. 0.2 mm long, thecae c. 0.25 by 0.1 mm. Pistillate inflorescences axillary or terminal, solitary, racemose or paniculate, in different axils than staminate ones; peduncle 1315 mm long, indumentum dense with simple recurved hairs, 0.50.75 mm long; fertile portion 79 by 24 cm, internodes 25 mm long. Pistillate flowers 0.51 mm diam; 2 or 3 per node; bract stipules none; bracts 0.5 by 0.5 mm, bifid; bracteoles conspicuous; pedicel 0.51 mm long; calyx 0.51 mm diam, sepals 5, ovate, c. 0.5 by 0.25 mm, hairy on margins with verrucae in distal half, and with capitate trichomes of c. 0.1 mm long, glabrous inside; ovary globose, c. 0.5 by 0.5 mm, trilocular; stigmas 3, 0.50.75 mm long, each divided 5 times, base verrucate. Bisexual inflorescences like pistillate inflorescences, but with clusters of staminate flowers at lower nodes. Fruits globose to oblate, 0.751.75 by 12.5 mm, verrucate, covered with bulbous-based trichomes, columella c. 1 mm long. Allomorphic fruits unknown. Seeds prolate, c. 1 by 0.75 mm.
Distribution Africa, India, Sri Lanka, in Malesia: Java, Lesser Sunda Islands (Flores).
Habitat & Ecology Unknown. Altitude: 300600 m. Flowering: MarchJuly.
Vernacular names Lesser Sunda Is.: Flores: Masu Kedhi; Wunu paka-do.
Notes 1. The leaves of A. paniculata are similar to the leaves of herbaceous annuals like A. indica or A. lanceolata var. lanceolata. However, it is easily distinguished by its racemose or paniculate pistillate inflorescences, pedicellate pistillate flowers without foliaceous pistillate bracts, 5-partite pistillate calyx and fruits with capitate trichomes. The staminate inflorescences are also notably thin (11.5 mm wide), which also adds to its distinct appearance. This is the sole Malesian species from subg. Linostachys and could hardly be confused with other Malesian Acalypha species.
2. The name Acalypha racemosa was published twice without description (Wallich 1828, Baillon 1858). Thwaites (1861) cited Wallichs name when he validly described A. wallichii (often incorrectly spelled wallichiana), apparently as a substitute for A. racemosa. Thwaites cited several specimens as syntypes, but the selection of the Wallich collection as lectotype is the most logical choice.
3. The name Usteria racemosa Dennst. (1818: 31), usually interpreted as A. paniculata, has been determined to be Symplocos cochinchinensis S.Moore (Nicolson, Suresh &, Manilal, Interpr. Hort. Malab., 1988).
4. The specific epithet refers to the paniculate pistillate inflorescences.
Acalypha L. subg. Acalypha: Sagun, G.A.Levin & Welzen, Blumea 55 (2010) 30. Acalypha L. subg. Euacalypha Mόll.Arg., Linnaea 34 (1865) 8, nom. inval. Type: as genus.
Small trees, shrubs or perennial/annual herbs. Stipules persistent or caducous. Indumentum of simple or stellate hairs. Leaves petiolate, margin serrate, crenate or subentire. Staminate inflorescences spicate, always axillary in Malesian species, or unknown. Pistillate inflorescences spicate; bracts foliaceous or not, serrate, lobed or entire, non-accrescent or accrescent in fruit. Pistillate flowers (sub)sessile, calyx 3- (or 4-)partite. Bisexual inflorescences spicate, sometimes branched and the fertile portions spicate, usually pistillate below and staminate above, if staminate below then with a solitary terminal pistillate flower; pistillate bracts as in the pistillate inflorescences.
Acalypha amentacea Roxb., Fl. Ind. ed. 1832, 2 (1832) 676; Miq., Fl. Nederl. Indiλ: 1, 2 (1859) 406; Merr., Interpr. Rumph. Herb. Amboin. (1917) 322; Bibliogr. Enum. Born. Pl. (1921) 343; Enum. Philipp. Fl. Pl. 2 (1923) 444; Holth. & H.J.Lam, Blumea 5 (1942) 199; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull., Addit. Ser. 8 (1980) 15 in obs.; Alphab. Enum. Euphorb. Philipp. Isl. (1983) 2. Acalypha amentacea Roxb. subsp. amentacea: Fosberg in Fosberg & Sachet, Smithson. Contrib. Bot. 45 (1980) 8; Govaerts, Frodin & Radcl.-Sm., World Checkl. Bibliogr. Euphorb. (2000) 47. Acalypha amentacea Roxb. var. amentacea: Fosberg in Fosberg & Sachet, Smithson. Contrib. Bot. 45 (1980) 8; Sagun, G.A.Levin & Welzen, Blumea 55 (2010) 30, Fig. 2a, 3a, 6a1-a2; Map 2. Type: Herbarium Roxburghii /Herbarium Martii 2615 (holo BR; probable iso BM barcode BM000926683).
Acalypha amboynensis Benth., London J. Bot. 2 (1843) 233; Miq., Fl. Nederl. Indiλ: 1, 2 (1859) 406. Acalypha grandis Benth. var. amboinensis (Benth.) Mόll.Arg., Linnaea 34 (1865) 10; in DC., Prod. 15, 2 (1866) 806; Fern.-Vill., Nov. App. 4 (1880) 193; Pax & K.Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenr. IV.147.xvi (1924) 150. Type: Barclay s.n. (holo K), Indonesia, Maluku, Ambon (Amboyna).
Acalypha stipulacea Klotzsch in Mayen, Nov. Act. Acad. Caes. Leop.-Car. Nat. Curios. 19, suppl. 1 (1843) 416; Mόll.Arg., Linnaea 34 (1865) 10; in DC., Prod. 15, 2 (1866) 807; Fern.-Vill., Nov. App. 4 (1880) 193; S.Vidal, Phan. Cuming. Philipp. (1885) 143; K.Schum. & Hollrung, Fl. Kaiser Wilhelms Land (1889) 75; Stapf, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, Bot. 4 (1894) 226; Koord., Meded. Lands Plantent. 19 (1898) 579; Boerl., Fl. Nederl. Indiλ 1 (1900) 286; K.Schum. & Lauterb., Fl. Deutschen Schutzgeb. Sόdsee (1900) 403; Merr., Dict. Philipp. Isl. (1903) 119; Rep. invest. Java (1903) 32; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1905) 77; Philipp. J. Sci. 1, Suppl. 1 (1906) 81; Philipp. J. Sci. Bot. 3 (1908) 417; Philipp. J. Sci. Bot. 5 (1910) 192, pro obs.; Elmer, Leafl. Philipp. Bot. 4 (1911) 1275; Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 293; Hutch. in L.S.Gibbs, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 4 (1914) 135. Ricinocarpus stipulaceus (Klotzsch) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 2 (1891) 618. Type: Cuming 621 (holo B; iso A, BM, G, K, L, LE, MO), Philippines, Manila.
Acalypha affinis Klotzsch in Mayen, Nov. Act. Acad. Caes. Leop.-Car. Nat. Curios. 19, suppl. 1 (1843) 416. Type: None designated, Philippines, Luzon, Manila.
Acalypha glandulosa Blanco, Fl. Filip. (1837) 749; Fl. Filip., 2nd ed. (1845) 516, non Cav. (Anal. Hist. Nat. 2, 1800) 141; Mόll.Arg. in DC., Prod. 15, 2 (1866) 888; Blanco, Fl. Filip. 3rd ed. (1879) 149; Merr., Blanco Fl. Filip. (1905) 77. Ricinocarpus blancoanus Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 2 (1891) 617. Neotype (Sagun, G.A.Levin & Welzen 2010): Merrill Species Blancoanae 20 (holo L; iso A, US), Philippines, Samar.
Acalypha centromalayca Pax & K.Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenr. IV.147.xvi (1924) 150; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull., Addit. Ser. 8 (1980) 14; Kew Bull. 37 (1982) 3; Govaerts, Frodin & Radcl.-Sm., World Checkl. Bibliogr. Euphorb. (2000) 55. Syntypes: Warburg 15573, 15574, 18198 (B), Indonesia, Sulawesi (Celebes).
Acalypha luzonica Pax & K.Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenr. IV.147.xvi (1924) 153; Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euphorb. Philipp. Isl. (1983) 2. Lectotype (Sagun, G.A.Levin & Welzen 2010): Curran et al. 18219 (holo K), Philippines, Luzon, Benguet, Mt Pulog.
Acalypha warburgii Pax & K.Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenr. IV.147.xvi (1924) 155; Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euphorb. Philipp. Isl. (1983) 3; Govaerts, Frodin & Radcl.-Sm., World Checkl. Bibliogr. Euphorb. (2000) 93. Type: Warburg 13135 (holo B), Philippines, Luzon, Tayabas, Sampalok.
Acalypha meyeri Pax & K.Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenr. IV.147.xvi (1924) 165; Hurus., J. Fac. Sci. Univ. Tokyo, Secti. III, Bot. 6 (1954) 301; Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euphorb. Philipp. Isl. (1983) 165; Govaerts, Frodin & Radcl.-Sm., World Checkl. Bibliogr. Euphorb. (2000) 76. Lectotype (Sagun, G.A.Levin & Welzen 2010): Meyer 2847 (holo SING; iso US), Philippines, Luzon, Bataan, Mt. Mariveles.
Acalypha grandis auct. non Benth.: Miq., Fl. Nederl. Indiλ: 1, 2 (1859) 405.
Large shrubs, 25 m tall, monoecious; flowering branches 2530 cm long, 25 mm diam. Indumentum glabrous to hairy, denser on young parts, with simple straight hairs. Stipules persistent, ovate to narrowly elliptic, 1025 by 25 mm, midrib outside hairy and with capitate trichomes. Leaves: petiole 215 cm long, glabrous or with sparse straight hairs of 0.51 mm long; blade ovate to elliptic, 920 by 58 cm, length/width ratio 12.5, chartaceous, not variegated, green when fresh; base acute to weakly cordate, with a pair of glands of 12 by c. 0.5 mm, and scattered glandular trichomes; margin serrate, teeth 12 by 23 mm, with a gland on tooth tip; apex acute to acuminate; upper surface nearly glabrous, lower surface sparse to densely hairy, surfaces flat or slightly sunken between the veinlets; base 3-nerved, upper secondaries 58 per side. Staminate inflorescences axillary, 1 per axil, spicate, in different axils than pistillate ones; peduncle 540 mm long, indumentum velvety, hairs to 0.2 mm long; fertile portion 80245 by 1.52.5 mm, internodes 13 mm long. Staminate flowers: bract ovate, 0.51 by 0.30.5 mm, with outside sparse hairs of c. 0.2 mm long; pedicel 0.51 mm long, with straight hairs to c. 0.2 mm long; calyx 0.51 mm diam, sepals ovate to elliptic, c. 0.5 by 0.20.3 mm, with straight hairs to c. 0.2 mm long, midrib verrucate in distal half, apex acute; filaments c. 0.3 mm long, thecae 0.30.4 by c. 0.2 mm. Pistillate inflorescences axillary or terminal, solitary, spicate, straight, many-flowered, in different axils than staminate ones; peduncle 820 by 1.52 mm long, nearly glabrous; fertile portion 930 by 0.31 cm, internodes 210 mm long. Pistillate flowers 11.5 mm diam; 1 or 2 per bract; bract stipules ovate to elliptic, 0. 51 by 0.250.5 mm; bracts sessile, 410 by 49 mm, foliaceous, accrescent, strongly veined outside, without dots, sparsely hairy outside, sometimes with short capitate trichomes, inside with sparse sessile glands; bract teeth 913, apical tooth 0.751 by c. 0.5 mm, apex acute to obtuse, lateral teeth 0.51 by 0.751 mm, apex acute; pedicel 0(0.5) mm long; calyx 11.5 mm diam, sepals 3, ovate to elliptic, 0.751.5 by c. 1 mm, hairy outside, without verrucae, glabrous inside; ovary globose, c. 1 by 1 mm, trilocular; stigmas 3, 2.55 mm long, each 46 times divided, base hairy. Bisexual inflorescences absent. Fruits globose, 22.5 by c. 1.5 mm, verrucate, covered with bulbous-based trichomes, columella 1.52 mm long. Allomorphic fruits unknown. Seeds prolate, 11.5 by c. 1 mm.
Distribution Borneo, Philippines, Sulawesi, Moluccas, Papua New Guinea.
Habitat & Ecology Disturbed lowland mixed forest; roadsides; riversides; young second-ary forest on limestone with thin clay cover. Flowering: November. Altitude 74 m.
Vernacular names Philippines: Balingud (Palawan); Toongtoong (Cebuano); Pameti (Cebuano); Lantayakan (Bundu Tuhan); Langanassi. Moluccas: Laransiΰna (Talaud). Papua New Guinea: Semur (Maibrat).
Uses Stem sap used to treat eye wounds or cataracts; tree used for fencing.
Notes 1. Key characters include long petioles exceeding the blade length, large chartaceous leaves, and long male and female inflorescences that also exceed leaf length (see note 1 under A. hellwigii and note 2 under A. pulogensis).
2. The staminate inflorescences sometimes terminate with a single pistillate flower in Ambon specimens (Reinwardt s.n., barcode L0240672; Zippelius s.n., barcode L0240838).
3. Mόller Argoviensis (Mόll.Arg. 1866: 822) mistakenly synonymized A. fruticosa Forssk., an Arabian species, under A. amentacea, a treatment also followed by Pax & Hoffmann (1924: 169) (see discussion of Fosberg & Sachet 1980).
4. Three other varieties are recognized: A. amentacea Roxb. var. palauensis Fosberg (in Fosberg & Sachet 1980) and A. amentacea Roxb. var. heterotricha Fosberg (in Fosberg & Sachet 1980) from Palau; and A. amentacea Roxb. var. trukensis (Pax & Hoffm.) Fosberg from Micronesia.
5. The specific epithet refers to the amentaceous or catkinlike inflorescences.
Acalypha angatensis Blanco, Fl. Filip. (1837) 750; Fl. Filip., 2nd ed. (1845) 516; Mόll.Arg. in DC., Prod. 15, 2 (1866) 805; Blanco, Fl. Filip. 3rd ed. (1879) 150; Fern.-Vill., Nov. App. 4 (1880) 193; Merr., Blanco Fl. Filip. (1905) 77; Spec. Blanc. (1918) 227; Enum. Philipp. Fl. Pl. 2 (1923) 445; Pax & K.Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenr. IV.147.xvi (1924) 153; Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euphorb. Philipp. Isl. (1983) 2; T.C.Huang, Fl. Taiwan 3 (1993) 416; Fl. Taiwan 6 (2003) 68; Sagun, G.A.Levin & Welzen, Blumea 55 (2010) 31, Fig. 2b, 3b, 4a, 6b1-b2; Map 3. Ricinocarpus angatensis (Blanco) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 2 (1891) 617. Neotype (Sagun, G.A.Levin & Welzen 2010): Merrill Species Blancoanae 333 (holo L; iso A, US), Philippines, Luzon, Bulacan, Angat.
Acalypha tomentosa Blanco, Fl. Filip. (1837) 750, non Sw. (Nov. Gen. Spec. Pl. Prod. , 1788, 99); Mόll.Arg. in DC., Prod. 15, 2 (1866) 888; Blanco, Fl. Filip. 3rd ed. (1879) 151. Ricinocarpus philippinensis Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 2 (1891) 617. Type: None designated.
Acalypha grandis Benth. var. velutina Mόll.Arg., Flora 47 (1864) 441; Linnaea 34 (1865) 10; in DC., Prod. 15, 2 (1866) 608; Fern.-Vill., Nov. App. 4 (1880) 193; S.Vidal, Phan. Cuming. Philipp. (1885) 143; Merr., Philipp. J. Sci. Bot. 3 (1908) 417; Philipp. J. Sci. Bot. 5 (1910) 357; Pax & K.Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenr. IV.147.xvi (1924) 150. Acalypha amentacea Roxb. var. velutina (Mόll.Arg.) Fosberg in Fosberg & Sachet, Smithson. Contrib. Bot. 45 (1980) 10; Govaerts, Frodin & Radcl.-Sm., World Checkl. Bibliogr. Euphorb. (2000) 48. Type: Cuming 1159 (holo G-DC; iso A, BM, K, L, LE), Philippines, Luzon.
Acalypha akoensis Hayata, J. Coll. Sci. Imp. Univ. Tokyo 30 (1911) 266; Icon. Pl. Formos. 9 (1920) 100, in obs.; H.Keng, Taiwania 6 (1955) 31; T.C.Huang, Fl. Taiwan 3 (1993) 416. Acalypha grandis Benth. var. akoensis (Hayata) Hurus., J. Fac. Sci. Univ. Tokyo, Secti. III, Bot. 6 (1954) 300; Govaerts, Frodin & Radcl.-Sm., World Checkl. Bibliogr. Euphorb. (2000) 46; T.C.Huang, Fl. Taiwan 6 (2003) 68. Type: Nakahara 537 (holo TI), Taiwan (Formosa), Ako, Kotansho.
Acalypha formosana Hayata, J. Coll. Sci. Imp. Univ. Tokyo 30 (1911) 267; H.Keng, Taiwania 6 (1955) 31. Acalypha grandis Benth. var. formosana (Hayata) Hurus., J. Fac. Sci. Univ. Tokyo, Secti. III, Bot. 6 (1954) 300. Type: Kawakami, Hayata & Mori 7085 (holo TI), Taiwan, Randaisan.
Acalypha longe-acuminata Hayata, Icon. Pl. Formos. 9 (1920) 100; H.Keng, Taiwania 6 (1955) 31; T.C.Huang, Fl. Taiwan 3 (1993) 421; Govaerts, Frodin & Radcl.-Sm., World Checkl. Bibliogr. Euphorb. (2000) 73; T.C.Huang, Fl. Taiwan 6 (2003) 68. Acalypha grandis Benth. var. longe-acuminata (Hayata) Hurus., J. Fac. Sci. Univ. Tokyo, Secti. III, Bot. 6 (1954) 300. Type: Soma s.n. (holo TI), Taiwan Ako, Naiho.
Large shrubs or small trees, 56 m tall, monoecious; flowering branches 1020 cm long, 35 mm diam. Indumentum velvety with simple recurved hairs. Stipules persistent, ovate to elliptic, boat-shaped, 1012 by 25 mm, densely hairy, without capitate trichomes. Leaves: petiole 410 cm long, with short velvety hairs, c. 0.25 mm long; blade ovate to elliptic, 1015 by 510 cm, length/width ratio 1.42.5, chartaceous; base emarginate; margin serrate to weakly crenate, teeth 12 by 25 mm, with a gland on tooth apex; apex acute; upper surface hairy, lower surface densely hairy with velvety indumentum, surfaces flat or slightly sunken between the veinlets; veins at base 3, upper secondaries 58 per side. Staminate inflorescences axillary, 1 per axil, spicate, in different axils than pistillate ones; peduncle 38 mm long, indumentum simple, of yellowish velvety hairs to 0.2 mm long; fertile portion 516 by 0.20.5 cm, internodes 12 mm long. Staminate flowers: bracts ovate, 0.50.75 by c. 0.5 mm, densely hairy outside, c. 0.25 mm long; pedicel 0.51 mm long, with straight hairs to 0.5 mm long; calyx 0.50.75 mm diam, sepals ovate to elliptic, 0.50.75 by c. 0.5 mm, with straight hairs to 0.5 mm long, midrib verrucate in distal half, apex acute; filaments c. 0.25 mm long, thecae c. 0.25 by 0.1 mm. Pistillate inflorescences axillary or terminal, solitary, straight, spicate, many-flowered, in different axils than staminate ones; peduncle 825 mm long, indumentum velvety with simple recurved hairs to 1 mm long; fertile portion 911 by 0.31 cm, internodes 34 mm long. Pistillate flowers c. 1 mm diam; 1 or 2 per bract; bract stipules elliptic, 0.751 by 0.20.3 mm; bracts sessile, 34 by 45 mm, foliaceous, accrescent, strongly veined outside, without dots, densely hairy outside, with short capitate trichomes, glabrous inside, teeth 13, apical and lateral teeth 11.5 by 0.751 mm, apices acute; pedicel 0(0.5) mm long; calyx c. 1 mm diam, sepals 3, ovate to elliptic, c. 1 by 0.5 mm, hairy outside, without verrucae, glabrous inside, hairy on margins with some capitate trichomes; ovary globose, c. 1 by 1 mm, trilocular; stigmas 3, 23 mm long, each divided 811 times, smooth. Bisexual inflorescences like the staminate ones, but terminated by a single, ebracteate pistillate flower, much more common than truly staminate inflorescences. Fruits globose, c. 2 by 2 mm, verrucate, distal half covered with bulbous-based trichomes, columella c. 1 mm long. Allomorphic fruits unknown. Seeds prolate, c. 1.5 by 1 mm.
