Flora of Thailand
Euphorbiaceae
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Griff., Notul. Pl. Asiat. 4: 487. 18540; Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 5: 463. 1887; Pax & K.Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzer. IV.147.x: 109. 1919; Gagnep., Bull. Soc. Bot. France 72: 465. 1925; in Lecomte, Fl. Indo-Chine 5: 474. 1926; Croizat, J. Arnold. Arbor. 23: 52. 1942; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 16: 356. 1963; Kew Bull. 26: 259. 1972; Whitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2: 95. 1973; G.L.Webster, Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 81: 78. 1994; Racl.-Sm., Gen. Euphorbiacearum: 176. 2001; Chayam. in Chayam. & Welzen, Fl. Thailand 8, 1: 257. 2005; Thin, Taxon. Euphorb. Vietnam: 151. 2007; G.L.Webster in Kubitzki, Fam. Gen. Vasc. Pl. 11: 135. 2014.
Shrubs or trees, monoecious. Indumentum sparse, tiny stellate hairs. Stipules glandular at base. Leaves either with long petioles and alternate or subsessile and in whorls; blades coriaceous, biglandular at insertion beneath, margin entire, penninerved. Inflorescences terminal or axillary in upper leaf axils, big, showy, panicles of clustered spikes, bisexual, staminate flowers above, several small ones per bract, pistillate ones beneath, larger, solitary; bracteate with the basal ones empty. Flowers symmetric; calyx lobes valvate; petals and disc absent. Staminate flowers subsessile; calyx with 2–4 lobes; stamens 5–15, projecting, filaments free, anthers with parallel thecae, connective apically slightly glandular; pistillode large, 3-lobed. Pistillate flowers on a long pedicel; calyx 5- or 6-lobed, accrescent in some species and then overlapping; lobes alternating with biglandular small epicalyx segments; ovary 3-locular, smooth; ovules single per locule; style long, thick, stigmas bifid at apex and lobes lacerate. Fruits well-dehiscing large capsules, orbicular, 2- or 3-lobed, enclosed in the much enlarged calyx in some species; splitting into 3 bivalved cocci. Seeds subglobose, without fleshy parts.
A genus of ca. four species in tropical Asia, from Assam to Malaysia. Two species in Thailand. Classification: Subfam. Acalyphoideae, tribe Epiprineae, subtribe Epiprineae.
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1a. |
Leaves on long (8-16 cm) petioles; blade large, elliptic or oblong, 21-34 by 10-16 cm. Pistillate sepals large, c. 40 by 15 mm, greatly accrescent in fruit. Capsules large (c. 3 cm high) |
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1b. |
Leaves subsessile or on short (less than 1 cm) petioles; blade smaller, 6-24 by 2-9 cm, panduriform-elliptic or panduriform-obovate. Pistillate sepals small, c. 1.5 by 2.5 mm, not accrescent in fruit. Capsules small (c. 1 cm high) |
1. Epiprinus malayanus Griff., Not. Pl. Asiat. 4: 487. 1854; Hook.f., Fl. Brit. Ind. 5: 463. 1887; Gagnep. in Lecomte, Fl. Indo-Chine 5: 474. 1926; Croizat, J. Arnold Arbor. 23: 52. 1942; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 16: 356. 1963; Kew Bull. 26: 259. 1972; Whitmore, Tree Fl. Mal. 2: 95. 1973; Chayam. in Chayam. & Welzen, Fl. Thailand 8, 1: 258, fig. 64, plate XIV. 2005.
Trees, 6–10 m high. Indumentum: puberulous. Leaves: petiole 8–16 cm; blade elliptic or oblong, 21–34 by 10–16 cm, base obtuse or cordate, apex long acuminate up to 2 cm, glabrous; nerves 5–7 pairs, arched, prominent, raised and scalariform below, sunken above. Inflorscences to 23 cm long. Staminate flowers: sepals rounded, 2–3 mm long, glabrous within. Pistillate flower: sepals 6, elliptic, c. 40 by 15 mm, membranous, purplish red. Fruit c. 3 cm high, strongly 3-lobed, unripe green, pink-red when old; persistent calyx strongly accrescent, pinkish red.
T h a i l a n d.— SOUTH-EASTERN: Chanthaburi (Khao Sa Bap, Phlio Waterfalls); SOUTH-WESTERN: Kanchanaburi (Khao Yai); PENINSULAR: Narathiwat (Waeng); Yala (Betong).
D i s t r i b u t i o n.— Myanmar, Thailand, Malacca (Type), Sumatra.
E c o l o g y.— Scattered in evergreen forest. Altitude 100–300 m. Fruiting June–July.
V e r n a c u l a r.— Phu salak (พูสลัก) (General).
2. Epiprinus siletianus (Baill.) Croizat, J. Arnold Arbor. 23: 52. 1942; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 16: 356. 1963; Kew Bull. 26: 259. 1972; Whitmore, Tree Fl. Mal. 2: 95. 1973; Chayam. in Chayam. & Welzen, Fl. Thailand 8, 1: 258, fig. 65, plate XVI: 3. 2005.— Sympillia siletiana Baill., Ét. Gén. Euphorb.: 474. 1858.— Sympillia silhetiana Baill. mut. Müll.Arg. in DC., Prodr. 15, 2: 764. 1866.— Symphyllium silhetense Baill. mut. Benth., J. Linn. Soc. 17: 228. 1878, pro synon.— Adenochlaena silhetensis (Baill. mut. Benth.) Benth., J. Linn. Soc. 17: 228. 1878.— Adenochlaena silhetiana (Baill. mut. Mull.Arg.) Benth. in Benth. & Hook.f., Gen. Pl. 3: 308. 1880.— Epiprinus hainanensis Croizat, J. Arnold Arbor. 21: 504. 1940.
Shrubs or trees, 1.5–7 m high. Indumentum finely tomentose. Leaves pseudo-verticillate, crowded at the terminal end of branches; petiole very short or subsessile, less than 1 cm long; blade panduriform-elliptic or panduriform-obovate, 6–24 by 2–9 cm; coriaceous, base subauriculate or narrowly cordate, apex acuminate, upper surface dark green, lower pale green, nerves 12–15, very prominent beneath. Inflorescences in terminal spikes, ca. 5 cm long. Staminate flowers: bracteoles glabrous; sepals 4, ovate, stamens 3, light yellow; pistillode small. Pistillate flowers: sepals 1.5 by 2.5 mm, not accrescent, ovary globose-pyriform, ca. 2 mm in diameter, velutinous. Fruits subglobose, ca. 1 cm high, tomentose, pericarp thick, coriaceous.
T h a i l a n d.— CENTRAL: Nakhon Nayok (Sarika Waterfalls); EASTERN: Nakhon Ratchasima (Khao Yai National Park, Bo Rai, Khao Leam, Tha Chang); SOUTH-EASTERN: Chon Buri (Si Racha, Sattahip), Chachoengsao (Khao Krup, trail from the north slope to the top, Khao Ang Rue Nai Wildlife Sanctuary), Chanthaburi (Khao Soi Dao, Khao Sabap); PENINSULAR: Chumphon (Lang Suan).
D i s t r i b u t i o n.— Assam, Myanmar, Yunnan, Thailand, Indochina, Hainan.
E c o l o g y.— Common in evergreen forest. Altitude: 500–1,000 m. Flowering: December–March; fruiting: June.
V e r n a c u l a r.— Phu salak bai dok (พูสลักใบดก) (General).