Flora of Thailand
Euphorbiaceae
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P.C. van Welzen & K.K.M. Kulju
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Blume, Bijdr.: 612. 1826; Müll.Arg. in DC., Prod. 15, 2: 983. 1866; Pax & K.Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenr. IV.147.vii: 288. 1914; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 26: 234. 1972; Whitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2: 79. 1973; G.L.Webster, Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 81: 86. 1994; Radcl.-Sm., Gen. Euphorbiacearum: 211. 2001; Kulju & Welzen, Blumea 50: 200. 2005; Welzen & Kulju in Chayam. & Welzen, Fl. Thailand 8, 1: 164. 2005; G.L.Webster in Kubitzki, Fam. Gen. Vasc. Pl. 11: 118, Fig. 27. 2014.— Redia Casaretto, Nov. Stirp. Bras.: 51. 1843.— Psilostachys Turcz., Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou 16: 48. 1843.— Lasiostylis Presl, Abh. Königl. Böhm. Ges. Wiss. V, 3: 579. 1845.— Tetraglossa Bedd., Madras J. Lit. Sci. II, 22: 70. 1861.
Shrubs to trees, seemingly dioecious (monoecious in a single specimen). Indumentum of simple hairs, stellate on stigmas, mainly glabrous all over. Stipules caducous. Leaves spirally to (sub)opposite, simple; petiole pulvinate at base and apex, furrowed above, often with 2 teeth-like glands at apex; blade elliptic, papery, symmetric except often for the base, margin dentate, teeth ending in a gland, apex bluntly acuminate, mucronulate, upper and lower surface often with a row of yellow glands on both sides of midrib, lower surface with open, round domatia with hairs (Thailand); venation (slightly) raised on both sides, nerves looped and closed near margin, veins reticulately scalariform. Inflorescences with separate sexes, axillary, single; staminate ones racemes, unbranched, with groups of flowers per node, rachis subpilose; pistillate ones with a single flower. Flowers actinomorphic, petals and disc absent. Staminate flowers pedicellate; sepals 3, valvate; stamens 35—>80, free, filaments short, slender, anthers oblique, somewhat bent backwards, 4-celled, cells above each other, extrors, connective with apical, erect extension; pistillode absent. Pistillate flowers very long pedicellate, pedicel apically thickened; sepals 5, imbricate, persistent; ovary 2- or 3-locular; ovules 1 per locule; style long; stigmas long, almost completely split, on top with stellate hairs. Fruits lobed capsules, chartaceous, glabrous or pilose. Seeds ecarunculate, marbled.
About 33 species, 5 of which Neotropical, 1 in W. Africa, 12 in New Caledonia, and the rest in tropical Asia; 2 species in Thailand, one a new record. Classification: subfam. Acalyphoideae, tribe Acalypheae, subtribe Cleidiinae.
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1a. |
Ovary 3-locular. Sepals enlarging in fruit 12—18 mm long. Fruits pilose, glabrescent. Stipules 2.5 —4.5 mm long. Petioles up to 5 cm long; length/width ratio of blade 2.2—2.8.---Northern. |
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1b. |
Ovary 2-locular. Sepals not enlarging in fruit, less than 2 mm long. Fruits glabrous. Stipules 1.8—2 mm long. Petioles 2—8 cm long, length/width ratio of blade 1.8—4.---Throughout Thailand. |
1. Cleidion brevipetiolatum Pax & K.Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenr. IV.147.vii: 292. 1914; Gagnep. in Lecomte, Fl. Indo-Chine 5: 451. 1926; Welzen & Kulju in Chayam. & Welzen, Fl. Thailand 8, 1: 166, plate IX: 2. 2005.
Shrubs to trees up to 15 m tall. Stipules triangular, 2.5—4.5 by 0.8—2 mm. Leaves: petiole 0.3—5 cm long; blade 5—22 by 2.2—7.5 cm, length/width ratio 2.2—2.8, papery, dark green above, light green underneath, base narrowly rounded to cuneate; nerves 9—14 per side. Staminate inflorescences up to 19 cm long, pendulous, green. Staminate flowers c. 5.5 mm in diameter; pedicel c. 1.5 mm long, whitish-light greenish; sepals ovate, c. 3 by 2 mm, light green, basally hairy outside; filaments c. 1 mm long, whitish-light greenish; anthers c. 0.4 by 0.4 mm, light yellowish. Pistillate flowers: pedicel 2.1—6.5 cm long, green; sepals 5, green, elliptic to slightly obovate, some c. 2.5 by 1 mm, others c. 5.5 by 2 mm, enlarging in fruit to 12—18 by 5—6 mm, margin somewhat entire; ovary 3-locular, c. 2.5 by 1.5 mm, green; style almost absent; stigmas 3, c. 8 mm long, split in upper 6 mm, dorsally light brown. Fruits 12—15 mm in diameter, pilose, glabrescent. Seeds c. 8 by 8 by 7 mm.