Distribution Taiwan, Malesia: Philippines.
Habitat & Ecology Secondary forest; riversides.
Notes 1. Key characters include yellowish velvety hairs, shortly pedunculate inflorescences and bisexual inflorescences usually terminated by a single pistillate ebracteate flower; completely staminate inflorescences are rare (see note 1 under A. grandibracteata and note 2 under A. pulogensis).
2. Ramos BS 44392 from Sulu, Philippines, is the only specimen of this species from outside the North Luzon-Taiwan cluster.
3. The specific epithet refers to type locality of Angat, Bulacan Province, Philippines.
Acalypha argentii Sagun & G.A.Levin, Blumea 52 (2007) 351; Sagun, G.A.Levin & Welzen, Blumea 55 (2010) 33, Map 4. Type: Meijer 10198 (holo L; iso A, BO, KY, MO, US), Indonesia, Sulawesi, Kulasi near Palu.
Herbaceous annuals, c. 0.4 m tall, monoecious; flowering branches c. 40 cm long, 24 mm diam. Indumentum velvety, with simple recurved hairs. Stipules persistent, elliptic, 35 by 0.20.5 mm, with capitate trichomes of c. 0.1 mm long. Leaves: petiole 540 mm long, with simple straight hairs of 0.50.75 mm long; blade ovate to elliptic, 25.4 by 12.7 cm, length/ width ratio 1.62, chartaceous; base acute to obtuse; margin serrate, teeth c. 1 by 12.5 mm, with a gland on tooth tip; apex acute to acuminate; upper surface pubescent, hairs on lamina 0.251 mm long, straight; lower surface densely pubescent; veins at base 3, upper secondaries c. 4 per side. Exclusively staminate and pistillate inflorescences absent. Bisexual inflorescences axillary, 1 per axil, spicate, sometimes branched and the branches spicate; peduncle 815 mm long, sometimes with a single pistillate flower at the base, indumentum of simple recurved hairs of 0.20.5 mm long; fertile portion 50150 by 510 mm, pistillate below and staminate above, simple to 2- or 3-branched, branches 715 mm apart, subtended by persistent bracts, latter elliptic, 25 by 0.20.5 mm; pistillate portion 2270 by 710 mm, internodes 210 mm long; staminate portion 2035 by c. 2 mm, internodes 0.50.1 mm long. Staminate flowers: bracts elliptic, c. 1 by 0.25 mm, with sparse hairs of 0.2 mm long outside; pedicel 0.50.75 mm long, with straight hairs of 0.10.5 mm long; calyx 0.50.75 mm diam, sepals ovate, c. 0.5 by 0.3 mm, with straight hairs of c. 0.2 mm long, midrib sparsely verrucate in upper half, apex acute; filaments c. 0.25 mm long, thecae c. 0.25 by 0.1 mm. Pistillate flowers 1 or 2 per bract; bract stipules elliptic 0.20.5 by c. 0.2 mm; bracts sessile, 5.56 by 67 mm, strongly veined outside, with dots, densely hairy outside, sparsely hairy inside, with simple trichomes of 0.51 mm long, sometimes with solitary capitate trichomes of c. 0.1 mm long on bract tooth apex and sinus, teeth 15, the apical tooth c. 2 by 1.52 mm, lateral teeth 0.751 by 0.51 mm, apices acute; pedicel 0(0.3) mm long; calyx 11.5 mm diam, 3- (or 4-)lobed, sepals ovate to elliptic, c. 1 by 0.25 mm, densely hairy on margins with sparse verrucae on upper half of midrib; ovary globose to oblate, c. 0.5 by 0.75 mm, trilocular; stigmas 3, 3.54 mm long, each divided 46 times, smooth. Fruits not seen. Allomorphic fruits unknown.
Distribution Endemic in Central Sulawesi (area of Kulasi near Palu).
q = A.
argentii; m =
A. balgooyii,
Μ
= A. capillipes;
’
= A. floresensis;5=
A. phyllonomifolia;
=
= A. spectabilis; u
= A. stenophylla;
«=
A. zollingeri.
Habitat & Ecology Flowering: May. Altitude 700800 m.
Notes 1. Similar to the widespread A. lanceolata Willd. var. lanceolata, but hairy all over with velvety leaves, spicate to paniculate inflorescences with longer more robust staminate portions, and female bracts that are larger and very hairy. A. lanceolata Willd. var. lanceolata has practically glabrous leaves, spicate inflorescences that are never branched and with short staminate portions, the pistillate bracts are comparatively smaller and only sparsely hairy. Acalypha argentii is a rare species from Central Sulawesi and known only from the type collection.
2. The specific epithet is assigned in honour of Dr. George Argent, former head of Tropical Botany at the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, who has done extensive floristic work in Malesia, particularly in Indonesia and the Philippines.
Acalypha australis L., Sp. Pl. (1753) 1004; Spec. Pl. ed. 2, 2 (1763) 1424; Syst. Nat. 13 (1770) 634; Syst. Veg. (1774) 721; Murray, Syst. Veg. (1784) 863; Willd., Sp. Pl. 4 (1805) 530; Poir., Encycl. Mιth. Bot., Suppl. 4 (1816) 685; Spreng., Syst. Veg. 4 (1827) 315; D.Dietr., Syn. Pl. 5 (1852) 376; F.B.Forbes & Hemsl., J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 26 (1894) 437; Diels. Bot. Jahrb. 29 (1900) 429; Hayata, J. Coll. Sci. Imp. Univ. Tokyo 20 (1904) 50; Merr., Philipp. J. Sci. Bot. 5 (1910) 192; Pamp., Nuovo Giorn. Bot. Ital. 17 (1910) 408; Merr., Enum. Philipp. Fl. Pl. 2 (1923) 445; Pax & K.Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenr. IV.147.xvi (1924) 35; Merr., Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc., New Ser. 24 (1935) 238; Hurus., J. Fac. Sci. Univ. Tokyo, Secti. III, Bot. 6 (1954) 298; H.Keng, Taiwania 6 (1955) 31; C.F.Hsieh in H.L.Li, Fl. Taiwan (1977) 441; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 35 (1980) 584; Alphab. Enum. Euphorb. Philipp. Isl. (1983) 2; S.F.Huang & T.C.Huang, Taiwania 36 (1991) 82; T.C.Huang, Fl. Taiwan 3 (1993) 416; Govaerts, Frodin & Radcl.-Sm., World Checkl. Bibliogr. Euphorb. (2000) 50; T.C.Huang, Fl. Taiwan 6 (2003) 68; Rani & N.P.Balakr., J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 31 (2007) 96; Sagun, G.A.Levin & Welzen, Blumea 55 (2010) 34, Fig. 2c; Map 5. Ricinocarpus australis (L.) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 2 (1891) 617. Lectotype (Airy Shaw 1980): Herb. Linn. No. 1139.5 (LINN), China.
Urtica gemina Lour., Fl. Cochin. (1790) 558; Fl. Cochin. 1 (1793) 682. Acalypha gemina (Lour.) Spreng., Syst. Veg. 3 (1826) 880. Acalypha gemina (Lour.) Spreng. var. genuina Mόll.Arg., Linnaea 34 (1865) 41, nom. inval.; in DC., Prod. 15, 2 (1866) 866. Type: Not located.
Acalypha sessilis Poir., Encycl. Mιth. Bot. 6 (1804) 204. Type: lHerbier de Jussieu (P n.v.).
Acalypha pauciflora Hornem., Enum. Pl. Horti Bot. Hafniensis (1807) 1; Willd., Enum. Pl. (1809) 992; Hornem., Hort. Reg. Bot. Hafn. 2 (1815) 909. Type: Herb. Vahl (holo C), China.
Acalypha chinensis Roxb., Fl. Ind.a, ed. 1832, 3 (1832) 677; Hook. & Arn., Bot. Capt. Beechey Voy. (1837) 213. Type: Roxburgh 2099 (holo K n.v.).
[Acalypha lanceolata Wall., Num. list (1828) n. 7789, nom. nud., non Willd., Sp. Pl. 4 (1805) 524.]
Acalypha australis L. var. lanceolata Hayata, J. Coll. Sci. Imp. Univ. Tokyo 20 (1904) 51; Fedde, Rep. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 1 (1906) 57. Acalypha australis L. forma lanceolata (Hayata) Hurus., J. Fac. Sci. Univ. Tokyo, Secti. III, Bot. 6 (1954) 298. Type: Makino s. n. (holo TI), Taiwan (Formosa), Kelung, anno 1876.
Acalypha virgata auct. non L.: Thunb., Fl. Jap. (1784) 268.
Herbaceous annuals, c. 0.35 m tall, monoecious; flowering branches 620 cm long, 12 mm diam. Indumentum sparsely hairy, with simple recurved hairs. Stipules persistent, elliptic, 0.51 by c. 0.2 mm, nearly glabrous. Leaves: petiole 220 by 0.51 mm long, with simple straight hairs to c. 0.5 mm long; blade narrowly elliptic, 2.53.5 by 0.61 cm, length/width ratio 35.8, chartaceous; base acute; margin weakly serrate, teeth 0.20.5 by 23 mm, with a gland on tooth tip; apex acute; upper surface nearly glabrous, hairs straight, 0.51 mm long; lower surface sparsely hairy with similar hairs; veins at base 3, upper secondaries 35 per side. Exclusively staminate and pistillate inflorescences absent. Bisexual inflorescences axillary, 1 per axil, spicate; peduncle 510 mm long, glabrous; fertile portion 1020 by 510 mm, pistillate below and staminate above; pistillate portion 1015 by 510 mm, internodes 35 mm long; staminate portion 35 by 1.52 mm, internodes 0.5 mm long. Staminate flowers: bracts ovate, c. 0.3 by 0.3 mm, glabrous; pedicel c. 0.2 mm long, glabrous; calyx 0.50.75 mm diam, sepals ovate, c. 0.5 by 0.3 mm, glabrous, midrib sparsely verrucate in upper half, apex acute; filaments c. 0.25 mm long, thecae c. 0.25 by 0.1 mm. Pistillate flowers c. 1 mm diam; up to 6 per bract; bract stipules elliptic, 0.20.3 by c. 0.2 mm; bracts sessile, ovate to elliptic, 810 by 79 mm, tapering on distal end, weakly veined outside, without dots, glabrous, teeth c. 15, the apical tooth 1.52 by 1.52 mm, lateral teeth c. 0.5 by 1.5 mm, apices acute to acuminate; pedicel 0(0.5) mm long; calyx c. 1 mm diam, sepals 3, ovate, c. 0.5 by 0.5 mm, glabrous; ovary globose, c. 1 by 1 mm, trilocular; stigmas 3, 3.54 mm long, each divided 46 times, smooth. Fruits globose to oblate, c. 2 by 2.5 mm, verrucate, distal half covered with bulbous-based trichomes, columella c. 1 mm long. Allomorphic fruits unknown. Seeds prolate, c. 1.5 by 1 mm.
Distribution Russia, China, Taiwan, Malesia: Philippines (Northern Luzon, Cagayan Province).
l
= A. australis; 5
= A. pulogensis
Habitat & Ecology Roadsides; open areas.
Notes 1. Acalypha australis is similar to A. zollingeri with its large pistillate bracts, but A. australis has narrowly elliptic leaves and pistillate bracts with a distinct acute apex. It also does not possess the yellow refringent sessile glands and stellate hairs of A. zollingeri. Furthermore, A. australis is an annual herb whereas A. zollingeri is a shrub.
2. A widespread weed in East Asia, but known in the Philippines only from a single collection, Ramos 7800. This specimen has narrowly elliptic leaves and was considered a separate variety or forma from the ovate-leaved species commonly found in East Asia (Hayata 1904, Honda 1931). Differences in leaf width might be attributed to the varying light conditions in habitat, where narrow-leaved specimens tend to grow in light intense areas. No infraspecific categories in A. australis are therefore recognized in this revision.
3. See note 1 under A. indica.
4. The specific epithet refers to south, perhaps southern China, the type locality for the species.
Acalypha balgooyi Sagun & G.A.Levin, Blumea 52 (2007) 353; Sagun, G.A.Levin & Welzen, Blumea 55 (2010) 35, Map 4. Type: Nooteboom 5327 (holo L), Indonesia, NW Buru, N of Bara, Waeduna River.
Shrubs, c. 1 m tall, fertile branches exclusively staminate or with pistillate inflorescences, sometimes bearing some staminate flowers at their bases; flowering branches 3036 cm long, 23 mm diam, subglabrous. Indumentum nearly absent except simple straight hairs on young parts. Stipules caducous, ovate to elliptic, 1.752 by 0.30.5 mm, midrib hairy, with short stalked trichomes. Leaves: petiole 13 cm long, with short sparse straight hairs of c. 0.5 mm long; blade elliptic, 612 by 1.53 cm, length/width ratio 44.5, chartaceous; base obtuse to acute; margin crenate, teeth 0.51 by 45 mm, with a gland on tooth tip; apex acuminate; upper and lower surfaces glabrous, flat or slightly sunken between the veinlets; veins at base 3, upper secondaries 79 per side. Staminate inflorescences axillary, 1 per axil, spicate; peduncle 47 mm long, indumentum simple straight hairs to 0.2 mm long; fertile portion 25100 by 1.52 mm, internodes 11.5 mm long; sometimes a cluster of staminate flowers present in same axil as pistillate inflorescence. Staminate flowers: bracts elliptic, c. 0.75 by 0.250.3 mm, with dense hairs to 0.10.25 mm long outside, apex with gland; pedicel 0.50.75 mm long, with straight hairs to 0.2 mm long; calyx 0.50.75 mm diam, sepals ovate, c. 0.5 by 0.25 mm, with straight hairs to 0.10.2 mm long, midrib verrucate in distal half, apex acute; filaments c. 0.25 mm long, thecae c. 0.25 by 0.1 mm. Pistillate inflorescences axillary, 1 per axil, spicate; peduncle 12 cm long, indumentum nearly absent; fertile portion pseudoscorpioid, 2540 by 47 mm, internodes 712 mm long. Pistillate flowers 11.5 mm diam; 1 per bract; bract stipules elliptic, c. 0.75 by 0.2 mm; bracts sessile, 56 by 811 mm, strongly veined outside, with dots, nearly glabrous outside and inside, with capitate trichomes to 0.1 mm long on margin, teeth 911, apical tooth 23 by 1.52 mm, lateral teeth 0.751.5 by 0.751 mm, apices acute; pedicel absent; calyx 11.5 mm diam, sepals 3, ovate, c. 0.75 by 0.75 mm, sparsely hairy outside with no verrucae, glabrous inside; ovary globose to oblate, c. 1 by 1 mm, trilocular; stigmas 3, 35 mm long, each divided 79 times, smooth. Bisexual inflorescences absent. Fruits globose to oblate, c. 2.5 by 3.5 mm, verrucate, distal half covered with inconspicuous trichomes, columella 1.51.75 mm long. Allomorphic fruits unknown. Seeds prolate, c. 2 by 1.5 mm.
Distribution Endemic in Malesia: Moluccas (NW Buru).
q =
A. argentii;
m =
A. balgooyii, Μ
= A. capillipes;
’
= A. floresensis;5=
A. phyllonomifolia;
=
= A. spectabilis; u
= A. stenophylla;
«=
A. zollingeri.
Habitat & Ecology Riverine forest; in river valley with steep slopes; limestone mixed with gravel and stones. Flowering: November. Altitude 100300 m.
Notes 1. Acalypha balgooyi is endemic to Buru and is similar to A. hainanensis Merr. & Chun in terms of having elliptic leaves with crenate margins, but differs in its exclusively staminate inflorescences and pseudoscorpioid pistillate inflorescences, and the presence of a few staminate flowers in some leaf axils that bear pistillate inflorescences. Unlike A. hainanensis, A. balgooyi does not exhibit pistillate flowers at the base of the predominantly staminate inflorescences.
2. A paratype is assigned: Van Balgooy 4861 (holo L; iso A, BO, KY, MO, US), Indonesia, NW Buru, SE of Bara, Waeduna River.
3. The specific epithet is assigned in honour of M.M.J. van Balgooy, one of the worlds experts on Malesian plants.
Acalypha brachystachya Hornem., Enum. Pl. Horti Bot. Hafniensis (1807) 1; Willd., Enum. Pl. (1809) 992; Hornem., Hort. Reg. Bot. Hafn. 2 (1815) 909; Poir., Encycl. Mιth. Bot., Suppl. 4 (1816) 685; Spreng., Syst. Veg. 3 (1826) 880; D.Dietr., Syn. Pl. 5 (1852) 376; Mόll.Arg. in DC., Prod. 15, 2 (1866) 870; Hook.f., Fl. Br. India 5 (1887) 416; F.B.Forbes & Hemsl., J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 26 (1894) 437; Pamp., Nuovo Giorn. Bot. Ital. 17 (1910) 408; J.J.Sm. in Koord. & Val., Meded. Depart. Landb. Nederl.-Ind. 10 (1910) 756; Koord., Exkursionsfl. Java 2 (1912) 498; Pax & K.Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenr. IV.147.xvi (1924) 101; Koord.-Schum., Syst. Verz. 1 (1913) 67; De Wild., Pl. Bequaert. 3 (1926) 488; Backer & Bakh.f., Fl. Java 1 (1963) 489; Radcl.-Sm., Kew Bull. 28 (1973) 526, f. 1A; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 36 (1981) 247; Kew Bull. 37 (1982) 2; S.F.Huang & T.C.Huang, Taiwania 36 (1991) 83; T.C.Huang, Fl. Taiwan 3 (1993) 419; Fl. Taiwan 6 (2003) 68; Rani & N.P.Balakr., J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 31 (2007) 96; Ngerns. & Chayamarit in Chayamarit & Welzen, Fl. Thailand 8, 1 (2005) 24; Sagun, G.A.Levin & Welzen, Blumea 55 (2010) 35, Fig. 2d, 4b; Map 6. Ricinocarpus brachystachyus (Hornem.) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 2 (1891) 617. Type: Herb. Hornemann (holo C), China.
Acalypha conferta Roxb., Fl. Ind., ed. 1832, 3 (1832) 686. Type: Roxburgh 2550/2557 (holo K, n.v.).
[Acalypha calyciformis Wight ex Wall., Num. list (1828) n. 7786, nom. nud. Representative specimen: Wall. Cat. 7786C (LE, NY), India.]
[Acalypha fissa Wall., Num. list (1828) n. 7786B, nom. nud. Representative specimen: Wall. Cat. 7786B (LE), India.]
[Tragia tenuis Wall., Num. list (1828) n. 7787, nom. nud. Representative specimen: Wall. Cat. 7787 (n.v.), India.]
Nanocnide closii H.Lιv. & Vaniot, Bull. Soc. Bot. France 51 (1904) cxliv. Type: Cavalerie 2732 (holo E), China, Kouy-Tchιou, Environs de Tou-chau, September 1899.
Herbaceous annuals, 0.20.45 m tall, monoecious; flowering branches 515 cm long, 13 mm diam. Indumentum sparsely hairy, denser on young parts, with simple recurved hairs. Stipules persistent, elliptic, 0.51 by c. 0.25 mm, sparsely hairy. Leaves: petiole 695 mm long, with simple recurved hairs of c. 1 mm long; blade ovate to elliptic, 35.5 by 1.23.5 cm, length/width ratio 1.62.5, chartaceous; base obtuse to emarginate; margin serrate, teeth 12 by 28 mm, with a gland on tooth tip; apex acute to acuminate; upper surface sparsely hairy, hairs on lamina straight, 0.51.5 mm long, hairs on nerves short, recurved; lower surface nearly glabrous, with few hairs of 0.51 mm long, slightly denser on midrib and veins; veins at base 3, upper secondaries 35 per side. Exclusively staminate and pistillate inflorescences absent. Bisexual inflorescences axillary, 14 per axil, spicate; peduncle 2.59 mm long, indumentum of simple straight hairs with sparse capitate trichomes of 0.10.5 mm long; fertile portion 750 by 410 mm, pistillate below and staminate above; pistillate portion 525 by 312 mm, internodes 1.55 mm long; staminate portion 317 by 1 mm, internodes 0.51.5 mm long. Staminate flowers: bracts ovate, c. 0.5 by 0.25 mm, hairy on margins; pedicel 0.20.75 mm long, hairy; calyx 0.50.75 mm diam, sepals ovate, 0.30.5 by c. 0.2 mm, glabrous to sparsely hairy, midrib verrucate in distal half, apex acute; filaments c. 0.25 mm long, thecae c. 0.2 by 0.1 mm long. Pistillate flowers 0.50.75 mm diam; 46 per bract, maturing singly or doubly; bract stipules not seen; bracts sessile, 3.57 by 511 mm, weakly veined outside, without dots, sparsely hairy outside with hairs of 0.250.5 mm long, with capitate trichomes of 0.51 mm long, glabrous inside, lobes 35, apical and lateral lobes 36 by 0.751 mm, apices acute; pedicel 00.3 mm long; calyx 0.50.75 mm diam, sepals 3, ovate, 0.51 by 0.250.5 mm, sparsely hairy on margins with verrucae in upper half of midrib; ovary globose to ellipsoid, 0.30.5 by c. 0.3 mm, trilocular; stigmas 3, 12 mm long, each divided 4 or 5 times, smooth. Fruits 11.5 by 1.52 mm, verrucate, distal half covered with trichomes of 0.61 mm long, lower half with sparse hairs of 0.2 mm long; columella 0.50.75 mm long. Allomorphic fruits terminal, pedicel 0.50.75 mm long, indumentum simple, sparse; mericarp obovoid, 12 by 13 mm, ribbed, longitudinally sutured, distally with 2 opposite whorled, basally fused fringes whorls distally, fringes sometimes fused to form 1 whorl, fringes c. 1 by 1.5 mm, longer than half of mericarp length, proximal end of mericarp not fringed, hairs simple on ribs and fringes; stigma 0.51 mm long, 2 or 3 times divided. Seeds prolate, 0.751.5 by 0.51 mm.
Distribution Africa, India, China, Taiwan, Malesia: Sumatra, Java, Lesser Sunda Is.
Notes 1. Acalypha brachystachya bears superficial similarity to A. lanceolata var. lanceolata and A. indica, which are also weedy annuals, but it is distinct by its deeply lobed pistillate bracts. A. lanceolata var. lanceolata has shallowly toothed pistillate bracts, whereas A. indica has obtuse to subentire pistillate bracts. Allomorph morphology also differs among the three species. The allomorphs of A. brachystachya have lateral fringes that appear fused forming a single distal fringe, whereas the two other species exhibit distinctly separate lateral fringes. See also note 1 under A. indica.
2. Acalypha supera Forssk. (Fl. Aegypt.-Arab., 1775, 162) is interpreted by Govaerts et al. (2000) from its description as synonymous with A. brachystachya, as it is an older name it should have priority over brachystachya. However, the description is vague and no type was designated nor can any original material be found, so we are proposing that this name should be rejected (Sagun in prep.).
3. The specific epithet refers to the usually short inflorescences.
Acalypha capillipes Mόll.Arg., Linnaea 34 (1865) 40; in DC., Prod. 15, 2 (1866) 823; P.I.Forst., Austrobaileya 4 (1994) 212; Govaerts, Frodin & Radcl.-Sm., World Checkl. Bibliogr. Euphorb. (2000) 54; Sagun, G.A.Levin & Welzen, Blumea 55 (2010) 36, Fig. 2e, 6c1-c2; Map 4. Ricinocarpus capillipes (Mόll.Arg.) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 2 (1891) 617. Lectotype (Forster 1994): Beckler 19 (holo MEL; iso G-DC, K), Australia, New South Wales.
Acalypha spinescens Benth., Hookers Icon. Pl. 13 (1879) 72, t. 1291; P.I.Forst., Austrobaileya 4 (1994) 214. Type: Riedel s.n. (holo K; iso L), Indonesia, Sulawesi, Gorontalo.
Shrubs, 11.5 m tall, monoecious; flowering branches 615 cm long, 24 mm diam, with axillary spines of 711 by c. 1 mm. Indumentum sparsely hairy, denser on young parts, with simple recurved hairs. Stipules persistent, ovate to elliptic, c. 0.75 by 0.50.75 mm, midrib hairy, without capitate trichomes. Leaves: petiole 24 mm long, with sparse straight hairs of 0.20.3 mm long; blade ovate to elliptic, 1.33.5 by 0.52 cm, length/width ratio 1.83, chartaceous; base emarginate to cuneate; margin entire in lower 1/3 and crenate above, teeth 12 by 26 mm, with a gland on tooth tip; apex acute to obtuse, without drip-tip; upper surface glabrous, lower surface sparsely hairy, both surfaces flat or slightly sunken between the veinlets; veins at base 3, upper secondaries 4 or 5 per side. Staminate inflorescences axillary, solitary, 1 per axil, spicate; peduncle 11.5 mm long, sparsely hairy; fertile portion 620 by c. 0.5 mm, internodes 0.55 mm long. Staminate flowers: bracts ovate, c. 0.5 by 0.5 mm, sparsely hairy outside with straight hairs of c. 0.1 mm long; pedicel 0.50.75 mm long, with straight hairs of c. 0.2 mm long; calyx 0.50.75 mm diam, sepals ovate to elliptic, c. 0.5 by 0.2 mm, with straight hairs of c. 0.1 mm long, midrib verrucate in distal half, apex acute; filaments c. 0.2 mm long, thecae c. 0.25 by 0.1 mm. Pistillate inflorescences axillary, 1 per axil, straight, spicate; peduncle 1017 mm long, glabrous; fertile portion 12 cm long, bearing only 1 or 2 bracts, internodes c. 5 mm long. Pistillate flowers 11.5 mm diam; 1 or 2 per bract; bract stipules not seen; bracts sessile, 35 by 38 mm, apices acute, weakly veined outside, with dots, glabrous, teeth 1113, apical tooth c. 2 by 3 mm, lateral teeth c. 1 by 2 mm; pedicel absent; calyx 11.5 mm diam, sepals 3, ovate to elliptic, c. 1 by 0.5 mm, hairy outside, hairs 0.50.75 mm long, without verrucae, glabrous inside, margins with sparse hairs; ovary globose, c. 1 by 11.25 mm, trilocular, verrucate; stigmas 3, 23 mm long, each divided 810 times, smooth. Bisexual inflorescences absent. Fruits not seen. Allomorphic fruits unknown.
Distribution Malesia: Sulawesi; Australia (Queensland).
q =
A. argentii;
m =
A. balgooyii,
Μ
= A. capillipes; ’
= A. floresensis;5=
A. phyllonomifolia;
=
= A. spectabilis; u
= A. stenophylla;
«=
A. zollingeri.
Habitat & Ecology Dry, coastal areas.
Notes 1. Key characters include axillary spines and pistillate inflorescences with an elongated peduncle bearing one or two flowers. This species is similar to A. siamensis var. siamensis with its crenate leaf margins, but A. capillipes does not have the bisexual inflorescences and fruits with spiny appendages found in A. siamensis var. siamensis.
2. This is a species known primarily from north-eastern Australia, and there are only two collections of A. capillipes known from Malesia, on Gorontalo (North Sulawesi), and Moena (Central Sulawesi).
3. The specific epithet refers to the long, thin peduncle of the pistillate inflorescence.
Acalypha cardiophylla Merr., Philipp. J. Sci. 1, Suppl. 1 (1906) 80; Pax & K.Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenr. IV.147.xvi (1924) 141; Fosberg in Fosberg & Sachet, Smithson. Contrib. Bot. 45 (1980) 11; Sagun, G.A.Levin & Welzen, Blumea 55 (2010) 37, Fig. 5a, 6d1-d2; Map 7. Lectotype (Sagun, G.A. Levin & Welzen 2010): Merrill 2506 (holo SING; iso BM, G, GH, MO, US). Former syntype: Aherns collector 1249 (BM, G, US), Philippines, Luzon, Bataan, Lamao Forest.
Acalypha subcinerea Elmer, Leafl. Philipp. Bot. 7 (1915) 2631. Type: Elmer 13329 (holo PNH; iso BM, BO, G, L, MO, NY, U), Philippines, Mindanao, Agusan, Cabadbaran, Mt Urdaneta.
Acalypha suirebiensis Yamam., J. S. Trop. Agric. 5 (1933) 178; H.Keng, J. Washington Acad. Sci. 41 (1951) 205; Taiwania 6 (1955) 32; T.C.Huang, Fl. Taiwan 3 (1993) 422; Fl. Taiwan 6 (2003) 68. Type: Yamamoto 813 (holo TAI), Taiwan, Suirenbi, Kwarenko.
Acalypha hontauyuensis H.Keng, J. Washington Acad. Sci. 41 (1951) 204; Hurus., J. Fac. Sci. Univ. Tokyo, Secti. III, Bot. 6 (1954) 301; H.Keng, Taiwania 6 (1955) 31; T.C.Huang, Fl. Taiwan 3 (1993) 419; Govaerts, Frodin & Radcl.-Sm., World Checkl. Bibliogr. Euphorb. (2000) 67; T.C.Huang, Fl. Taiwan 6 (2003) 68. Lectotype (Sagun, G.A.Levin & Welzen 2010): Hosokawa 8047 (holo TAI). Former syntype: Hosokawa 8165 (TAI), Taiwan, Hontauyu (Botel Tobago), 16 July 1935.
Acalypha caturus auct. non Blume: Merr., Enum. Philipp. Fl. Pl. 2 (1923) 445; H.Keng, Taiwania 6 (1955) 31; Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euphorb. Philipp. Isl. (1983) 2; T.C.Huang, Fl. Taiwan 3 (1993) 419; Govaerts, Frodin & Radcl.-Sm., World Checkl. Bibliogr. Euphorb. (2000) 55 pro syn.; T.C.Huang, Fl. Taiwan 6 (2003) 68.
Large shrubs or small trees, 312 m tall, monoecious; flowering branches 2030 cm long, 37 mm diam, glabrous. Indumentum sparsely hairy, denser on young parts, with simple recurved hairs. Stipules persistent, broadly ovate to elliptic, 38 by 24 mm, apex acute, with velvety hairs, without capitate trichomes. Leaves: petiole 515 cm long, glabrous; blade ovate to cordate, 920 by 717 cm, length/width ratio 1.11.4, chartaceous; base acute to cordate; margin subentire to weakly crenate, teeth 13 by 25 mm, without a gland on tooth tip; apex acute; upper surface glabrous, lower surface sparsely hairy, surfaces flat or slightly sunken between the veinlets; veins at base 3, upper secondaries 57 per side. Staminate inflorescences axillary, 1 or 2 per axil, spicate; peduncle 515 mm long, glabrous; fertile portion 830 by 24 cm, internodes 14 mm long. Staminate flowers: bracts ovate to elliptic, 0.20.5 by c. 0.1 mm, with sparse hairs outside; pedicel 0.51 mm long, nearly glabrous; calyx 11.5 mm diam, sepals ovate to elliptic, c. 1 by 0.75 mm, with straight hairs to 0.25 mm long, midrib verrucate in distal half, apex acute; filaments c. 0.25 mm long, thecae c. 0.25 by 0.1 mm. Pistillate inflorescences axillary, 1 per axil, spicate, straight, laxly many-flowered, rachis visible, in different axils than staminate ones; peduncle 510 mm long, indumentum of short velvety hairs; fertile portion 1225 by 0.51 cm, internodes 510 mm long. Pistillate flowers 1.52 mm diam; 1 per bract; bract stipules not seen; bracts sessile, 12 by 34 mm, chartaceous, non-accrescent, weakly veined outside, without dots, with velvety hairs outside, glabrous inside, lobes 3, apical and lateral lobes 0.51 by 0.51 mm, apices acute; pedicel absent; calyx 1.52 mm diam, sepals 3, ovate, c. 1 by 1 mm, hairy outside without verrucae, glabrous inside; ovary globose, c. 2 by 2 mm, trilocular; stigmas 3, 23 mm long, each more than 20 times divided, base hairy. Bisexual inflorescences like the staminate ones but with a single pistillate flower at the base, much more common than truly staminate inflorescences. Fruits globose to oblate, 33.5 by 2.53 mm, verrucate, each locule with a longitudinal ridge covered with velvety hairs, columella c. 2 mm long. Allomorphic fruits unknown. Seeds globose, c. 2 by 2 mm.
Distribution Taiwan, Malesia: Borneo, Philippines.
Habitat & Ecology Open fields; secondary growth; semiopen forest.
Vernacular names Philippines: Candilla (Cebuano)
Uses Leaves applied for headache (PNH (Frake) 38322).
Notes 1. Key characters include 3-partite, non-accrescent pistillate bracts, and 3-locular fruits with septal thickenings. This species is similar to A. longispica and A. caturus, and a number of authors have subsumed A. cardiophylla into A. caturus. All three species have 3-partite, non-accrescent pistillate bracts, neither A. caturus nor A. longispica has densely hairy longitudinal ridges on the fruit, and A. caturus has bilocular fruits.
2. The variety A. cardiophylla Merr. var. ponapensis (Kaneh. & Hatus.) Fosberg (in Fosberg & Sachet 1980) occurs in Pohnpei, in the Caroline Islands.
3. The specific epithet refers to the cordate leaves.
Acalypha caturus Blume, Bijdr. (1825) 629; Miq., Fl. Nederl. Indiλ: 1, 2 (1859) 406; Baill., Adansonia 2 (1862) 224; Mόll. Arg. in DC., Prod. 15, 2 (1866) 805; Scheffer, Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat. 4 (1869) 121; Stapf, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, Bot. 4 (1894) 225; Boerl., Fl. Nederl. Indiλ 1 (1900) 286; J.J.Sm. in Koord. & Val., Meded. Depart. Landb. Nederl.-Ind. 10 (1910) 510; Koord.-Schum., Syst. Verz. 1 (1913) 67; Syst. Verz. 3 (1914) 71; Hutch. in L.S.Gibbs, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 4 (1914) 135; Merr., Bibliogr. Enum. Born. Pl. (1921) 343; Enum. Philipp. Fl. Pl. 2 (1923) 445; Pax & K.Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenr. IV.147.xvi (1924) 141; S.Moore, J. Bot. 63, suppl. (1925) 101; Merr., Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 1 (1929) 160; Holth. & H.J.Lam, Blumea 5 (1942) 199; Backer & Bakh. f., Fl. Java 1 (1963) 489; Whitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 51; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull, Addit. Ser. 4 (1975) 23; Kew Bull. 36 (1981) 247; Kew Bull. 37 (1982) 3; Govaerts, Frodin & Radcl.-Sm., World Checkl. Bibliogr. Euphorb. (2000) 55; Sagun, G.A.Levin & Welzen, Blumea 55 (2010) 38, Fig. 5b-c, 6e1-f2; Map 8. Ricinocarpus caturus (Blume) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 2 (1891) 615. Lectotype (Sagun, G.A.Levin & Welzen 2010): Blume 2130 (L, barcodes L0240994, L0241027, L0241031), Indonesia, Greater Sunda Is., Java, Mt Salak.
Acalypha minahassae Koord., Meded. Lands Plantent. 19 (1898) 579; Boerl., Fl. Nederl. Indiλ 1 (1900) 286; K.Schum., Justs Bot. Jahresber. 6 (01) 348; Koord.-Schum., Syst. Verz. 1 (1912) 2. Type: Koorders 16785 (BO), Sulawesi (Celebes).
Acalypha similis Koord., Meded. Lands Plantent. 19 (1898) 579; Boerl., Fl. Nederl. Indiλ 1 (1900) 286; K.Schum., Justs Bot. Jahresber. 6 901) 348. Typus: None designated .
[Acalypha caturus forma angustifolia J.J.Sm. in Koord. & Val., Meded. Depart. Landb. Nederl.-Ind. 10 (1910) 511, nom. nud. ]
Acalypha cinnamomifolia Pax & K.Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenr. IV.147.xvi (1924) 142; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull., Addit. Ser. 8 (1980) 15; Kew Bull. 37 (1982) 3; Govaerts, Frodin & Radcl.-Sm., World Checkl. Bibliogr. Euphorb. (2000) 56. Type: Schlechter 17982 (holo B; iso G, K?, L), Papua New Guinea, Kaiser Wilhelmsland, Finisterre.
Acalypha cinnamomifolia Pax & K.Hoffm. var. induta Airy Shaw, Kew Bull., Addit. Ser. 8 (1980) 15; Govaerts, Frodin & Radcl.-Sm., World Checkl. Bibliogr. Euphorb. (2000) 56. Type: Stevens LAE 55670 (holo K; iso A, L), Papua New Guinea, Milne Bay District, Raba Raba subdistrict.
Acalypha wilkesiana auct. non Mόll.Arg.: Koord., Meded. Lands Plantent. 19 (1898) 579.