T h a i l a n d.— NORTHERN: Chiang Mai (Doi Angkhang, Doi Chiang Dao), Nan (Tam Luang).
D i s t r i b u t i o n.— China, N. Thailand, Laos, Vietnam (type).
E c o l o g y.— Uncommon in open areas; in dense mixed evergreen and deciduous forest; soil: limestone. Altitude: 100—1500 m.
2. Cleidion javanicum Blume, Bijdr. 613. 1825; Kulju & Welzen, Blumea 50: 202, fig. 2, map 1. 2005; Welzen & Kulju in Chayam. & Welzen, Fl. Thailand 8, 1: 167, plate IX: 3. 2005; Fl. Thailand 8, 2: 616, Fig. 7. 2007.— Lasiostylis salicifolia Presl, Bot. Bemerk.: 149. 1849.— Rottlera urandra Dalz., Hook. J. Bot. Kew Garden Misc. 3: 229. 1851.— ?Tetraglossa indica Bedd., Madras J. Sci., ser. 2, 22: 70. 1861.— Macaranga tamiana K.Schum., Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 1: 52. 1895.— Cleidion spiciflorum auct. non (Burm.f.) Merr.: Merr., Interpr. Rumph. Herb. Amboin.: 322. 1917, in obs.; Enum. 2: 439. 1923; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 26: 234. 1972; Whitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2: 79. 1973.
Shrubs to trees up to 20 m tall, dbh up to 50 cm. Bark thin, smooth to finely roughened, brown to grey. Stipules triangular, 1.8—2 by 0.8—1.5 mm. Leaves: petiole 2—8 cm long; blade 8.6—27 by 2.4—10 cm, length/width ratio 1.8—4, papery, dark green above, light green underneath, base often slightly oblique, narrowly rounded to cuneate; nerves 8 or 9 per side. Staminate inflorescences up to 23.5 cm long, erect, green. Staminate flowers 6—7 mm in diameter, greenish (white) to yellowish; pedicel 1—4 mm long; sepals ovate, 2—3.3 by 1.8—2.8 mm, subglabrous outside; filaments 0.6—1.2 mm long, pale light green, stamens c. 0.3 by 0.3 mm, cream. Pistillate flowers 5—6 mm in diameter, green; pedicel 3—9 cm long; sepals 5, ovate, 1.6—1.8 by 1.5—1.6 mm, margin somewhat fimbriate; ovary 2-locular, 5—6 by 3.5—5.2 mm high; style 3.5—15 mm long, greenish, stigmas 2, 8—14 mm long, greenish. Fruits 1.8—2 (when 1 lobe developed) to 2.2—2.8 (when 2 lobes developed) by 1.4—1.6 cm, glabrous. yellow to brown. Seeds 12—13 by 10.5—11 mm, endosperm white.
T h a i l a n d.— NORTHERN: Mae Hong Son, Chiang Mai, Lampang, Lamphun, Phrae, Sukhothai, Tak; NORTH-EASTERN: Loei, Khon Kaen; CENTRAL: Saraburi, Bangkok; SOUTH-EASTERN: Sa Kaeo, Chanthaburi, Trat; SOUTH-WESTERN: Kanchanaburi, Phetchaburi, Prachuap Khiri Khan; PENINSULAR: Phatthalung.
D i s t r i b u t i o n.— India (type) and S. China throughout S.E. Asia and Malesia to the Bismarck Archipelago and the Solomon Islands.
E c o l o g y.— Scattered to locally common in mixed (dry) evergreen forest, deciduous forest (often disturbed with much bamboo), in rocky areas, in slightly disturbed places, old clearings, edges of clearings, along streams, in fire-prone areas; soil: limestone, shale, quartzite. Altitude: 30—1100 m.
V e r n a c u l a r.— Cha mafai (จ้ามะไฟ), ma dimi (มะดีหมี) (Northern); soei-ka-chu (เซยกะชู้) (Karen-Mae Hong Son); dimi (ดีหมี), din mi (ดินหมี) (Lampang); ka dao krachai (กาดาวกระจาย) (Prachuap Khiri Khan); kalai (กาไล), kamlai (กำไล) (Surat Thani); khat lai (คัดไล) (Ranong).
U s e s.— Sometimes cultivated for the oil in the seeds (Airy Shaw, 1972). Medicinal use: leaves are soaked in water and solution applied against sore eyes. The bark, wood, and roots are also used medicinally.
N o t e.— The name Cleidion spiciflorum (Burm.f.) Merr. (basionym: Acalypha spiciflora Burm.f.) was generally used for this species, but the type appears to be a Claoxylon species.