Large shrubs or small trees, 710 m tall, monoecious; flowering branches 820 cm long, 48 mm diam, nearly glabrous to velvety. Indumentum sparsely hairy, denser on young parts, with simple straight hairs. Stipules persistent, ovate to elliptic, 67 by 1.52 mm, hairy, without capitate trichomes. Leaves: petiole 312 cm long, with short velvety hairs of c. 0.25 mm long; blade ovate to elliptic, 916 by 710 cm, length/width ratio 1.21.6, chartaceous; base obtuse to acute; margin serrate to crenate, teeth 12 by 23 mm, with a gland on tooth tip; apex acute to acuminate; upper surface glabrous, lower surface sparsely to densely hairy, surfaces flat or slightly sunken between the veinlets; veins at base 3, upper secondaries 47 per side. Staminate inflorescences axillary, 1 per axil, spicate; peduncle 58 mm long, indumentum of simple velvety hairs; fertile portion 1024 by 24 cm, internodes 13 mm long. Staminate flowers: bracts ovate, c. 1 by 0.5 mm, outside with dense hairs of 0.20.3 mm long; pedicel 0.51 mm long, with straight hairs to 0.2 mm long; calyx 0.51 mm diam, sepals ovate to elliptic, c. 0.75 by 0.5 mm, glabrous, midrib not verrucate, apex acute; filaments c. 0.25 mm long, thecae c. 0.25 by 0.1 mm. Pistillate inflorescences axillary, solitary per axil, spicate, straight, laxly many-flowered (rachis visible); peduncle 58 mm long, indumentum velvety; fertile portion 1030 by 0.51 cm, internodes 25 mm long. Pistillate flowers 1.52 mm diam; 1 per bract; bract stipules not seen; bracts sessile, 12 by 34 mm, chartaceous, non-accrescent, densely hairy outside, without dots, glabrous inside, lobes 3, apical and lateral lobes 0.751 by 0.5 mm, apices acute; pedicel absent; calyx 1.52 mm diam, sepals 3, ovate to narrowly elliptic, 11.5 by c. 0.5 mm, hairy outside with no verrucae, glabrous inside; ovary globose, c. 1 by 1 mm, bilocular; stigmas 2, 33.5 mm long, each divided 610 times, smooth. Bisexual inflorescences absent. Fruits globose to oblate, c. 2 by 33.5 mm, verrucate, columella 1.52 mm long. Allomorphic fruits unknown. Seeds globose, c. 1.5 by 1.5 mm.
Distribution Malesia: Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Sulawesi, Lesser Sunda Is., Moluccas, Papua New Guinea.
Habitat & Ecology Primary and secondary forest, riverine forest, often on limestone and along rivers, also in open or cleared areas.
Vernacular names Sulawesi: Membea hutan (Gorontalo); Abas (Central Sulawesi).
Notes 1. Key diagnostic characters include bilocular fruits and 3-partite non-accrescent pistillate bracts. This species is similar to A. cardiophylla var. cardiophylla and A. longispica (see note 1 under A. cardiophylla var. cardiophylla).
2. The type for A. cinnamomifolia (Schlechter 17982) is a peculiar specimen with long and sparsely branched stigmas, which rarely occur in Malesian Acalypha, but in all other characters considered it is scarcely different from A. caturus. Until more specimens are available that show consistent differences between A. cinnamomifolia and A. caturus, the former name is synonymized and not considered as distinct species.
3. See also note 1 under A. floresensis.
4. The specific epithet is after the genus Caturus L. (Euphorbiaceae), which was later subsumed into Acalypha.
Acalypha floresensis Sagun & G.A.Levin, Blumea 52 (2007) 356; Sagun, G.A.Levin & Welzen, Blumea 55 (2010) 39, . Map 4 Type: Loeters 1840 (holo L), Indonesia, Flores, Lesser Sunda Islands.
Shrubs or trees, only pistillate branches seen; flowering branches c. 15 cm long, c. 3 mm diam. Indumentum velvety, with simple recurved hairs. Stipules persistent, linear, c. 4 by 0.75 mm, with straight hairs of 0.50.75 mm long, without capitate trichomes. Leaves: petiole 36 cm long, with sparse straight hairs of c. 0.5 mm long; blade elliptic, 810.5 by 45.5 cm, length/width ratio 1.92, chartaceous; base slightly obtuse to acute; margin serrate, teeth 1.52 by 34 mm, without a gland on tooth tip; apex acuminate; upper surface glabrous, lower surface velvety, surfaces flat or slightly sunken between the veinlets; veins at base 3, upper secondaries 6 or 7 per side. Staminate inflorescences and flowers unknown. Pistillate inflorescences axillary, 1 per axil, spicate, straight; peduncle 35 cm long, indumentum velvety with simple straight hairs of c. 0.25 mm long; fertile portion 70100 by 710 mm, many-flowered, internodes 511 mm long. Pistillate flowers 0.51 mm diam; 1 per bract; bract stipules not seen; bracts with a petiole 12 mm long, blade 45 by 56 mm, indistinctly veined outside, without dots, practically glabrous, lobes 1115, the apical lobe 1.52 by 1.52 mm, lateral lobes 1.52 by 12 mm, apices acute; pedicel absent; calyx 0.51 mm diam, sepals 3, ovate to elliptic, c. 1 by 0.75 mm, densely hairy on margins, otherwise glabrous outside and inside, verrucae absent; ovary globose to oblate, 0.51 by c. 1 mm, trilocular; stigmas 3, 56 mm long, each divided 914 times, smooth. Bisexual inflorescences unknown. Fruits globose to oblate, c. 2.5 by 3 mm, verrucate, distal half covered with trichomes, columella c. 1.75 mm long. Allomorphic fruits unknown. Seeds prolate, c. 2 by 1.75 mm.
Distribution Malesia: Lesser Sunda Islands (Flores).
q =
A. argentii;
m =
A. balgooyii,
Μ
= A. capillipes;
’
= A. floresensis;5=
A. phyllonomifolia;
=
= A. spectabilis; u
= A. stenophylla;
«=
A. zollingeri.
Notes 1. Acalypha floresensis, from Flores in the Lesser Sunda Islands, possesses distinctly petiolate pistillate bracts. This is a distinctive feature not found elsewhere in Malesian Acalypha or elsewhere in the genus in so far as we are aware. Airy Shaw (1982) was the first to notice the distinctiveness of the type specimen (Loeters 1840) and annotated it as Acalypha inter A. grandis et A. caturus fers intermedia. Acalypha floresensis resembles A. grandis Benth. in having velvety hairs on the lower side of the leaves and accrescent foliaceous pistillate bracts. The only similarity between A. floresensis and A. caturus is their ovate to elliptic leaves. Acalypha caturus is distinct by its bilocular fruits and non-accrescent pistillate bracts.
2. The specific epithet refers to the type locality, Flores Island in the Lesser Sunda Islands, Indonesia.
Acalypha grandibracteata Merr., Philipp. J. Sci. Bot. 5 (1910) 191; Enum. Philipp. Fl. Pl. 2 (1923) 445; Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euphorb. Philipp. Isl. (1983) 2; Govaerts, Frodin & Radcl.-Sm., World Checkl. Bibliogr. Euphorb. (2000) 65; Sagun, G.A.Levin & Welzen, Blumea 55 (2010) 42, Fig. 6g1-g2; Map 9. Type: Lectotype (Sagun, G.A.Levin & Welzen 2010): BS (Fenix) 3607 (PNH), Batanes Islands, Batan, Santo Domingo de Basco.
Acalypha kotoensis Hayata, Icon. Pl. Formos. 9 (1920) 99. Acalypha grandis Benth. var. kotoensis Hurus., J. Fac. Sci. Univ. Tokyo, Secti. III, Bot. 6 (1954) 300; Govaerts, Frodin & Radcl.-Sm., World Checkl. Bibliogr. Euphorb. (2000) 70. Type: Miyake s.n. (holo TI), Taiwan (Formosa), Kotosho.
Large shrubs or small trees, c. 7 m tall, monoecious; flowering branches 1015 cm long, 39 mm diam, velvety. Indumentum sparsely hairy, denser on young parts, with simple recurved hairs, 0.30.5 mm long. Stipules persistent, ovate to elliptic, 625 by 1.55 mm, with dense velvety hairs, without capitate trichomes. Leaves: petiole 415 cm long, with short velvety hairs of c. 0.25 mm long; blade ovate to broadly elliptic, 818 by 612 cm, length/width ratio 1.21.5, chartaceous; base obtuse to cordate; margin serrate to crenate, teeth 12 by 1.52 mm, with a gland on tooth tip; apex acute; upper and lower surfaces glabrous, flat or slightly sunken between the veinlets; veins at base 5, upper secondaries 68 per side. Staminate inflorescences axillary, 1 per axil, spicate; peduncle 57 mm long, indumentum of simple velvety hairs; fertile portion 712 by 23 cm, internodes 12 mm long. Staminate flowers: bracts elliptic, 0.751 by c. 0.3 mm, outside with dense hairs of 0.30.5 mm long; pedicel 0.51 mm long, with dense hairs to 0.5 mm long; calyx 0.50.75 mm diam, sepals ovate to elliptic, c. 0.75 by 0.2 mm, with straight hairs to 0.25 mm long, midrib not verrucate, apex acute; filaments c. 0.25 mm long, thecae c. 0.25 by 0.1 mm. Pistillate inflorescences axillary, 1 or 2 per axil, straight, spicate, many-flowered, in different axils than staminate ones; peduncle 415 mm long, indumentum hairy with simple recurved hairs to c. 0.5 mm long; fertile portion 69 by 0.60.8 cm, internodes 25 mm long. Pistillate flowers 11.5 mm diam; 1 or 2 per bract, maturing singly; bract stipules elliptic, 0.51 by c. 0.2 mm; bracts sessile, 45 by 56 mm, foliaceous, accrescent, strongly veined outside, without dots, sparsely hairy outside, with short capitate trichomes, glabrous inside, teeth 11, 11.5 by 0.51 mm, apices acute; pedicel absent; calyx 11.5 mm diam, sepals 3, elliptic, c. 1 by 0.5 mm, hairy outside without verrucae, glabrous inside; ovary globose, c. 1 by 1 mm, trilocular; stigmas 3, 23 mm long, each divided 68 times, smooth. Bisexual inflorescences absent. Fruits globose to oblate, c. 1.5 by 2 mm, verrucate, covered with bulbous-based trichomes, columella c. 1 mm long. Allomorphic fruits terminal, pedicel 610 mm long, with hairs of 0.51 mm long, ebracteate, ovary too young to measure (PNH (Mendoza) 76763, PPI (Reynoso) 6998). Seeds prolate, c. 1.5 by 1 mm.
Distribution Taiwan, Malesia: Philippines (Batanes Islands and Northern Luzon).
Notes 1. This species is similar to A. angatensis but different in having leaves that are 5-nerved at the base and almost orbicular. Acalypha grandibracteata also does not have the yellowish hairs of A. angatensis, and the otherwise staminate inflorescences do not terminate with a single ebracteate pistillate flower.
2. The specific epithet refers to the large pistillate bracts.
Acalypha grandis Benth., London J. Bot. 2 (1843) 232; Seem., Bonplandia 9 (1861) 258; Viti (1862) 441; Mόll. Arg., Flora 47 (1864) 441; Linnaea 34 (1865) 10; in DC., Prod. 15, 2 (1866) 806; Seem., Fl. Viti. (1867) 224; Engl., Bot. Jahrb. 7 (1886) 462; K.Schum., Bot. Jahrb. 9 (1888) 206; Warb., Bot. Jahrb. 13 (1891) 358; Pax & K.Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenr. IV.147.xvi (1924) 149; Fosberg, Lloydia 3 (1940) 114, pro nota; Hurus., J. Fac. Sci. Univ. Tokyo, Secti. III, Bot. 6 (1954) 300; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 26 (1972) 205; Kew Bull. 33 (1978) 73, in obs.; Kew Bull., Addit. Ser. 8 (1980) 16; ; Sagun, G.A.Levin & Welzen, Blumea 55 (2010) 42, Map 10. Ricinocarpus grandis (Benth.) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 2 (1891) 618. Acalypha amentacea Roxb. var. grandis (Benth.) Fosberg in Fosberg & Sachet, Smithson. Contrib. Bot. 45 (1980) 8. Type: Barclay s.n. (holo K), Fiji.
Acalypha consimilis Mόll.Arg. in DC., Prod. 15, 2 (1866) 807; Seem., Fl. Viti. (1867) 225. Ricinocarpus consimilis (Mόll.Arg.) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 2 (1891) 617. Type: United States Exploring Expedition s.n. (holo US), Fiji.
[Acalypha grandis Benth. forma atropurpurea Gilli, Ann. Naturhist. Mus. Wien 83 (1980) 436, nom. nud. Representative specimen: Gilli 544 (W), Papua New Guinea.]
Large shrubs or small trees, c. 2.5 m tall, monoecious; flowering branches 815 cm long, 49 mm diam, velvety. Indumentum sparsely hairy, denser on young parts, with simple straight hairs. Stipules persistent, elliptic to needle-like, 710 by 11.5 mm, hairy, without capitate trichomes. Leaves: petiole 1420 cm long, with straight hairs of c. 1 mm long; blade ovate to broadly elliptic, 1422 by 1121 cm, length/width ratio 1.11.3, chartaceous; base cordate to obtuse; margin serrate, teeth 12 by 37 mm, with a gland on tooth tip; apex acute to acuminate; upper surface glabrous, lower surface densely hairy, surfaces flat or slightly sunken between the veinlets; veins at base 5, upper secondaries 7 or 8 per side. Staminate inflorescences axillary, 1 per axil, spicate; peduncle 520 mm long, indumentum of simple velvety hairs; fertile portion 70120 by 35 mm, of constant width, internodes 35 mm long. Staminate flowers: bracts ovate, c. 1.5 by 0.5 mm, outside with dense hairs to 0.5 mm long; pedicel 0.51 mm long, with straight hairs to 0.2 mm long; calyx c. 1 mm diam, sepals ovate, c. 0. 5 by 0.5 mm, with straight hairs outside to 0.5 mm long, midrib verrucate in distal half, apex acute; filaments c. 0.25 mm long, thecae c. 0.25 by 0.1 mm. Pistillate inflorescences axillary, 1 per axil, straight, spicate, laxly many-flowered, internodes usually visible, in different axils than staminate ones; peduncle 0.86 mm long, indumentum velvety with simple straight hairs to 1 mm long; fertile portion 1021 by 11.5 cm, internodes 36 mm long. Pistillate flowers 11.5 mm diam; 1 or 2 per bract, maturing singly; bract stipules elliptic, c. 0.5 by 0.2 mm; bracts sessile, 46 by 78 mm, foliaceous, accrescent, strongly veined outside, without dots, hairy outside and inside with hairs to 0.5 mm long, teeth 911, apical tooth c. 2 by 2 mm, lateral teeth c. 1 by 1 mm, apices acute; pedicel absent; calyx 11.5 mm diam, sepals 3, elliptic, c. 1 by 0.5 mm, hairy outside without verrucae, glabrous inside; ovary globose, c. 2 by 2 mm, trilocular; stigmas 3, 23 mm long, each divided 68 times, base hairy. Bisexual inflorescences absent. Fruits globose to oblate, c. 2 by 2.5 mm, verrucate, hairy, with straight hairs only; columella 1.52 mm long. Allomorphic fruits unknown. Seeds prolate, c. 2 by 1.5 mm.
Distribution Malesia: Papua New Guinea; Solomon Is., Fiji, Caroline Is.
Notes 1. Key characters include leaves with five nerves at the base, long petioles that exceed the leaf blade length and narrowly elliptic or needle-like stipules. It is closely similar to A. subintegra in its leaf venation and needle-like stipules, but has serrate (vs subentire) leaves and shorter pistillate inflorescences.
2. The specific epithet probably refers to its habit or its large leaves.
Acalypha hellwigii Warb., Bot. Jahrb. 18 (1894) 198; K.Schum & Lauterb., Fl. Deutschen Schutzgeb. Sόdsee (1900) 402; Boerl., Fl. Nederl. Indiλ 1 (1900) 288; J.J.Sm., Nova Guinea 8 (1910) 239; Nova Guinea 8 (1912) 791; Gage, Nova Guinea 12 (1915) 481; Kalkman, Nova Guinea 15 (1963) 251, in obs; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull., Addit. Ser. 8 (1980) 16; Govaerts, Frodin & Radcl.-Sm., World Checkl. Bibliogr. Euphorb. (2000) 66; Sagun, G.A.Levin & Welzen, Blumea 55 (2010) 43, Fig. 3d; Map 11. Acalypha scandens Warb., Bot. Jahrb. 13 (1891) 359, non Benth. (Hooker J. Bot. .Misc. 6, 1854, 329), nom. inval. Acalypha scandens Warb. var. glabra Warb., Bot. Jahrb. 13 (1891) 359, nom. inval. Acalypha hellwigii Warb. var. glabra (Warb.) K.Schum. & Lauterb., Fl. Deutschen Schutzgeb. Sόdsee (1900) 402, nom. inval. Lectotype (Sagun, G.A.Levin & Welzen 2010): Lauterbach 629 (holo WRSL), Papua New Guinea, Sattelberg, Hopi. Former syntypes: Hellwig 395, 396, Kaiser Wilhelmsland, Finschhafen, am Waldrand; Hellwig 553, Sattelberg.
Acalypha scandens Warb. var. mollis Warb., Bot. Jahrb. 13 (1891) 360. Acalypha hellwigii Warb. var. mollis (Warb.) K.Schum. & Lauterb., Fl. Deutschen Schutzgeb. Sόdsee (1900) 402; Boerl., Fl. Nederl. Indiλ 1 (1900) 286; J.J.Sm., Nova Guinea 8 (1910) 239; Nova Guinea 12 (1915) 546; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull., Addit. Ser. 8 (1980) 17; Govaerts, Frodin & Radcl.-Sm., World Checkl. Bibliogr. Euphorb. (2000) 66. Lectotype (Sagun, G.A.Levin & Welzen 2010): Hellwig 163 (holo K; iso LE), Papua New Guinea, Kelana. Syntypes: Hellwig 508, Sattelberg, Wankewan; Lauterbach 1642, Kaiser Wilhelmsland, Finschhafen.
Acalypha sogerensis S.Moore, J. Bot. 61, suppl. (1923) 47. Type: Forbes PP 13 (holo BM; iso E, L), Papua New Guinea, Sogere.
Acalypha nematorhachis Lauterb. & K.Schum. in K.Schum. & Lauterb., Fl. Deutschen Schutzgeb. Sόdsee (1900) 402; Pax & K.Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenr. IV.147.xvi (1924) 168; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull., Addit. Ser. 8 (1980) 19; Govaerts, Frodin & Radcl.-Sm., World Checkl. Bibliogr. Euphorb. (2000) 77. Type: Lauterbach 605 (holo WRSL), New Guinea, Kaiser Wilhelmsland, Sattelberg.
Acalypha explorationis Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 33 (1978) 71; Kew Bull., Addit. Ser. 8 (1980) 16; Govaerts, Frodin & Radcl.-Sm., World Checkl. Bibliogr. Euphorb. (2000) 62. Type: Docters van Leeuwen 10509 (holo K; iso L), Indonesian New Guinea, North New Guinea, Exploration Camp.
Acalypha insulana auct. non Mόll.Arg.: Lauterb. & K.Schum. in K.Schum. & Lauterb., Fl. Deutschen Schutzgeb. Sόdsee 1900) 401, p.p.
Acalypha insulana var. pubescens auct. non Mόll.Arg.: Warb., Bot. Jahrb. 13 (1891) 358; Pax & K.Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenr. IV.147.xvi (1924) 165.
Acalypha stipulacea auct. non Klotzsch: K.Schum & Hollrung, Fl. Kaiser Wilhelms Land (1889) 75; K.Schum. & Lauterb., Fl. Deutschen Schutzgeb. Sόdsee (1900) 403.
Acalypha grandis auct. non Benth.: K.Schum & Lauterb., Fl. Deutschen Schutzgeb. Sόdsee (1900) 401 p.p.
Acalypha insulana Mόll.Arg. var. glabrescens auct. non Mόll.Arg.: Boerl., Fl. Nederl. Indiλ 1 (1900) 286; Pax & K.Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenr. IV.147.xvi (1924) 166.
Large shrubs or small trees, 24 m tall, monoecious; flowering branches 2537 cm long, 34 mm diam. Indumentum nearly glabrous to densely hairy, with simple straight hairs. Stipules persistent, linear and needle-like, 611 by 11.5 mm, densely hairy, with capitate trichomes of 0.10.2 mm long on margin. Leaves: petiole 210 cm long, with velvety hairs of c. 1 mm long; blade ovate to elliptic, 1115 by 3.58.5 cm, length/width ratio 1.83, chartaceous; base weakly cordate to obtuse to acute; margin serrate, teeth 11.5 by 36 mm, with a gland on tooth tip; apex acute to acuminate; upper surface nearly glabrous, lower surface nearly glabrous to densely hairy, surfaces flat or slightly sunken between the veinlets; veins at base 3, upper secondaries 10 or 11 per side. Staminate inflorescences axillary, 14 per axil, spicate; peduncle 510 mm long, indumentum of simple dense hairs to 0.5 mm long; fertile portion c. 8 by 2 mm, internodes 12 mm long. Staminate flowers: bracts ovate to elliptic, 0.50.75 by c. 0.5 mm, outside with hairs, 0.250.5 mm long; pedicel 0.50.75 mm long, with straight hairs to c. 0.5 mm long; calyx c. 1 mm diam, sepals ovate, c. 0.75 by 0.5 mm, with straight hairs to c. 0.2 mm long, midrib verrucate in distal half, apex acute; filaments c. 0.25 mm long, thecae c. 0.25 by 0.1 mm. Pistillate inflorescences axillary, 1 per axil, straight, spicate, many-flowered, in different axils than staminate ones; peduncle 2030 mm long, indumentum dense with simple straight hairs to 0.3 mm long; fertile portion 19.523 by 0.51 cm, internodes 36 mm long. Pistillate flowers 11.5 mm diam; 1 or 2 per bract; bract stipules elliptic, 0.250.75 by 0.10.2 mm; bracts sessile, 38 by 4.59 mm, foliaceous, accrescent, strongly veined outside, sometimes with dots, sparsely hairy outside with hairs to 0.5 mm long, with short capitate trichomes, glabrous inside, teeth 819, apical tooth 2.53 by 1.52 mm, lateral teeth 0.51 by 0.751 mm, apices acute; pedicel absent; calyx 11.5 mm diam, sepals 3, ovate to elliptic, 11.5 by 0.50.75 mm, hairy outside with hairs c. 0.2 mm long, with verrucae in distal half, glabrous inside; ovary globose to oblate, 0.751 by 0.31 mm, trilocular; stigmas 3 (or 4), 2.55 mm long, each divided 69 times, base glabrous to hairy. Bisexual inflorescences absent. Fruits globose to oblate, 1.52.5 by 1.53 mm, verrucate, distal half covered with bulbous-based trichomes, hairs c. 0.5 mm long, columella c. 2 mm long. Allomorphic fruits unknown. Seeds prolate, c. 2 by 1.5 mm.
Distribution Malesia: Papua New Guinea, New Ireland; Solomon Is.
Habitat & Ecology Primary lowland rainforest, secondary forest, clearings, usually along rivers, also on hills and ridges. Flowering: All year round. Altitude: 12050 m.
Vernacular names Papua New Guinea: Betten (Sibil); Biharu (Tairora); Deneng (Hagen); Eil (Mawan); Getogore (Foi language); Giminopa (Asaro: Kefamo); Jiminopa (Asaro: Kefamo); Kararempa (Okapa); Kemalapu (Dunantina); Kepelappa (Dunantina); Ketokole (Kutubu language); Kwarungi (Samu Kundi: Abelam); Liringga (Yali); Managai (Chimbu: Masul); Mandi (Enga language, Yogos); Meloa (Western District); Mingai (Tainde); Mingai Kama (Kuman language); Minja (Wahgi: Mini); Monday (Madang: Saidor); Mondeng (Rawa); Mutani (Garaina); Neng (Hagen: Togoba); Si (Bembi); Talad (Madang); Walopeh (Mekeo language, Maipa).
Uses Wraps for smokes; leaf smoked, rubbed on wounds to help them heal (Rifai 6559).
Notes 1. Key characters include needle-like stipules, short petioles not exceeding half of leaf length, and fasciculate staminate inflorescences. Acalypha hellwigii can be confused with A. amentacea var. amentacea with its chartaceous leaves and long pistillate inflorescences, but can be differentiated from A. amentacea var. amentacea instantly by its short petioles. For differences with A. nervulosa, see note 1 under latter; and for differences with A. novoguineensis, see note 1 under A. novoguineensis.
2. Acalypha hellwigii is usually synonymized under the Fijian species A. insulana (Penninerviae). Acalypha insulana has distinctly penninerved leaves, while A. hellwigii has three basal veins.
3. The specific epithet honours botanist Franz Carl Hellwig, who collected in New Guinea in 18881889.
Acalypha hispida Burm.f., Fl. Ind. (1768) 203; Willd., Sp. Pl. 4 (1805) 523; Enum. Pl. (1809) 993; Hornem., Hort. Reg. Bot. Hafn. 2 (1815) 909; Poir., Encycl. Mιth. Bot., Suppl. 4 (1816) 685; Spreng., Syst. Veg. 3 (1826) 880; Wall., Num. list (1828) 7780C; Benth., London J. Bot. 2 (1843) 232; D.Dietr., Syn. Pl. 5 (1852) 376; Miq., Fl. Nederl. Indiλ: 1, 2 (1859) 404; Mόll.Arg. in DC., Prod. 15, 2 (1866) 815; Fern.-Vill., Nov. App. 4 (1880) 194; Hook.f., Fl. Br. India 5 (1887) 417, pro nom. excl.; Warb., Bot. Jahrb. 18 (1894) 198, in obs.; K.Schum. & Lauterb., Fl. Deutschen Schutzgeb. Sόdsee (1900) 402; Boerl., Fl. Nederl. Indiλ 1 (1900) 286; J.J.Sm. in Koord. & Val., Meded. Depart. Landb. Nederl.-Ind. 10 (1910) 18; Koord., Exkursionsfl. Java 2 (1912) 497; Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 293; Interpr. Rumph. Herb. Amboin. (1917) 323; Philipp. J. Sci. 19 (1921) 362; Enum. Philipp. Fl. Pl. 2 (1923) 445; S.Moore, J. Bot. 61, suppl. (1923) 47; Pax & K.Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenr. IV.147.xvi (1924) 140; De Wild., Pl. Bequaert. 3 (1926) 490; Hurus., J. Fac. Sci. Univ. Tokyo, Secti. III, Bot. 6 (1954) 301; Backer & Bakh.f., Fl. Java 1 (1963) 489; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 26 (1972) 206; Kew Bull., Addit. Ser. 8 (1980) 16; Alphab. Enum. Euphorb. Philipp. Isl. (1983) 2; Chakrab. & N.P.Balakr., J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. Addit. Ser. 9 (1992) 10; Ngerns. & Chayamarit in Chayamarit & Welzen, Fl. Thailand 8, 1 (2005) 26; Sagun, G.A.Levin & Welzen, Blumea 55 (2010) 44. Acalypha densiflora Blume, Bijdr. (1825) 628, nom. illeg.; Miq., Fl. Nederl. Indiλ: 1, 2 (1859) 405; Koord., Meded. Lands Plantent. 19 (1898) 578; Koord.-Schum., Syst. Verz. 3 (1914) 71. Ricinocarpus hispidus (Burm.f.) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 2 (1891) 618. Type: Illustration t. 61, f. 1. (Burman f. 1768).
Caturus spiciflorus L., Mant. Pl. (1767) 127, non Acalypha spiciflora Burm.f.; Dennst., Schlόss. Hort. Ind. Malab. (1818) 31; A.Juss., Euph. Gen. (1824) 115; Roxb., Fl. Indica, ed. 1832, 3 (1832) 760. Lectotype (Radcliffe-Smith in Jarvis, F.R.Barrie, D.M.Allan & Reveal, List Linn. Gen. Names Types, 1993): Herb. Linn. No. 1163.1 (LINN).
[Acalypha rubra Noronha ex Hassk., Tijdschr. Nat. Geschied. Phys. 11 (1844) 216, non Willd., Enum. Pl. (1809) 992, nom. nud. Representative specimen: None designated.]
Acalypha sanderi N.E.Br., Gard. Chron. ser. 3, 20 (1896) 392; K.Schum., Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Mus. Berlin-Dahlem 2 (1898) 127 (A. sanderiana); Merr. Philipp. J. Sci. 19 (1921) 362. Acalypha hispida Burm.f. var. sanderi (N.E.Br.) J.J.Sm. in Koord. & Val., Meded. Depart. Landb. Nederl.-Ind. 10 (1910) 19. Type: None designated.
Acalypha wilkesiana auct. non Mόll.Arg.: Warb., Bot. Jahrb. 13 (1891) 358.
Large shrubs to small trees, 24 m tall, possibly dioecious, only pistillate plants known; flowering branches 1036 cm long, 0.40.6 cm diam. Indumentum velvety, with simple recurved hairs. Stipules persistent, ovate to elliptic, c. 8 by 13 mm, midrib hairy, without capitate trichomes. Leaves: petiole 1015 cm long, with velvety hairs of c. 1 mm long; blade ovate to elliptic, 1225 by 918 cm, length/width ratio 1.31.6, chartaceous; base slightly cordate to obtuse; margin serrate to deeply crenate/ undulate, teeth 13 by 36 mm, with a gland on tooth tip; apex acute to acuminate; upper surface glabrous, lower surface glabrous, surfaces flat or slightly sunken between the veinlets; veins at base 3, upper secondaries 58 per side. Staminate inflorescences and flowers unknown. Pistillate inflorescences axillary, 1 per axil, spicate, straight, extremely densely flowered, rachises usually hidden by flowers; peduncle 1730 mm long, indumentum of simple recurved hairs to c. 0.5 mm long; fertile portion 2334 by 0.81 cm, internodes 23 mm long. Pistillate flowers c. 1 mm diam; 46 per node; bract stipules absent; bracts sessile, 0.51 by 0.51 mm, hairy outside, entire, apex acute, chartaceous, non-accrescent; pedicel absent; calyx c. 1 mm diam, sepals (3 or) 4, ovate to elliptic, c. 0.5 by 0.3 mm, hairy outside without verrucae, glabrous inside; ovary globose to oblate, c. 1 by 1 mm, trilocular; stigmas 3, 58 mm long, each divided 616 times, smooth. Bisexual inflorescences unknown. Fruits unknown. Allomorphic fruits unknown. Seeds unknown.
Distribution Malesia; only known from cultivation.
Habitat & Ecology Cultivated, escaped to secondary forest and roadsides. Flowering: March to November. Altitude 1001260 m.
Vernacular names Sumatra: Ikor ikor. Java: Boentot koeching. Philippines: Buntot-pusa (Tagalog).
Uses Widely cultivated ornamental because of its showy red (due to stigmas), dense pistillate inflorescences.
Notes 1. Key characters include extremely showy pistillate inflorescences bearing densely packed flowers, each with long, highly laciniate stigmas, usually reddish or crimson coloured.
2. The specific epithet refers to the long and laciniate styles of the pistillate inflorescence.
Acalypha indica L., Sp. Pl. (1753) 1003; Syst. Nat. 13 (1770) 634; Syst. Veg. (1774) 721; Willd., Sp. Pl. 4 (1805) 523; Hornem., Enum. Pl. Horti Bot. Hafniensis (1807) 1; Hort. Reg. Bot. Hafn. 2 (1815) 908; Blume, Bijdr. (1825) 628; Spreng., Syst. Veg. 3 (1826) 880; Roxb., Fl. Ind., ed. 1832, 3 (1832) 675; Span., Linnaea 15 (1841) 350; Wight, Icon. Pl. Ind. Or. (1844) 6, t. 877; Hassk., Pl. Java. Rar. (1848) 246; Benth., Fl. Hongkong. (1861) 303; Mόll.Arg. in DC., Prod. 15, 2 (1866) 868; Fern.-Vill., Nov. App. 4 (1880) 194; S.Vidal, Phan. Cuming. Philipp. (1885) 143; Hook.f., Fl. Br. India 5 (1887) 416; K.Schum. & Hollrung, Fl. Kaiser Wilhelms Land (1889) 75; F.B.Forbes & Hemsl., J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 26 (1894) 438; Koord., Meded. Lands Plantent. 19 (1898) 579; Boerl., Fl. Nederl. Indiλ 1 (1900) 286; Merr., Philipp. J. Sci. Bot. 3 (1908) 417; Fl. Manila (1912) 292; Koord., Exkursionsfl. Java 2 (1912) 498; Koord.-Schum., Syst. Verz. 1 (1913) 69; Syst. Verz. 3 (1914) 71; Merr., Philipp. J. Sci., Bot. 11 (1916) 285; Spec. Blanc. (1918) 226; Kenoyer, J. Indian Bot. 1 (1919) 3; Merr., Enum. Philipp. Fl. Pl. 2 (1923) 446; Ridl., Fl. Malay Penin. 3 (1924) 274; Pax & K.Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenr. IV.147.xvi (1924) 33; Backer & Bakh.f., Fl. Java 1 (1963) 490; Sanjappa, Taxon 28 (1979) 274; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 26 (1972) 206; Radcl.-Sm., Kew Bull. 28 (1973) 527; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull., Addit. Ser. 8 (1980) 18; Kew Bull. 36 (1981) 247; Kew Bull. 37 (1982) 3; Alphab. Enum. Euphorb. Philipp. Isl. (1983) 2; S.F.Huang & T.C.Huang, Taiwania 36 (1991) 83; T.C.Huang, Fl. Taiwan 3 (1993) 421; T.C.Huang, S.F.Huang & K.C.Yang, Taiwania 39 (1994) 12; Govaerts, Frodin & Radcl.-Sm., World Checkl. Bibliogr. Euphorb. (2000) 68; T.C.Huang, Fl. Taiwan 6 (2003) 68; Rani & N.P. Balakr., J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 31 (2007) 96; Ngerns. & Chayamarit in Chayamarit & Welzen, Fl. Thailand 8, 1 (2005) 26, plate I: 1; Sagun, G.A.Levin & Welzen, Blumea 55 (2010) 45, Fig. 2h, 4c; Map 12. Ricinocarpus indicus (L.) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 2 (1891) 618. Lectotype (Radcliffe-Smith, Fl. Pakistan 172, 1986): Herb. Hermann Vol. III: 2 (holo BM), Sri Lanka.
Acalypha caroliniana Blanco, Fl. Filip. (1837) 748, non Walter (Fl. Carol., 1788, 238), nec Elliott (Sketch Bot. S. Carolina Georgia 2, 1824, 645); Blanco, Fl. Filip., 2nd ed. (1845) 515; Fl. Filip. 3rd ed. (1879) 149; Merr., Blanco Fl. Filip. (1905) 77. Neotype (Sagun, G.A.Levin & Welzen, 2010): Merrill Species Blancoanae 487 (holo L; iso A, US), Philippines, Luzon, Rizal Province, Guadalupe.
[Acalypha ciliata Wall., Num. list (1828) n. 7779J, nom. nud. Representative specimen: Wall.Cat. 7779J (n.v.), India.]
[Acalypha canescens Wall., Num. list (1828) n. 7785, nom. nud. Representative specimen: Wall.Cat. 7785 (n.v.), India.]
Herbaceous annuals, 0.30.8 m tall, monoecious; flowering branches 930 cm long, 23.5 mm diam. Indumentum sparsely hairy, denser on young parts, with simple straight hairs and capitate trichomes. Stipules persistent, elliptic, 0.751 by 0.20.5 mm; sparsely hairy. Leaves: petiole 1360 mm long, glabrous to hairy with hairs c. 0.5 mm long, sometimes with capitate glands; blade ovate to elliptic, 1.55 by 13 cm, length/width ratio 1.21.7, chartaceous; base cuneate to obtuse; margin serrate, teeth 0.51 by 24 mm, with a gland on tooth tip; apex obtuse to acute; upper surface glabrous to sparsely hairy; lower surface sparsely hairy, more densely on midrib and veins; veins at base 3, upper secondaries 35 per side. Exclusively staminate and pistillate inflorescences absent. Bisexual inflorescences axillary, 1 per axil, spicate; peduncle 210 mm long, sparsely hairy; fertile portion 2565 by 715 mm, pistillate below and staminate above, usually terminating with an allomorphic flower; pistillate portion 1550 by 1015 mm, internodes 515 mm; staminate portion 515 by 11.5 mm, internodes 0.51 mm long. Staminate flowers: bracts elliptic, 0.50.75 by 0.20.3 mm, with sparse hairs up to 0.5 mm long; pedicel c. 0.5 mm long, with sparse hairs up to 1 mm long; calyx 412 by c. 0.5 mm diam, sepals ovate, c. 0.3 by 0.2 mm, hairy outside, midrib verrucate in distal half, apex acute; filaments c. 0.2 mm long, thecae c. 0.2 mm long. Pistillate flowers 11.5 mm diam; 3 per bract; bract stipules 0.30.5 by c. 0.2 mm; bracts sessile, 3.58 by 512 mm, weakly veined outside, without dots, glabrous outside and inside, sparsely hairy on the margins, teeth 1014, 0.51 by 12 mm, apices obtuse; pedicel 00.5 mm long; calyx 11.5 mm diam, sepals 3, ovate to elliptic, 0.51 by c. 0.5 mm, hairy; ovary globose to elongate, 0.50.75 by 0.51 mm; stigmas 3, 24 mm long, each divided 1 or 2 times, smooth. Fruits 1.752 by 1.752 mm, distal half covered with trichomes, columella 0.751 mm long. Allomorphic fruits terminal; pedicel 3.515 mm long, with sparse hairs up to 0.5 mm long; mericarp obovoid, 12 by 13 mm, longitudinally sutured, distal half with 2 opposite whorled, mostly fused fringes that are not broader than half of mericarp length, proximal end with one shallowly fringed whorl. Seeds prolate, c. 1.5 by 0.751 mm.
Distribution Palaeotropical weed; Africa, Malesia, Micronesia; introduced in the Neotropics.
Habitat & Ecology Roadsides and waste places. Flowering: All year round. Altitude 0250 m.
Vernacular names Bali: Tumpang pajuk (Samis).
Notes 1. Acalypha indica is similar to the other weedy annuals in Malesia, A. australis, A. brachystachya and A. lanceolata var. lanceolata. They all have similar ovate to elliptic leaves (except for A. australis), foliaceous pistillate bracts, and bisexual inflorescences, but A. indica has shallowly toothed to subentire pistillate bracts and always terminal allomorphs that have shallow lobed lateral fringes and long pedicels. Acalypha australis has a distinct acute apical lobe on the pistillate bracts; its allomorphs have not been observed in Malesian specimens. Acalypha brachystachya has elongated bract lobes and its allomorphs have seemingly fused lateral fringes that appear as a single distal lobe. Acalypha lanceolata var. lanceolata has acute pistillate bract teeth and its allomorphs are subsessile, have deeply lobed lateral fringes, and are found laterally on the staminate portion of the inflorescence and are never terminal.
2. Seed development and allomorph morpho-anatomy was studied by Johri & Kapil (Phytomorphology 3, 1953, 137151).
3. Coode (in R.Antoine, Brenan & Mangenot, Fl. .Mascar. 160, 1982, 78) lectotypified A. indica, citing Herb. Linn. No. 1139.3. This is a specimen of A. lanceolata var. lanceolata, however, and so should be rejected in favour of Radcliffe-Smiths subsequent lectotypification (Radcliffe-Smith, Fl. Pakistan 172, 1986) of the specimen at the Hermann Herbarium in BM, which is also the basis of Flora Zeylanica (Linnaeus, Fl. Zeylan., 1747).
4. The specific epithet denotes the country India, the presumed locality of the type collection.
Acalypha lanceolata Willd., Sp. Pl. 4 (1805) 524; Spreng., Syst. Veg. 3 (1826) 881; Wall., Num. list (1828) n. 7780B, n. 7789; D.Dietr., Syn. Pl. 5 (1852) 377; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 26 (1972) 206; Radcl.-Sm., Kew Bull. 28 (1973) 526; Whitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 51; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull, Addit. Ser. 4 (1975) 24; Sanjappa, Taxon 28 (1979) 274; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull., Addit. Ser. 8 (1980) 18; Kew Bull. 36 (1981) 247; Kew Bull. 37 (1982) 4; Alphab. Enum. Euphorb. Philipp. Isl. (1983) 2; Govaerts, Frodin & Radcl.-Sm., World Checkl. Bibliogr. Euphorb. (2000) 71; Rani & N.P.Balakr., J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 31 (2007) 96; Ngerns. & Chayamarit in Chayamarit & Welzen, Fl. Thailand 8, 1 (2005) 29; Sagun, G.A.Levin & Welzen, Blumea 55 (2010) 46, Fig. 2i, 4d; Map 13. Ricinocarpus lanceolatus (Willd.) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 2 (1891) 617. Lectotype (Sagun, G.A.Levin & Welzen 2010, non Radcl.- Sm. 1973, see note 2): LHerbier de Paul Hermann: 101 (Bibliotheque de lInstitute de France).
Urtica pilosa Lour., Fl. Cochin. (1790) 558; Fl. Cochin. 1 (1793) 682; Merr., Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc., New Ser. 24 (1935) 238, pro syn. Type: None designated (n.v.).
Acalypha boehmerioides Miq., Fl. Nederl. Ind., Eerste Bijv. (1861) 459; Mόll.Arg. in DC., Prod. 15, 2 (1866) 871; Fern.-Vill., Nov. App. 4 (1880) 194; K.Schum., Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Mus. Berlin-Dahlem 2 (1898) 127; K.Schum. & Lauterb., Fl. Deutschen Schutzgeb. Sόdsee (1900) 401; J.J.Sm., Nova Guinea 8 (1910) 240; Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 292; Koord., Exkursionsfl. Java 2 (1912) 498; Koord.-Schum., Syst. Verz. 1 (1913) 66; Merr., Enum. Philipp. Fl. Pl. 2 (1923) 445; Pax & K.Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenr. IV.147.xvi (1924) 96; Merr., Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc., New Ser. 24 (1935) 238; Merr. & Chun, Sunyatsenia 5 (1940) 92; Holth. & H.J.Lam, Blumea 5 (1942) 199; H.J.Lam, Blumea 5 (1945) 577; Backer & Bakh.f., Fl. Java 1 (1963) 490; T.C.Huang, S.F.Huang & K.C.Yang, Taiwania 39 (1994) 12. Acalypha boehmerioides Miq. var. genuina Pax & K.Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenr. IV.147.xvi (1924) 96, nom. inval. Type: Amand s.n. (holo U, barcode U0001841), Indonesia, Sumatra.
Acalypha hispida Willd. var. pubescens Hook. & Arn., Bot. Capt. Beechey Voy. (1837) 213. Type: Not located.
Acalypha fallax Mόll.Arg., Linnaea 34 (1865) 43; in DC., Prod. 15, 2 (1866) 872; Hook.f., Fl. Br. India 5 (1887) 416; F.B.Forbes & Hemsl., J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 26 (1894) 437; Boerl., Fl. Nederl. Indiλ 1 (1900) 286; Ridl., Fl. Malay Penin. 3 (1924) 274. Ricinocarpus fallax (Mόll.Arg.) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 2 (1891) 616. Lectotype (Sagun, G.A.Levin & Welzen 2010): Perrottet 462 (lecto G-DC). Syntype: Perrottet 463 (G-DC).
Acalypha wightiana Mόll.Arg., Linnaea 34 (1865) 43. Acalypha wightiana Mόll.Arg. var. ovata Mόll.Arg., Linnaea 34 (1865) 43, nom. inval. Acalypha wightiana Mόll.Arg. var. genuina Mόll.Arg. in DC., Prod. 15, 2 (1866) 872, nom. inval. Type: Wight in Wall. 7780C (holo G-DC; iso K-W), India, Madras.
Acalypha wightiana Mόll.Arg. var. lanceolata (Willd.) Mόll.Arg., Linnaea 34 (1865) 43; in DC., Prod. 15, 2 (1866) 872. Type: Hb. Willd. Fol. 17817 (holo B-W), India orientali.
Acalypha harmandiana Gagnep., Bull. Soc. Bot. France 70 (1924) 873. Type: Harmand s.n. (holo P; iso A), Cambodia (Cambodge).
Acalypha ciliata auct. non Forssk.: Wall., Num. list (1828) n. 7780.
Acalypha virginica auct. non L.: Wall., Num. list (1828) n. 7779.
Herbaceous annuals, 0.60.9 m tall, monoecious; flowering branches 1530 cm long, 23.5 mm diam, hairy. Indumentum sparse to densely hairy, denser on young parts, with simple recurved hairs. Stipules persistent, elliptic, 1.53 by 0.20.3 mm, hairy. Leaves: petiole 2567 by 0.51 mm, with simple recurved hairs to c. 0.5 mm long; blade ovate to elliptic, 36.5 by 24 cm, length/width ratio 1.21.8, chartaceous; base obtuse to acute; margin serrate, teeth 12 by 24 mm, with a gland on tooth tip; apex acute to acuminate; upper surface nearly glabrous, hairs on lamina straight, 0.50.75 mm long; lower surface sparsely hairy; veins at base 3, upper secondaries 3 or 4 per side. Exclusively staminate and pistillate inflorescences absent. Bisexual inflorescences axillary, 1 per axil, spicate; peduncle 210 mm long, hairy; fertile portion 540 by 34 mm, pistillate below and staminate above; pistillate portion 230 by 1316 mm, internodes 25 mm long; staminate portion 37 by 12 mm, internodes 0.51 mm long. Staminate flowers: bracts elliptic, 0.50.75 by 0.20.3 mm, hairy on margins; pedicel 0.30.5 mm long, hairy; calyx 0.50.75 mm diam, sepals ovate, c. 0.5 by 0.25 mm, glabrous, midrib sparsely verrucate in upper half, apex acute; filaments c. 0.2 mm long, thecae c. 0.25 by 0.1 mm. Pistillate flowers c. 1 mm diam; 1 per bract; bract stipules elliptic, c. 1 by 0.5 mm; bracts sessile, 23 by 46 mm, ovate, strongly veined outside, without dots, sparsely hairy outside, with capitate trichomes 0.50.75 mm long, glabrous inside, teeth 1113, 0.50.75 by 0.51 mm, apices acute; pedicel 0(0.5) mm long; calyx c. 1 mm diam, sepals 3, ovate to elliptic, 0.50.75 by 0.250.3 mm, hairy on margins; ovary globose, c. 1 by 1 mm, trilocular; stigmas 3, 13 mm long, each divided 2 or 3 times, smooth. Fruits globose to oblate, 1.51.75 by 22.5 mm, distal half covered with straight hairs of c. 0.5 mm long, columella 0.751 by c. 0.5 mm long. Allomorphic fruits borne between pistillate and staminate portions of inflorescence; pedicel 0.11 mm long, with sparse hairs up to 0.25 mm long; mericarp obovoid, c. 2 by 23 mm, longitudinally sutured, distal half with 2 opposite whorled, essentially free fringes that are broader than half of mericarp length, proximal end of mericarp fringed. Seeds prolate, 1.251.5 by c. 0.75 mm.
Distribution Palaeotropical weed; Africa, Malesia, Micronesia.
Habitat & Ecology Roadsides and waste places. Flowering: All year round. Altitude 0400 m.
Vernacular names Malay Peninsula: Mula mani (Tamil);Sasaimutih (Dawan).
Notes 1. This species is similar to A. argentii and A. indica; see notes under these species.
2. The earliest effective lectotypification of A. lanceolata can be traced to Radcliffe-Smith (in Polhill, Fl. Trop. E. Africa, 1987), but the reference is in conflict with the protologue. The type chosen is an illustration in Thesaurus Zeylanicus: 205, t. 93, f. 2 (Burman 1737), but the figure is a Phyllanthus, and f. 1 is the Acalypha. However, the caption on the figure does not match the specimen examined by Willdenow. A specimen on page 101 of the Hermann Herbarium in the Bibliotheque de lInstitute de France (Lourteig, Taxon 15, 1966: 2332; Trimen, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 24, 1887: 129155) matches the protologue and is chosen here as the lectotype in accordance with the provisions of the ICBN.
3. Another variety, A. lanceolata var. glandulosa (Mόll.Arg.) Radcl.-Sm. (Kew Bull. 44, 1989: 439454) occurs in Africa.
4. The specific epithet probably refers to the lanceolate or narrowly elliptic leaves.
Acalypha longispica Warb., Bot. Jahrb. 18 (1894) 197; K.Schum. & Lauterb., Fl. Deutschen Schutzgeb. Sόdsee (1900) 401; Pax & K.Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenr. IV.147.xvi (1924) 141; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull., Addit. Ser. 8 (1980) 19; Govaerts, Frodin & Radcl.-Sm., World Checkl. Bibliogr. Euphorb. (2000) 73; Sagun, G.A.Levin & Welzen, Blumea 55 (2010) 47, Fig. 2j, 3e; Map 14. Lectotype (Sagun, G.A.Levin & Welzen 2010): Hellwig 383 (holo K; iso BO), Papua New Guinea, Kaiser Wilhelmsland, Finschhafen. Former syntype: Hollrung 98, Papua New Guinea.
Acalypha caturoides K.Schum & Lauterb., Nachtr. Fl. Deutsch. Schutzgeb. Sόdsee (1905) 298. Lectotype (Sagun, G.A.Levin & Welzen 2010): Schlechter 14270 (holo K; iso BM, BO, LE), Papua New Guinea, Kaiser Wilhelmsland, Konstantinhafen. Former syntype: Weinland 380 (WRSL), Papua New Guinea, Kaiser Wilhelmsland, Finschhafen.
Acalypha protractra S.Moore, J. Bot. 61, suppl. (1923) 47. Type: H.O. Forbes PP 127 (holo BM; iso E, L), Papua New Guinea, Sogeri.
Acalypha grandis auct. non Benth.: K.Schum. & Lauterb., Fl. Deutschen Schutzgeb. Sόdsee (1900) 401, p.p.
Large shrubs or small trees, 410 m tall, usually monoecious; flowering branches 1530 cm long, 37 mm diam. Indumentum velvety, with simple recurved hairs. Stipules persistent, ovate to broad elliptic, 27 by 27 mm, usually recurved, apex obtuse, densely hairy with hairs of c. 0.1 mm long, without capitate trichomes. Leaves: petiole 315 cm long, with velvety hairs of 0.51 mm long; blade broadly ovate to elliptic, 8.517 by 916 cm, length/width ratio 0.81, chartaceous; base cordate to obtuse; margin subentire to weakly crenate, teeth 13 by 38 mm, with a gland on tooth tip; apex acute to slightly acuminate; upper surface glabrous, lower surface velvety, surfaces flat or slightly sunken between the veinlets; veins at base 3, upper secondaries c. 5 per side. Staminate inflorescences axillary, 1 per axil, spicate; peduncle 58 mm long, indumentum simple, of velvety hairs up to 0.2 mm long; fertile portion 813 by 23 cm, internodes 12 mm long. Staminate flowers: bracts ovate, c. 0.5 by 0.25 mm, hairy outside; pedicel 0.51 mm long, glabrous; calyx 0.51 mm diam, sepals ovate to elliptic, c. 0.75 by 0.5 mm, glabrous, midrib not verrucate, apex acute; filaments c. 0.25 mm long, thecae c. 0.25 by 0.1 mm. Pistillate inflorescences axillary, 1 per axil, straight, spicate, laxly many-flowered, rachis visible, in different axils than staminate ones; peduncle 415 mm long, indumentum velvety with simple recurved hairs; fertile portion 834 by 0.30.7 cm, internodes 310 mm long. Pistillate flowers c. 1 mm diam; 1 per bract; bract stipules not seen; bracts sessile, 11.5 by 1.52 mm, chartaceous, nonaccrescent, weakly veined outside, without dots, sparsely hairy outside with hairs of c. 0.2 mm long, glabrous inside, lobes 3, c. 0.5 by 0.5 mm, apices acute; pedicel absent; calyx c. 1 mm diam, sepals 3, ovate, c. 1 by 1 mm, sparsely hairy outside with hairs c. 0.2 mm long, without verrucae, glabrous inside; ovary globose, c. 1.5 by 1.5 mm, trilocular; stigmas 3, 24 mm long, each divided 46 times, smooth. Bisexual inflorescences like the staminate ones but with 1 or 2 pistillate flowers near the base. Fruits globose to oblate, c. 3 by 4 mm, verrucate, covered with velvety hairs, without longitudinal ridges, columella c. 2 by 1 mm. Allomorphic fruits unknown. Seeds globose, c. 1.5 by 1.5 mm.
Distribution Malesia: Moluccas, New Guinea.
Habitat & Ecology Forest margins, secondary vegetation, regrowths on village gardens, often alluvial; soil clayey, limestone. Flowering: March to December. Altitude 151350 m.
Vernacular names New Guinea (Papua): Mandewoenik (Biak).
Notes 1. Key characters include 3-partite and non-accrescent pistillate bracts, trilocular fruits, and reflexed, broad, almost orbicular stipules. This species is similar to A. caturus and A. cardiophylla var. cardiophylla; see the notes under these species. See also note 1 under A. novoguineensis.
2. Rarely some pistillate flowers occur at the base of the staminate inflorescence (PNH (Sulit) 10070, PNH (Sulit) 14310), which is more common in A. cardiophylla var. cardiophylla.
3. The specific epithet refers to the long inflorescences.
Acalypha nervulosa Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 20 (1966) 407; Kew Bull., Addit. Ser. 8 (1980) 19; Govaerts, Frodin & Radcl.-Sm., World Checkl. Bibliogr. Euphorb. (2000) 78; Sagun, G.A.Levin & Welzen, Blumea 55 (2010) 48, Map 15. Type: P. van Royen 8128 (holo K; iso L), Papua New Guinea, Vogelkop Peninsula, Nettoti range, Wekari river camp.
Straggling shrubs, 13 m tall, monoecious; flowering branches 1436 cm long, 33.5 mm diam, velvety. Indumentum sparsely hairy, denser on young parts, with simple straight hairs. Stipules caducous, elliptic, needle-like, 23 by 0.20.5 mm, with hairs of 0.51 mm long and capitate trichomes of c. 0.1 mm long. Leaves: petiole 47 mm long, with simple straight hairs of 0.50.75 mm long; blade ovate to elliptic, 711 by 24 cm, length/width ratio 23.5, chartaceous; base obtuse to acute; margin serrate, teeth c. 1 by 3 mm, with a gland on tooth tip; apex acute to acuminate; upper surface nearly glabrous, hairs on lamina straight, 0.50.75 mm long; lower surface densely pubescent especially along nerves, hairs 0.50.75 mm long; penninerved, veins at base 1, upper secondaries 79 per side. Staminate inflorescences axillary, 1 per axil, spicate; peduncle 310 mm long, hairs simple, straight; fertile portion 4597 by 1.52 mm, internodes up to 2 mm long. Staminate flowers: bracts broadly ovate, c. 1 by 0.5 mm, outside with sparse hairs of 0.20.5 mm long; pedicel c. 0.5 mm long, with straight hairs of c. 0.2 mm long; calyx 0.51 mm diam, sepals ovate, c. 0.75 by 0.25 mm, with sparse straight hairs of c. 0.2 mm long, midrib verrucate in distal half, apex acute; filaments c. 0.2 mm long, thecae c. 0.2 by 0.1 mm. Pistillate inflorescences axillary, 1 per axil, spicate, straight, many-flowered, in different axils than staminate ones; peduncle 735 mm long, simple straight hairs; fertile portion 810 by 0.20.3 cm, internodes 38 mm long. Pistillate flowers 11.5 mm diam; 1 per bract; bract stipules elliptic 0.751 by c. 0.2 mm; bracts sessile, ovate, 47 by 68 mm, foliaceous, accrescent, strongly veined outside, with dots, densely hairy outside, sparsely hairy inside, with simple hairs of 0.250.5 mm long, with short capitate trichomes of c. 0.1 mm long, teeth 911, apical tooth c. 3 by 1.5 mm, lateral teeth c. 2 by 1 mm, apices acute; pedicel absent; calyx 11.5 mm diam, sepals 3, ovate to elliptic, 11.5 by 0.51 mm, hairy on margins with hairs of c. 0.2 mm long, without verrucae; ovary globose, c. 1 by 1 mm, trilocular; stigmas 3, 36 mm long, each divided 1016 times, hairy. Bisexual inflorescences absent. Fruits globose to oblate, c. 1.5 by 2 mm, verrucate, with hairs of c. 0.5 mm long, without trichomes, columella c. 1 mm long. Allomorphic fruits unknown. Seeds prolate, c. 2 by 1.5 mm.
Distribution Endemic in Papua New Guinea.
Habitat & Ecology River banks, riparian marshes, young secondary (montane) forest; soil sandy clay with much gravel. Flowering: All year round. Altitude 8501925 m. Fruits eaten by birds (Widjaja EAW 4378).
Vernacular names Bekuom (Hatam); Hamaka (Sougb); Boekwom (Hattam); Potie (Kapaukoe); Potie (Dani).
Uses Leaves used for sore throat and as cigarette wrappers (Kostermans & Soegeng 580).
Notes 1. Key characters include short and laxly flowered pistillate inflorescences, small leaves, and a single staminate inflorescence per axil. This species is similar to A. hellwigii in its short petioles and needle-like stipules, but differs in having penninerved leaves and a single staminate inflorescence per axil.
2. The specific epithet probably refers to the pinnate nervation of the leaves.
Acalypha novoguineensis Warb., Bot. Jahrb. 13 (1891) 359; Bot. Jahrb. 18 (1894) 198, in obs.; Boerl., Fl. Nederl. Indiλ 1 (1900) 286; Pax & K.Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenr. IV.147.xvi (1924) 151; Fosberg, Lloydia 3 (1940) 114, in obs.; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull., Addit. Ser. 8 (1980) 20; Govaerts, Frodin & Radcl.-Sm., World Checkl. Bibliogr. Euphorb. (2000) 78; Sagun, G.A.Levin & Welzen, Blumea 55 (2010) 49, Fig. 2k; Map 16 Type: Warburg 20502 (holo B; iso A), Papua New Guinea, Kaiser Wilhelmsland, Astrolabe-Bay, Sigar.
Large shrubs or small trees, 58 m tall, monoecious; flowering branches 1225 cm long, 47 mm diam, velvety. Indumentum densely hairy, denser on young parts, with simple recurved hairs. Stipules persistent, ovate to elliptic, c. 2 by 1 mm, hairy, without capitate trichomes. Leaves: petiole 412 cm long, with dense velvety hairs up to 1 mm long; blade ovate to elliptic, 717 by 6.516 cm, length/width ratio 11.4, chartaceous; base cordate; margin serrate to crenate, teeth 15 by 310 mm, with a gland on tooth tip; apex acute to acuminate; upper surface sparse to densely hairy, lower surface densely hairy, surfaces flat or slightly sunken between the veinlets; veins at base 5, upper secondaries c. 8 per side. Staminate inflorescences axillary, 1 per axil, spicate; peduncle 25 mm long, indumentum of velvety hairs up to 0.2 mm long; fertile portion 1017 by 35 cm, internodes 13 mm long. Staminate flowers: bracts elliptic, 11.5 by 0.250.5 mm, outside with dense hairs of 0.30.5 mm long; pedicel 0.51 mm long, with straight hairs up to 0.2 mm long; calyx 0.751 mm diam, sepals ovate to elliptic, c. 1 by 0.5 mm, with straight hairs up to 0.25 mm long, midrib not verrucate, apex acute; filaments c. 0.25 mm long, thecae c. 0.25 by 0.1 mm. Pistillate inflorescences axillary, 1 per axil, straight, spicate, many-flowered, in different axils than staminate ones; peduncle 57 mm long, indumentum velvety with simple recurved hairs of 0.50.75 mm long; fertile portion 918 by 35 cm, internodes 36 mm long. Pistillate flowers 11.5 mm diam; 1 per bract; bract stipules elliptic, c. 0.5 by 0.2 mm; bracts sessile, 23.5 by 1.54 mm, foliaceous, accrescent, strongly veined outside, with dots, sparsely hairy outside with hairs of c. 0.5 mm long and with a few sessile glands, glabrous inside, teeth 5, apical tooth 0.51 by 12 mm, lateral teeth c. 0.5 by 0.5 mm, apices obtuse; pedicel absent; calyx 11.5 mm diam, sepals 3, elliptic, c. 1 by 0.5 mm, hairy outside with no verrucae, glabrous inside; ovary globose, c. 2 by 2 mm, trilocular; stigmas 3, 56 mm long, each divided 1012 times, smooth. Bisexual inflorescences absent. Fruits globose to oblate, 1.52 by 22.5 mm, verrucate, with both straight hairs and hairs with enlarged bases, septum covered with bulbous-based trichomes 0.250.5 by 0.20.25 mm, columella c. 1 mm long. Allomorphic fruits unknown. Seeds prolate, c. 1.5 by 1 mm.
Distribution Malesia: Papua New Guinea, New Ireland.
Habitat & Ecology Secondary forest, edges of forest, edges of rivers. Flowering: January to October. Altitude 9600 m.
Vernacular names Papua New Guinea: Morumbi taindi (Kuman).
Uses Sometimes cultivated (Sterly 1677).
Notes 1. Key characters include small pistillate bracts with subentire margins, cordate leaves with densely hairy lower sides and deeply crenate or serrate margins, and shortly pedunculate staminate inflorescences. This species is similar to A. longispica and A. grandis in its cordate leaf bases, but differs from A. longispica in having small foliaceous pistillate bracts, and from A. grandis in its small and shallowly toothed pistillate bracts.
2. The specific epithet refers to the type locality, New Guinea.
Acalypha phyllonomifolia Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 20 (1966) 406; Hookers Icon. Pl. 38 (1974) t. 3719; Kew Bull. 33 (1978) 74, in obs.; Kew Bull., Addit. Ser. 8 (1980) 20; Govaerts, Frodin & Radcl.-Sm., World Checkl. Bibliogr. Euphorb. (2000) 82; Sagun, G.A.Levin & Welzen, Blumea 55 (2010) 50, Fig. 6i1-i2; Map 4. Type: Carr 13953 (holoK; iso A, BM, L, SING), Papua New Guinea, Yodda river.
Acalypha concinna Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 33 (1978) 74; Kew Bull., Addit. Ser. 8 (1980) 16; Govaerts, Frodin & Radcl.-Sm., World Checkl. Bibliogr. Euphorb. (2000) 57. Type: LAE (Stevens & Veldkamp) 54966 (holo K; iso L), Papua, Milne Bay District, Raba Raba Subdistrict, Suckling Complex Mayu II.
Straggling shrubs, 23 m tall, monoecious; flowering branches 620 cm long, 13 mm diam, without axillary spines. Indumentum nearly absent, of simple straight hairs. Stipules persistent, narrowly elliptic, needle-like, 24 by 0.20.5 mm, glabrous, without capitate trichomes. Leaves: petiole 0.21.5 cm long, glabrous; blade ovate to elliptic, 47 by 13 cm, length/width ratio 25, chartaceous; base obtuse to acute; margin serrate, teeth 0.51 by 23 mm, with a gland on tooth tip; apex caudate, forming drip-tips of 24 cm long; upper and lower surface nearly glabrous, flat or slightly sunken between the veinlets; veins at base 5, upper secondaries 712 per side. Staminate inflorescences axillary, 1 per axil, spicate; peduncle 12 cm long, sparsely hairy; fertile portion 90180 by 13 mm, internodes 15 mm long. Staminate flowers: bracts ovate, 0.51 by 0.51 mm, sparsely hairy outside, hairs c. 0.2 mm long; pedicel c. 0.5 mm long, with straight hairs of c. 0.1 mm long; calyx 0.51.5 mm diam, sepals ovate to elliptic, 0.50.75 by 0.30.5 mm, glabrous, midrib sparsely verrucate in upper half, apex acute; filaments c. 0.25 mm long, thecae c. 0.25 by 0.1 mm. Pistillate inflorescences axillary, 1 (or 2) per axil (sometimes the same axil as a staminate inflorescence), consisting of a single bract and associated flowers; peduncle absent. Pistillate flowers 11.5 mm diam; 1 or 2 per bract; bract stipules elliptic, 0.20.5 by 0.20.5 mm; bracts sessile, 56 by 56 mm, strongly veined outside, without dots, glabrous, teeth 5, the apical tooth 1.52 by 13 mm, lateral teeth 11.5 by 0.52 mm, apices acute; pedicel absent; calyx 11.5 mm diam, sepals 3, ovate to elliptic, c. 1 by 0.250.5 mm, glabrous, without verrucae; ovary globose, c. 1 by 1 mm, trilocular; stigmas 3, 25 mm long, each divided 68 times, smooth. Bisexual inflorescences absent. Fruits globose to oblate, c. 2.5 by 3 mm, with sessile glands, verrucate, columella c. 2.5 mm long. Allomorphic fruits unknown. Seeds prolate, c. 1.5 by 1 mm.
Distribution Endemic in Papua New Guinea.
q =
A. argentii;
m =
A. balgooyii,
Μ
= A. capillipes;
’
= A. floresensis;5=
A. phyllonomifolia;
=
= A. spectabilis; u
= A. stenophylla;
«=
A. zollingeri.
Habitat & Ecology Riversides, secondary forest. Flowering: December and January. Altitude 13501950 m.
Notes 1. Key characters include leaves with drip tips, and usually solitary and subsessile pistillate flowers.
2. The specific epithet refers to having leaves that are similar to those in the genus Phyllonoma Willd. ex Schult. (Saxifragaceae).
Acalypha pulogensis Sagun & G.A.Levin, Blumea 52 (2007) 357; Sagun, G.A.Levin & Welzen, Blumea 55 (2010) 50, Map 5. Type: PNH (Celestino) 4372 (holo L, barcode L0242361; iso L, barcode L0241973), Philippines, Mt Pulog, Kabayan, Benguet, Luzon.
Large shrubs or small trees, 34 m tall, monoecious; flowering branches 1528 cm long, 47 mm diam, velvety. Indumentum sparsely hairy, denser on young parts, with simple recurved hairs. Stipules persistent, ovate to elliptic, c. 12 by 2.5 mm, midrib hairy outside, without capitate trichomes. Leaves: petiole 29 cm long, with sparse straight hairs of c. 0.5 mm long; blade ovate to elliptic, 916.5 by 5.511 cm, length/width ratio 1.51.6, chartaceous, not variegated, green when fresh; base emarginate, eglandular; margin serrate (staminate branches) or crenate to undulate (pistillate branches), teeth 13 by 25 mm, without a gland on tooth tip; apex acute to acuminate; upper surface glabrous, lower surface sparsely hairy, surfaces flat or slightly sunken between the veinlets; veins at base 3, upper secondaries c. 8 per side. Staminate inflorescences axillary, 1 per axil, spicate; peduncle 510 mm long, velvety hairs up to 0.2 mm long; fertile portion 415 by 34 cm, internodes 12 mm long. Staminate flowers: bracts ovate, 0.751 by c.1 mm, outside with dense hairs of 0.30.5 mm long; pedicel 0.51 mm long, with straight hairs up to 0.2 mm long; calyx 0.50.75 mm diam, sepals ovate to elliptic, c. 0.75 by 0.5 mm, with straight hairs up to 0.25 mm long, midrib not verrucate, apex acute; filaments c. 0.25 mm long, thecae c. 0.25 by 0.1 mm. Pistillate inflorescences axillary, 1 per axil, straight, spicate, many-flowered, in other axils than staminate ones; peduncle 1240 mm long, indumentum velvety with simple recurved hairs of 0.50.75 mm long; fertile portion 1117 by 1.22 cm, internodes 310 mm long. Pistillate flowers 11.5 mm diam; 1 or 2 per bract, maturing singly; bract stipules elliptic, 0.751 by 0.30.5 mm; bracts sessile, 612 by 811 mm, foliaceous, accrescent, strongly veined outside, with dots, sparsely hairy outside with hairs of 0.50.75 mm long, glabrous inside, teeth c. 11, apical tooth 46 by 1.52 mm, apex slightly rounded, lateral teeth 23 by 11.5 mm, apices acute; pedicel 0(0.75) mm long; calyx 11.5 mm diam, sepals 3, ovate to elliptic, c. 1.25 by 1 mm, hairy outside with no verrucae, glabrous inside; ovary globose to oblate, c. 1 by 1 mm, trilocular; stigmas 3, 56 mm long, each divided 46 times, smooth. Bisexual inflorescences none. Fruits globose to oblate, c. 1.75 by 1.75 mm, verrucate, distal half covered with trichomes, columella c. 0.75 mm long. Allomorphic fruits unknown. Seeds prolate, c. 1.75 by 1 mm.
Distribution Endemic to the Philippines (Luzon).
l
= A. australis; 5
= A. pulogensis
Habitat & Ecology Flowering: March. Altitude c. 2000 m.
Notes 1. Merrill and Quisumbing distributed specimens with an unpublished name. However, we decided not to use thisname due to its misleading connotation of obtusely undulate leaf margins, whereas the leaves are often serrate.
2. This species is similar to A. angatensis Blanco with its thick staminate inflorescences, and to A. amentacea var. amentacea in terms of its deeply toothed pistillate bracts and large practically glabrous stipules. However, A. pulogensis does not possess the velvety leaf lower sides and the boat-shaped stipules of A. angatensis. Acalypha pulogensis also has much larger pistillate bracts with dots and longer teeth, as opposed to the smaller, shallowly toothed, and undotted pistillate bracts of its close allies.
3. The specific epithet refers to the type locality, Mt Pulog, Luzon, Northern Philippines, the source of the only collection of this species.
Acalypha siamensis Oliv. ex Gage, Rec. Bot. Surv. India 9 (1922) 238; Ridl., Fl. Malay Penin. 3 (1924) 274; Merr., J. Arnold Arbor. 19 (1938) 39; Merr. & Chun, Sunyatsenia 5 (1940) 92; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 26 (1972) 207; Govaerts, Frodin & Radcl.-Sm., World Checkl. Bibliogr. Euphorb. (2000) 88; Ngerns. & Chayamarit in Chayamarit & Welzen, Fl. Thailand 8, 1 (2005) 32, fig. 3; Sagun, G.A.Levin & Welzen, Blumea 55 (2010) 51, Fig. 2l, 5d, 6j1-j2; Map 17. Acalypha sphenophylla Pax & K.Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenr. IV.147.xvi (1924) 110, nom. superf. Lectotype (Sagun, G.A.Levin & Welzen 2010): Ridley 14522 (holo SING; iso BM, K), Malaysia, Perak, Ulu Temango. Former syntypes: Ridley 2306 (SING), Malaysia, Pahang, Kwala Beru; Ridley 1291 (SING), Malaysia, Pahang, Katapang; Burkill 994 (SING), Malaysia, Pahang, Palau Timau.
Acalypha evrardii Gagnep., Bull. Soc. Bot. France 70 (1924) 871; Merr., J. Arnold Arbor. 19 (1938) 40. Lectotype (Sagun, G.A.Levin & Welzen 2010): Pierre 1573 (holo K; iso G, US), Vietnam (Cochinchine), Thudaumot et Saigon. Former syntypes: Pierre 1123 (n.v.), Vietnam (Cochinchine), Thu-dau-mot et Saigon; Evrard 512, 680 (n.v.), Vietnam, Annam; Poilane 2842 (n.v.), Vietnam, Annam; Harmand 726 (n.v.), Vietnam, Condor.
Shrubs, 0.52.5 m tall, monoecious; flowering branches 1525 cm long, 1.52 mm diam, glabrous. Indumentum nearly absent, of simple straight hairs. Stipules persistent, elliptic, 22.5 by c. 1 mm, glabrous, without capitate trichomes. Leaves: petiole 1.53 mm long, with simple recurved hairs of 0.51 mm long; blade elliptic to obovate, 38 by 1.53.5 cm, length/width ratio 22.5, chartaceous; base acute; margin serrate, teeth 12 by 35 mm, with a gland on tooth tip; apex acute to slightly acuminate; upper surface glabrous; lower surface glabrous; veins at base 3, upper secondaries 35 per side. Exclusively staminate and pistillate inflorescences absent. Bisexual inflorescences axillary, 1 per axil, spicate; peduncle c. 10 mm long, with simple straight hairs of c. 0.1 mm long; fertile portion c. 21 by 5 mm, pistillate below and staminate above; pistillate portion 925 by 515 mm, internodes 35 mm long; staminate portion 1130 by 23 mm, internodes c. 1 mm long. Staminate flowers: bracts broadly ovate, c. 1 by 1 mm, outside with sparse hairs of c. 0.2 mm long and with some short capitate trichomes; pedicel c. 0.5 mm long, with straight hairs of c.0.2 mm long; calyx c. 1.5 mm diam, sepals ovate, c. 0.5 by 0.3 mm, with straight hairs of c. 0.2 mm long, midrib verrucate in distal half, apex acute; filaments c. 0.25 mm long, thecae c. 0.20 by 0.1 mm. Pistillate flowers c. 2 mm diam; 1 per bract; bract stipules ovate, c. 1 by 0.75 mm; bracts sessile, 35 by 46 mm, weakly veined outside, glabrous, without dots, teeth 9, apical tooth 11.5 by 1.53 mm, lateral teeth 0.51 by 12 mm, apices acute; pedicel absent; calyx c. 2 mm diam, sepals 3, ovate, c. 1.5 by 1 mm, hairy on margins with sparse verrucae on upper half of midrib; ovary globose to oblate, c. 1 by 1.5 mm, bi- or trilocular; stigmas 2 or 3, 44.5 mm long, each divided 1012 times, with hairs of 0.20.5 mm long. Fruits globose to oblate, c. 4 by 5 mm, with hairs of c. 0.2 mm long, covered with spines, 12 by 0.20.5 mm, apex terminating with a small caput, latter usually detaching when mature, columella 23 mm long. Allomorphic fruits unknown. Seeds prolate, 1.52.5 by 12 mm.
Distribution Thailand, Vietnam, Malay Peninsula (cult. in Singapore), Sumatra, Java (cult.), Sulawesi.
Habitat & Ecology Usually cultivated. Flowering: January to November. Altitude 1530 m.
Vernacular names Malaysia: Te tjina. Sumatra: Kajoe pala (Aer Djoman); Kajoe tes (Aer Djoman).
Uses Planted in Java as a substitute for tea (Meijer 7265) and used as a hedge plant.
Notes 1. Key characters include elliptic to obovate leaves, bisexual inflorescences, and spiny fruits. It is most similar to A. capillipes (see notes under that species).
2. Another variety, A. siamensis Oliv. ex Gage var. denticulata Airy Shaw (Kew Bull. 32, 1977, 6983) occurs in Thailand.
3. The specific epithet refers to the type locality of Thailand, formerly known as Siam.
Acalypha spectabilis Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 33 (1978) 71; Kew Bull., Addit. Ser. 8 (1980) 20; Sagun, G.A.Levin & Welzen, Blumea 55 (2010) 52, Fig. 2m, 6k1-k2; Map 4. Type: NGF (Streimann & Kairo) 44458 (holo BRI; iso L), Papua New Guinea, Northeast New Guinea, Morobe Dist., Wau subdist., near Yaman head of Baime River.
Shrubs, 24 m tall, monoecious; flowering branches c. 21 cm long, 510 mm diam, velvety. Indumentum of dense, velvety, straight hairs. Stipules persistent, obovate, 79 by 4.57.5 mm, with velvety hairs up to 2 mm long. Leaves: petiole 515 by 37 mm long, with dense simple straight hairs 12 mm long; blade elliptic to obovate, 10.517 by 5.510 cm, length/width ratio 1.71.9, bullate, chartaceous; base obtuse to emarginate; margin serrate, teeth 13 by 13 mm, with a gland on tooth tip; apex acute; upper surface sparsely hairy, hairs straight, c. 0.5 mm long, bullate between the veinlets; lower surface densely pubescent; veins at base 3, upper secondaries 810 per side. Staminate inflorescences axillary, 1 per axil, spicate; peduncle 1.52 cm long, hairs simple, straight, 0.20.5 mm long; fertile portion 913 by 35 cm; internodes 12 mm long. Staminate flowers: bracts elliptic, c. 1.5 by 1 mm, outside with dense hairs of 0.51 mm long; pedicel c. 1 mm long, with straight hairs of c. 0.5 mm long; calyx 0.50.75 mm diam, sepals ovate to elliptic, c. 0.5 by 0.3 mm, with straight hairs of c. 0.2 mm long, midrib sparsely verrucate in distal half, apex acute; filaments c. 0.25 mm long, thecae c. 0.25 by 0.1 mm. Pistillate inflorescences axillary, 1 per axil, consisting of a solitary bract and associated flower; peduncle absent. Pistillate flowers 11.5 mm diam; 1 per bract; bract stipules not seen; bracts sessile, ovate to obovate, c. 5 by 45 mm, weakly veined outside, densely hairy outside at base and along midrib with hairs of 1.52 mm long, glabrous inside, margins lined with simple trichomes of 0.20.25 mm long, teeth absent (the margins entire), apex acute; pedicel absent; calyx 11.5 mm diam, sepals 3, elliptic, c. 1 by 0.250.5 mm, densely hairy on margins, without verrucae; ovary globose, c. 0.5 by 0.5 mm, trilocular; stigmas 3, 23 mm long, each divided > 20 times, smooth. Bisexual inflorescences absent. Fruits not seen. Allomorphic fruits unknown. Seeds not seen.
Distribution Endemic in Papua New Guinea.
q =
A. argentii;
m =
A. balgooyii,
Μ
= A. capillipes;
’
= A. floresensis;5=
A. phyllonomifolia;
=
= A. spectabilis; u
= A. stenophylla;
«=
A. zollingeri.
Habitat & Ecology Nothofagus dominated ridge in small clearing. Flowering: May and December. Altitude 450 m.
Notes 1. Key characters include elliptic to obovate andbullate leaves, short stout petioles, solitary pistillate flowers, and pistillate bracts with entire margins.
2. The specific epithet presumably refers to the visually striking or remarkable appearance of the plant, probably due to its bullate leaves and dense, velvety indumentum, but Airy Shaw (1978) gave no explanation of his choice of epithet.
Acalypha stenophylla K.Schum., Bot. Jahrb. 9 (1888) 206; K.Schum. & Hollrung, Fl. Kaiser Wilhelms Land (1889) 75; K.Schum. & Lauterb., Fl. Deutschen Schutzgeb. Sόdsee (1900) 403; Boerl., Fl. Nederl. Indiλ 1 (1900) 286; Pax & K.Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenr. IV.147.xvi (1924) 168; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull., Addit. Ser. 8 (1980) 21 Sagun, G.A.Levin & Welzen, Blumea 55 (2010) 52, Fig. 6l1-l2; Map 4. Type: Hollrung 239 (holo B; iso K), Papua New Guinea, Kaiser Wilhelmsland, Finschhafen, Kalueng.
Shrubs, 0.60.9 m tall, apparently dioecious; flowering branches 1121 cm long, 23 mm diam, velvety. Indumentum of dense simple straight hairs. Stipules persistent, elliptic, needle-like, 48 by 0.51 mm, densely hairy, without capitate trichomes. Leaves: petiole 310 cm long, with dense velvety hairs up to 1 mm long; blade narrowly elliptic, 710 by 12.5 cm, length/ width ratio 47, chartaceous; base obtuse; margin subentire to serrate, teeth 0.51 by 35 mm, with a gland on tooth tip; apex acute to acuminate; upper surface hairy, lower surface densely hairy, surfaces flat or slightly sunken between the veinlets; veins at base 3, upper secondaries 68 per side. Staminate inflorescences not seen. Pistillate inflorescences axillary, 1 per axil, spicate, straight, many-flowered, in different nodes than staminate ones; peduncle 520 mm long, indumentum velvety with simple straight hairs of c. 0.5 mm long; fertile portion 2060 by 36 mm, internodes 410 mm long. Pistillate flowers 11.5 mm diam; 1 per bract; bract stipules elliptic, c. 0.5 by 0.25 mm; bracts sessile, 34 by 45 mm, foliaceous, accrescent, strongly veined outside, with dots, densely hairy outside, hairy inside, hairs c. 0.5 mm long, teeth c. 13, apical tooth c. 1.5 by 2 mm, apex acute, lateral teeth c. 1 by 1 mm, apices acute; pedicel absent; calyx 11.5 mm diam, sepals 3, ovate to elliptic, c. 1 by 0.5 mm, hairy outside with no verrucae, margins with capitate trichomes, glabrous inside; ovary globose, c. 1 by 1 mm, trilocular; stigmas 3, 34 mm long, each divided 810 times, base hairy. Bisexual inflorescences absent. Fruits not seen. Allomorphic fruits unknown. Seeds not seen.
Distribution Endemic in Papua New Guinea.
q =
A. argentii;
m =
A. balgooyii,
Μ
= A. capillipes;
’
= A. floresensis;5=
A. phyllonomifolia;
=
= A. spectabilis; u
= A. stenophylla; «=
A. zollingeri.
Habitat & Ecology On arid hills and in grassland. Flowering: January. Altitude 90150 m.
Notes 1. Key characters include narrowly elliptic leaves and dense velvety indumentum covering the whole plant body.
2. The specific epithet refers to the distinctive narrow leaves.
Acalypha subintegra Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 33 (1978) 73; Kew Bull., Addit. Ser. 8 (1980) 21; Sagun, G.A.Levin & Welzen, Blumea 55 (2010) 52, Fig. 2n; Map 18. Type: Brass 27620 (holo K; iso A, L), Papua, Milne Bay Dist., Misima subdistr. (Louisiade Archipelago), Misina Is., Narian.
Shrubs, 24 m tall, monoecious; flowering branches 822 cm long, 35 mm diam, velvety. Indumentum densely hairy, denser on young parts, with simple recurved or straight hairs. Stipules persistent, narrowly elliptic and needle-like, 2.53 by c. 0.5 mm, hairy, with capitate trichomes. Leaves: petiole 414 cm long, with velvety hairs c. 0.25 mm long; blade ovate to cordate, 915.5 by 5.510 cm, length/width ratio 1.31.7, chartaceous; base cordate; margin subentire to weakly crenate, teeth 0.250.5 by 46 mm, gland on tooth apex; apex acute to acuminate; upper surface nearly glabrous, lower surface with dense hairs of 0.51 mm long, surfaces flat or slightly sunken between the veinlets; veins at base 5, upper secondaries 68 per side. Staminate inflorescences axillary, 1 per axil, spicate; peduncle 37 mm long, hairs velvety, up to 0.5 mm long; fertile portion 3280 by 23 cm, terminal end bulbous, internodes 34 mm long. Staminate flowers: bracts ovate, c. 0.5 by 0.5 mm, outside with hairs of c. 0.2 mm long, inside glabrous; pedicel c. 0.5 mm long, with straight dense hairs up to 0.2 mm long; calyx 0.50.75 mm diam, sepals ovate to elliptic, c. 0.5 by 0.25 mm, with straight hairs up to 0.10.2 mm long, midrib verrucate in distal half, apex acute; filaments c. 0.2 mm long, thecae c. 0.2 by 0.1 mm. Pistillate inflorescences terminal or axillary, 1 per axil, straight, spicate, densely many-flowered, internodes usually not visible, in other axils than staminate ones; peduncle c. 3 cm long, hairs velvety, c. 0.2 mm long; fertile portion c. 23.5 by 1.3 cm, internodes 25 mm long. Pistillate flowers 11.5 mm diam; 1 per bract; bract stipules elliptic, c. 0.5 by 0.5 mm; bracts sessile, 410 by 5.56.5 mm, foliaceous, accrescent, strongly veined outside, without dots, with sparse subsessile trichomes on both sides, densely hairy outside, sparsely hairy inside, hairs 0.51 mm long, teeth 1115, 12 by 11.5 mm, apices acute; pedicel absent; calyx 11.5 mm diam, sepals 3, ovate to elliptic, c. 1.5 by 0.75 mm, hairy outside, with short capitate trichomes, without verrucae, glabrous inside; ovary globose, c. 1 by 1 mm, trilocular; stigmas 3, 5 mm long, each divided 810 times, with hairs 0.10.2 mm long. Bisexual inflorescences absent. Fruits globose to oblate, c. 2 by 2.5 mm, verrucate, with dense straight hairs of 0.21 mm long, columella c. 1.5 by 0.5 mm long. Allomorphic fruits unknown. Seeds prolate, c. 1.5 by 1 mm.
Distribution Papua New Guinea (Louisiade & Trobriand Is.).
Habitat & Ecology Along rocky coastline or old lava flows in light forest and regrowth. Flowering: March, October, November. Altitude 4.527 m.
Notes 1. Key characters include subentire leaves, bulbous distal ends on the staminate inflorescences, velvety leaf undersides, and short needle-like stipules.
2. See note 1 under Acalypha grandis.
3. The specific epithet refers to the subentire leaves.
Acalypha wilkesiana Mόll.Arg. in DC., Prod. 15, 2 (1866) 817; Seem., Fl. Viti. (1867) 225; Warb., Bot. Jahrb. 13 (1891) 358; Bot. Jahrb. 18 (1894) 198, in obs.; Koord., Meded. Lands Plantent. 19 (1898) 579; Boerl., Fl. Nederl. Indiλ 1 (1900) 286; J.J.Sm. in Koord. & Val., Meded. Depart. Landb. Nederl.-Ind. 10 (1910) 20; Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 293; Philipp. J. Sci., Bot. 11 (1916) 285; Enum. Philipp. Fl. Pl. 2 (1923) 446; Pax & K.Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenr. IV.147.xvi (1924) 153; De Wild., Pl. Bequaert. 3 (1926) 495; Backer & Bakh.f., Fl. Java 1 (1963) 489; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 26 (1972) 206, 208; Whitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 51; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull, Addit. Ser. 4 (1975) 24; Kew Bull., Addit. Ser. 8 (1980) 21; Kew Bull. 35 (1980) 586; Alphab. Enum. Euphorb. Philipp. Isl. (1983) 3; Chakrab. & N.P.Balakr., J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. Addit. Ser. 9 (1992) 10; Ngerns. & Chayamarit in Chayamarit & Welzen, Fl. Thailand 8, 1 (2005) 32; Sagun, G.A.Levin & Welzen, Blumea 55 (2010) 52, Fig. 20, 6m1-m2. Acalypha amentacea Roxb. subsp. wilkesiana (Mόll.Arg.) Fosberg & Sachet, Smithson. Contrib. Bot. 45 (1980) 10; Govaerts, Frodin & Radcl.-Sm., World Checkl. Bibliogr. Euphorb. (2000) 48. Type: Wilkes Expedition 22 (holo G-DC; iso GH), Fiji.
Acalypha compacta Guilf. ex C.T.White, Gard. Chron. ser. 3, 94 (1933) 343; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 35 (1980) 585; Govaerts, Frodin & Radcl.-Sm., World Checkl. Bibliogr. Euphorb. (2000) 48. Lectotype (Airy Shaw 1980): C.T. White s.n. (holo BRI), Australia, New South Wales, Queensland.
Acalypha grandis auct. non Benth.: Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 37 (1982) 3.
Acalypha longispica auct. non Warb.: K.Schum. & Lauterb., Fl. Deutschen Schutzgeb. Sόdsee (1900) 401 p.p. [Lauterbach 358].
Large shrubs, 0.54 m tall, monoecious; flowering branches 930 cm long, 26 mm diam. Indumentum nearly absent, of few simple recurved hairs. Stipules persistent, elliptic, 510 by 0.51 mm, hairy on outside of midrib, without capitate trichomes. Leaves: petiole 210 cm long, with sparse straight hairs of 12 mm long; blade ovate to elliptic, 919 by 514 cm, length/width ratio 1.41.9, chartaceous, often variegated or brown-coloured, often twisted and aberrant; base obtuse to acute; margin serrate to crenate to undulate, teeth 13 by 210 mm, with a gland on tooth tip; apex acute to acuminate; upper and lower surface glabrous, flat or slightly sunken between the veinlets; veins at base 3, upper secondaries c. 8 per side. Staminate inflorescences axillary, 1 per axil, spicate; peduncle 515 mm long, hairs velvety, up to 0.2 mm long; fertile portion 415 by 34 cm, internodes 15 mm long. Staminate flowers: bracts elliptic, c. 1 by 0.5 mm, outside with dense hairs of 0.30.5 mm long; pedicel 0.51 mm long, with straight hairs up to 0.2 mm long; calyx 0.51 mm diam, sepals ovate to elliptic, 0.751 by c. 0.5 mm, with straight hairs up to 0.25 mm long, midrib verrucate in distal half, apex acute; filaments c. 0.25 mm long, thecae c. 0.25 by 0.1 mm. Pistillate inflorescences axillary, 1 per axil, straight, spicate, many-flowered, in other axils than staminate ones; peduncle 1.54 cm long, hairs velvety, recurved, c. 0.1 mm long; fertile portion 1015 by 11.5 cm, internodes 310 mm long. Pistillate flowers 1.52 mm diam; 1 per bract; bract stipules narrowly elliptic, 11.5 by c. 0.25 mm; bracts sessile, 56 by 78 mm, foliaceous, accrescent, weakly veined outside, without dots, nearly glabrous outside, glabrous inside, teeth c. 7, apical tooth c. 2.5 by 3.5 mm, lateral teeth 13 by 13 mm, apices acute; pedicel absent; calyx 1.52 mm diam, sepals 3, ovate to elliptic, c. 1.5 by 1 mm, margins with short capitate trichomes, outside nearly glabrous and without verrucae, glabrous inside; ovary globose to oblate, c. 1.5 by 2 mm, trilocular; stigmas 3 or 4, 56 mm long, each divided 810 times, smooth. Bisexual inflorescences absent. Fruits globose to oblate, c. 4 by 5 mm, verrucate, densely hairy, columella c. 2.5 mm long. Allomorphic fruits unknown. Seeds globose, c. 2 by 2 mm.
Distribution Widespread cultivated ornamental; not known in the wild, origin unknown.
Habitat & Ecology Cultivated, sometimes escaped andfound along edge of forests and along roads. Flowering: February to December. Altitude 400450 m.
Uses Often popular ornamental.
Notes 1. Key characters include variegated and often twisted leaves with distinctly serrate to lobate margins and deeply toothed pistillate bracts.
2. Various cultivars have been named under A. wilkesiana, but no infraspecific taxa within A. wilkesiana are recognized in this revision.
3. Acalypha wilkesiana is considered here as a distinct species and not as subspecies of A. amentacea (Fosberg & Sachet, Smithson. Contrib. Bot. 45, 1980) due to its diagnosable morphological characteristics and distinct position in the molecular phylogenetic analyses.
4. The specific epithet honours Charles Wilkes, head of the United States Exploring Expedition (18381842), during which the type was collected.
Acalypha zollingeri Mόll.Arg., Linnaea 34 (1865) 40; in DC., Prod. 15, 2 (1866) 867; Boerl., Fl. Nederl. Indiλ 1 (1900) 286; Pax & K.Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenr. IV.147.xvi (1924) 135; Govaerts, Frodin & Radcl.-Sm., World Checkl. Bibliogr. Euphorb. (2000) 94; Sagun, G.A.Levin & Welzen, Blumea 55 (2010) 54, Fig. 2p; Map 4. Ricinocarpus zollingeri (Mόll.Arg.) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 2 (1891) 617. Typus: Zollinger 3419 (holo G-DC; iso A, BM, G-DC, L, LE), Indonesia, Lesser Sunda Is., Sumbawa.
Shrubs, c. 2 m tall, monoecious; flowering branches 817 cm long, 23 mm diam. Indumentum nearly absent, with yellow refringent stalkless glands, capitate trichomes, stem and peduncle with few simple straight and stellate hairs. Stipules caducous, elliptic, 11.5 by 0.250.5 mm, hairy, without capitate trichomes. Leaves: petiole 323 mm long, with straight hairs of c. 0.25 mm long; blade ovate to elliptic, 3.55.5 by 1.22.5 cm, length/width ratio 2.22.5, chartaceous; base acute, with a pair of dot-like glands; margin weakly serrate, teeth 0.51 by 0.58 mm, with a gland on tooth tip; apex acute to acuminate; upper surface glabrous; lower surface glabrous with yellow refringent stalkless glands; veins at base 3, upper secondaries 5 per side. Exclusively staminate and pistillate inflorescences absent. Bisexual inflorescences axillary, 1 per axil, spicate; peduncle 1.56 cm long; with simple straight and stellate hairs; fertile portion 1431 by 1.52 mm, pistillate below and staminate above; pistillate portion 46 by 1.52.5 mm, internodes 57 mm long; staminate portion 1025 by 1.52 mm, internodes 0.51 mm long. Staminate flowers: bracts elliptic, c. 0.75 by 0.5 mm, outside with dense hairs of 0.20.5 mm long; pedicel 0.50.75 mm long, with straight hairs of 0.10.5 mm long and capitate trichomes of c. 0.5 mm long; calyx 0.50.75 mm diam, sepals ovate, c. 0.5 by 0.25 mm, with straight hairs of c. 0.2 mm long, midrib without verrucae, apex acute; filaments c. 0.25 mm long, thecae c. 0.25 by 0.1 mm. Pistillate flowers 11.5 mm diam; 1 per bract; bract stipules not seen; bracts sessile, 715 by 812 mm, strongly veined outside, without dots, with yellow refrigent stalkless glands, otherwise glabrous, teeth c. 15, the apical tooth 34 by 45 mm, lateral teeth 0.51 by 45 mm, apices acute; pedicel absent; calyx 11.5 mm diam, sepals 3, ovate to elliptic, c. 1 by 0.25 mm, densely hairy on margins, without verrucae; ovary globose, c. 1.5 by 1.5 mm, trilocular; stigmas 3, 34 mm long, each divided 46 times, smooth. Fruits not seen. Allomorphic fruits unknown. Seeds not seen.
Distribution Lesser Sunda Is. (Sumbawa).
q =
A. argentii;
m =
A. balgooyii,
Μ
= A. capillipes;
’
= A. floresensis;5=
A. phyllonomifolia;
=
= A. spectabilis; u
= A. stenophylla;
«=
A. zollingeri.
Notes 1. Key characters include stellate hairs on the stem; yellow refringent stalkless glands on the lower leaf surfaces,pistillate bracts, and ovaries; and pistillate bracts with subentire margins. See note 1 under A. australis.
2. Acalypha dalzellii Hook.f. (Fl. Br. India 5, 1887) from India and A. pubiflora Baill. subsp. australica Radcl.-Sm. (Radcliffe-Smith, Kew Bull. 45, 1990, 677679) from Australia have very similar morphologies and may be conspecific with A. zollingeri.
3. The specific epithet honours botanist Heinrich Zollinger, who made three trips to Indonesia between 1841 and 1859.
Acalypha celebica Koord., Meded. Lands Plantent. 19 (1898) 578; Boerl., Fl. Nederl. Indiλ 1 (1900) 286; K.Schum., Justs Bot. Jahresber. 6 (1901) 348; Koord.-Schum., Syst. Verz. 3 (1914) 71; Pax & K.Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenr. IV.147.xvi (1924) 176; Hurus., J. Fac. Sci. Univ. Tokyo, Secti. III, Bot. 6 (1954) 297; in obs. pro syn.; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 37 (1982) 3; Sagun, G.A.Levin & Welzen, Blumea 55 (2010) 54. Lectotype (Sagun, G.A.Levin & Welzen 2010): Koorders 16782 (holo BO), Indonesia, Sulawesi, Manado.
Note Probably not Euphorbiaceae.
Acalypha hoffmanniana Hurus., J. Fac. Sci. Univ. Tokyo, Secti. III, Bot. 6 (1954) 297; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 37 (1982) 3; Govaerts, Frodin & Radcl.-Sm., World Checkl. Bibliogr. Euphorb. (2000) 67; Sagun, G.A.Levin & Welzen, Blumea 55 (2010) 54. Acalyphopsis celebica Pax & K.Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenr. IV.147.xvi (1924) 178, non Acalypha celebica Koord., Meded. Lands Plantent. 19 (1898) 578. Syntypes: Warburg 16643, 16645, 16647 (B), Indonesia, South Sulawesi (Sud-Celebes).
Note Scanty description and no extant type material.
Acalypha arvensis Poepp. & Endl. in Poepp., Nov. Gen. Spec. Pl. 3 (1841) 21; Sagun, G.A.Levin & Welzen, Blumea 55 (2010) 54.
Note Rarely cultivated, indigenous to Central and South America.
Acalypha integrifolia Willd., Sp. Pl. 4 (1805) 530; Sagun, G.A.Levin & Welzen, Blumea 55 (2010) 54.
Note Rarely cultivated, indigenous to Mauritius.
Acalypha pilosa Cav., Anal. Hist. Nat. 2 (1800) 136; Fern.-Vill., Nov. App. 4 (1880) 194; Sagun, G.A.Levin & Welzen, Blumea 55 (2010) 54.
Note Rarely cultivated, indigenous to Mexico.
Acalypha siamensis Gagnep., Bull. Soc. Bot. France 70 (1924) 874, non Oliv. ex Gage, Rec. Bot. Surv. India 9 (1922) 238; Sagun, G.A.Levin & Welzen, Blumea 55 (2010). Type: Pierre 6291 (holo P; iso A), Vietnam (Cochinchina). = Acalypha kerrii Craib.
Note Indigenous to Thailand and Vietnam.
Acalypha hispida Willd., Sp. Pl. 4 (1805) 523, nom. inval., non Burm.f. (Fl. Ind., 1768, 203); Willd., Enum. Pl. (1809) 993; Blume, Bijdr. (1825) 628; Hassk., Pl. Java. Rar. (1848) 248; Wall., Num. list (1828) n.7780C; Hook. & Arn., , Bot. Capt. Beechey Voy. (18301841) 213; Span., Linnaea 15 (1841) 350; Baill., Adansonia 2 (1862) 224; Sagun, G.A.Levin & Welzen, Blumea 55 (2010) 54. Type: Hb. Willd.Folio 17812 (holo B-W, barcode B-W 17812-020) = Acalypha poiretii Spreng.
